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Variability in the concentration of indicator bacteria in landfill leachate--a comparative study

Umar M, Aziz HA, Yusoff MS

Water Environ Res, 2015 Mar;87(3):223-6.
PMID: 25842532

Leachate collected from the collection ponds of four landfill sites was investigated and compared for total coliforms and E. coli concentration as representatives of fecal pollution. Concentration of total coliforms and E. coli was comparable for leachate obtained from Kulim Landfill Site (KLS) and Ampang Landfill Site (ALS) with little variations. However, the level of indicator bacteria was significantly lower for Kuala Sepetang Landfill Site (KSLS), whereas Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS) had the lowest concentration for both total coliforms and E. coli. Considering the landfills are currently operational, with the exception of ALS, the presence of indicator bacteria implies their inactivation prior to discharge. High concentration of indicator bacteria in ALS is attributed to the run-off entering the leachate pond. Greater concentration of ammonia and salinity level were partly responsible for lower concentration of indicator bacteria in leachate from KSLS and PBLS, indicating that salinty and ammonia could significantly affect the survival of indicator bacteria.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Fulltext The applicability of Cary Blair medium as a sole transport medium for the recovery of enteropathogens in the Malaysian context

Jegathesan M, Paramasivam T

Med J Malaysia, 1981 Jun;36(2):108-11.
PMID: 7343818

The efficacy of Cary Blair medium was compared with that of Selenite 'F'in the isolation of enteropathogens from 805 cases of diarrhoea. It was shown that use of the Cary Blair medium resulted in a significantly higher rate of isolation. Not only were organisms found which were not isolated from the Selenite 'F' but there was a much higher isolation rate of Salmonella from Cary Blair medium althougn Selenite 'F' is generally considered as an enrichment medium for
Salmonella. The findings indicate that it would be advantageous to introduce Cary Blair medium as the sole transport medium for the isolation of enteropathogensfrom cases ofdiarrhoea.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Level and transport pattern of faecal coliform bacteria from tropical urban catchments

Chow MF, Yusop Z, Toriman ME

Water Sci Technol, 2013;67(8):1822-31.
PMID: 23579839 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.048

Urbanization and frequent storms play important roles in increasing faecal bacteria pollution, especially for tropical urban catchments. However, only little information on the faecal bacteria levels from different land use types and the factors that influence bacteria concentrations is available. Thus, the objectives of this study were to quantify the levels and transport mechanism of faecal coliforms (FCs) from residential and commercial catchments. Stormwaters were sampled and the runoff flow rates were measured from both catchments during four storm events in Skudai, Malaysia. The samples were then analysed for FC, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations. Intra-storm and inter-storm characteristics of FC bacteria were investigated in order to identify the level and transport pattern of FC. The commercial catchment showed significantly higher event mean concentration (EMC) of FC than the residential catchment. For the residential catchment, the highest bacterial concentrations occurred during the early part of stormwater runoff with peak concentrations usually preceding the peak flow. First flush effect was more prevalent at the residential catchment.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Domiciliary cockroaches found in restaurants in five zones of Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, peninsular Malaysia

Jeffery J, Sulaiman S, Oothuman P, Vellayan S, Zainol-Ariffin P, Paramaswaran S, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2012 Mar;29(1):180-6.
PMID: 22543619 MyJurnal

The following domiciliary cockroaches were collected from restaurants in five zones of Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory, Malaysia using 1L glass beaker traps baited with ground mouse-pellets: Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus) (n = 820), Periplaneta brunnea Burmeister (n = 46), Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (n = 12504), Supella longipalpa (Fabricius) (n = 321), Symploce pallens Stephens (n = 29) and Neostylopyga rhombifolia (Stoll) (n = 5). The following bacteria were isolated from 10 cockroach specimens: Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. rhinoscleromatis and Serratia liquefaciens from 5 B. germanica; Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus, Citrobacter diversus/amalonaticus, Escherichia vulneris and K.p. pneumoniae from 3 P. brunnea; and Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter agglomerans 4, Escherichia adecarboxylate, E. vulneris, K. p. pneumonia, K. p. rhinoscleromatis and Proteus vulgeris from 2 P. americana.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Genome sequence of Kosakonia radicincitans UMEnt01/12, a bacterium associated with bacterial wilt diseased banana plant

Suhaimi NS, Yap KP, Ajam N, Thong KL

FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2014 Sep;358(1):11-3.
PMID: 25047976

Kosakonia radicincitans (formerly known as Enterobacter radicincitans), an endophytic bacterium was isolated from the symptomatic tissues of bacterial wilt diseased banana (Musa spp.) plant in Malaysia. The total genome size of K. radicincitans UMEnt01/12 is 5 783 769 bp with 5463 coding sequences (CDS), 75 tRNAs, and 9 rRNAs. The annotated draft genome of the K. radicincitans UMEnt01/12 strain might shed light on its role as a bacterial wilt-associated bacterium.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Phylogeny and classification of Dickeya based on multilocus sequence analysis

Marrero G, Schneider KL, Jenkins DM, Alvarez AM

Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2013 Sep;63(Pt 9):3524-3539.
PMID: 24003072 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.046490-0

Bacterial heart rot of pineapple reported in Hawaii in 2003 and reoccurring in 2006 was caused by an undetermined species of Dickeya. Classification of the bacterial strains isolated from infected pineapple to one of the recognized Dickeya species and their phylogenetic relationships with Dickeya were determined by a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), based on the partial gene sequences of dnaA, dnaJ, dnaX, gyrB and recN. Individual and concatenated gene phylogenies revealed that the strains form a clade with reference Dickeya sp. isolated from pineapple in Malaysia and are closely related to D. zeae; however, previous DNA-DNA reassociation values suggest that these strains do not meet the genomic threshold for consideration in D. zeae, and require further taxonomic analysis. An analysis of the markers used in this MLSA determined that recN was the best overall marker for resolution of species within Dickeya. Differential intraspecies resolution was observed with the other markers, suggesting that marker selection is important for defining relationships within a clade. Phylogenies produced with gene sequences from the sequenced genomes of strains D. dadantii Ech586, D. dadantii Ech703 and D. zeae Ech1591 did not place the sequenced strains with members of other well-characterized members of their respective species. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and tetranucleotide frequencies determined for the sequenced strains corroborated the results of the MLSA that D. dadantii Ech586 and D. dadantii Ech703 should be reclassified as Dickeya zeae Ech586 and Dickeya paradisiaca Ech703, respectively, whereas D. zeae Ech1591 should be reclassified as Dickeya chrysanthemi Ech1591.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Preferential Use of Carbon Sources in Culturable Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria of Coptotermes curvignathus's (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Gut and Its Foraging Area

Wong WZ, H'ng PS, Chin KL, Sajap AS, Tan GH, Paridah MT, et al.

Environ Entomol, 2015 Oct;44(5):1367-74.
PMID: 26314017 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv115

The lower termite, Coptotermes curvignathus, is one of the most prominent plantation pests that feed upon, digest, and receive nourishment from exclusive lignocellulose diets. The objective of this study was to examine the utilization of sole carbon sources by isolated culturable aerobic bacteria among communities from the gut and foraging pathway of C. curvignathus. We study the bacteria occurrence from the gut of C. curvignathus and its surrounding feeding area by comparing the obtained phenotypic fingerprint with Biolog's extensive species library. A total of 24 bacteria have been identified mainly from the family Enterobacteriaceae from the identification of Biolog Gen III. Overall, the bacteria species in the termite gut differ from those of foraging pathway within a location, except Acintobacter baumannii, which was the only bacteria species found in both habitats. Although termites from a different study area do not have the same species of bacteria in the gut, they do have a bacterial community with similar role in degrading certain carbon sources. Sugars were preferential in termite gut isolates, while nitrogen carbon sources were preferential in foraging pathway isolates. The preferential use of specific carbon sources by these two bacterial communities reflects the role of bacteria for regulation of carbon metabolism in the termite gut and foraging pathway.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Bacterial enteropathogens isolated in childhood diarrhoea in Kuala Lumpur--the changing trend

Lee WS, Puthucheary SD

Med J Malaysia, 2002 Mar;57(1):24-30.
PMID: 14569714

A retrospective review of all stool samples obtained from children aged < 16 years with diarrhoea from University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, from 1978 to 1997 was undertaken to ascertain the pattern of bacterial pathogens causing diarrhoea in children in an urban area in Malaysia. Of 26444 stool samples processed, 2989 (11%) were positive. The five most common bacterial pathogens isolated were non-typhoidal Salmonella (57%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (14%), Shigella spp. (11%), Campylobacter spp. (5%) and Aeromonas spp. (4%). There was a significant reduction in the average percentage of positive isolation during the last 5 years of the study period as compared to the first 5 years (15.0% vs. 7.2%; r = -0.92, p = 0.0001). EPEC and Shigella spp. were less commonly isolated in the last five years compared with the first five years of the study (6% vs 21% p < 0.001 for E. coli; 7% vs 22%, p < 0.001 for Shigella spp.). This information is important for public health education in reducing the incidence of childhood diarrhoea further, and in the selection of appropriate antimicrobials in the management of extra-intestinal complications of childhood diarrhoea.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
An evaluation of the hydrogen sulphide water screening test and coliform counts for water quality assessment in rural Malaysia

Desmarchelier P, Lew A, Caique W, Knight S, Toodayan W, Isa AR, et al.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1992 7 1;86(4):448-50.
PMID: 1440833

The H2S water screening test and the membrane filtration faecal coliform count were compared with Escherichia coli counts for water samples collected from household water sources and domestic drinking water in rural Malaysia. Water samples were taken from 151 wells, 44 taps supplying water from the treated municipal supply and 192 domestic stored water supplies. E. coli were detected in 20% of the samples (42% of wells, 7% of tap water and 6% of drinking water). Excellent correlation (Spearman's rank correlation rs = 0.93) was found between the faecal coliform and E. coli counts for all sample types. The H2S method was poorly correlated whether read at 18 or 30 h. False positive rates were highest for well water, and false negative rates were highest for both well and drinking water samples, with low E. coli counts. The faecal coliform test was an excellent predictor of the presence of E. coli in these water samples, while the H2S test was very inadequate.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Significance of enteric gram-negative bacilli in the throat

Philpot CR, McDonald PJ, Chai KH

J Hyg (Lond), 1980 Oct;85(2):205-10.
PMID: 7005325

Pharyngeal micro-organisms of 131 Australian and Malaysian children and adults were compared by analysis of aerobic culture of throat swab specimens. Enteric Gram-negative bacilli were commonly isolated in small numbers from Malaysian adults whether they had sore throats (28%) or not (36%), but were detected in only 9% of Australian adults without sore throats and in only 12% and 4% of Malaysian children with and without sore throats respectively. In other respects microbiological findings were similar in the different groups of subjects studied. It is concluded that the pharyngeal carriage rate of enteric Gram-negative bacilli may differ substantially between different groups of normal individuals. Our findings also suggest that these micro-organisms do not have a pathogenic role in pharyngitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Presence of faecal coliforms and selected heavy metals in ice cubes from food outlets in Taman Universiti, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Mahat NA, Meor Ahmad Z, Abdul Wahab R

Trop Biomed, 2015 Sep;32(3):471-7.
PMID: 26695207 MyJurnal

Consumption of iced beverages is common in Malaysia although specific research focusing on its safety parameters such as presence of faecal coliforms and heavy metal elements remains scarce. A study conducted in Kelantan indicated that faecal coliforms were detected in the majority of the ice cube samples analyzed, largely attributable to improper handling. Hence, it was found pertinent to conduct similar study in other parts of the country such as Johor Bahru if the similar pattern prevailed. Therefore, this present cross sectional study which randomly sampled ice cubes from 30 permanent food outlets in Taman Universiti, Johor Bahru for detecting contamination by faecal coliforms and selected heavy metal elements (lead, copper, manganese and zinc) acquires significance. Faecal coliforms were detected in 11 (36.67%) of the samples, ranging between 1 CFU/100 mL to > 50 CFU/100 mL; two of the samples were grossly contaminated (>50 CFU/100 mL). Interestingly, while positive detection of lead was observed in 29 of the 30 ice cube samples (mean: 0.511±0.105 ppm; range: 0.489-0.674 ppm), copper, manganese and zinc were not detected. In addition, analysis on commercially bottled mineral water as well as in tap water samples did not detect such contaminations. Therefore, it appears that (1) contamination of faecal coliforms in ice cubes in food outlets in Malaysia may not be sporadic in pattern but rather prevalent and (2) the source of water used for manufacturing the ice cubes that contained significant amount of lead would suggest that (3) it was neither originated from the treated tap water supply nor bottled mineral water or (4) perhaps contaminated during manufacturing process. Further studies exploring the source of water used for manufacturing these ice cubes as well as the handling process among food operators deserve consideration.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Fulltext The integron prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacterial isolates in a Malaysian teaching hospital

Ibrahim N, Wajidi MF, Yusof MY, Tay ST

Trop Biomed, 2011 Dec;28(3):668-71.
PMID: 22433898 MyJurnal

The increased frequency of antibiotic resistance is known to be associated with the dissemination of integrons in the Enterobacteriaceae. This study determined the prevalence and type of integrons amongst 160 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacterial isolates kept in our culture collection. Integrons were detected in 98(61.3%) isolates, including 28(62.2%) Escherichia coli, 34(64.2%) Klebsiella spp., 27(61.4%), Enterobacter spp. and 9(50.0%) Citrobacter spp. investigated in this study. Restriction analysis of the integron gene fragments revealed that class I integron was the principal integron detected in 92(57.5%) of our isolates. Class II integron was detected in 6(3.8%) of our isolates, while no class III integron was detected in this study. The high rates of integron prevalence particularly of the class I integron in the E. coli and Klebsiella spp. concur with previous studies in other geographical regions. The higher (≥50%) integron prevalence of Citrobacter and Enterobacter isolates comparing to previous studies suggests the potential of these isolates as sources for dissemination of resistance determinants. The finding in this study serves as a basis for further study on the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of enterobacterial species in this teaching hospital.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Fulltext Contamination of faecal coliforms in ice cubes sampled from food outlets in Kubang Kerian, Kelantan

Noor Izani NJ, Zulaikha AR, Mohamad Noor MR, Amri MA, Mahat NA

Trop Biomed, 2012 Mar;29(1):71-6.
PMID: 22543605 MyJurnal

The use of ice cubes in beverages is common among patrons of food outlets in Malaysia although its safety for human consumption remains unclear. Hence, this study was designed to determine the presence of faecal coliforms and several useful water physicochemical parameters viz. free residual chlorine concentration, turbidity and pH in ice cubes from 30 randomly selected food outlets in Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Faecal coliforms were found in ice cubes in 16 (53%) food outlets ranging between 1 CFU/100mL to >50 CFU/ 100mL, while in the remaining 14 (47%) food outlets, in samples of tap water as well as in commercially bottled drinking water, faecal coliforms were not detected. The highest faecal coliform counts of >50 CFU/100mL were observed in 3 (10%) food outlets followed by 11-50 CFU/100mL and 1-10 CFU/100mL in 7 (23%) and 6 (20%) food outlets, respectively. All samples recorded low free residual chlorine concentration (<0.10mg/L) with the pH ranging between 5.5 and 7.3 and turbidity between 0.14-1.76 NTU. Since contamination by faecal coliforms was not detected in 47% of the samples, tap water and commercially bottled drinking water, it was concluded that (1) contamination by faecal coliforms may occur due to improper handling of ice cubes at the food outlets or (2) they may not be the water sources used for making ice cubes. Since low free residual chlorine concentrations were observed (<0.10mg/ L) in all samples as well as in both tap water and commercially bottled drinking water, with the pH ranged between 5.5-7.3, ineffective disinfection of water source as a contributing factor to such high counts of faecal coliforms in ice cubes also could not be ruled out. Therefore, a periodical, yet comprehensive check on the food outlets, including that of ice cube is crucial in ensuring better food and water for human consumption.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Some interesting isolates from a diagnostic laboratory

Lim PL

J Clin Pathol, 1978 Mar;31(3):223-6.
PMID: 641196

Citrobacter koseri, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Edwardsiella tarda, Yersinia enterocolitica, Alkalescens dispar, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus were seven interesting microorganisms isolated recently in our diagnostic laboratory.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Clinical prediction models for ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae colonization or infection: a systematic review

Mohd Sazlly Lim S, Wong PL, Sulaiman H, Atiya N, Hisham Shunmugam R, Liew SM

J Hosp Infect, 2019 May;102(1):8-16.
PMID: 30653999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.01.012

BACKGROUND: β-Lactamase resistance among certain Gram-negative bacteria has been associated with increased mortality, length of hospitalization, and hospital costs.
AIM: To identify and critically appraise existing clinical prediction models of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-EKP) infection or colonization.
METHODS: Electronic databases, reference lists, and citations were searched from inception to April 2018. Papers were included in any language describing the development or validation, or both, of models and scores to predict the risk of ESBL-EKP infection or colonization.
FINDINGS: In all, 1795 references were screened, of which four articles were included in the review. The included studies were carried out in different geographical locations with differing study designs, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most if not all studies lacked external validation and blinding of reviewers during the evaluation of the predictor variables and outcome. All studies excluded missing data and most studies did not report the number of patients excluded due to missing data. Fifteen predictors of infection or colonization with ESBL-EKP were identified. Commonly included predictors were previous antibiotic use, previous hospitalization, transfer from another healthcare facility, and previous procedures (urinary catheterization and invasive procedures).
CONCLUSION: Due to limitations and variations in the study design, clinicians would have to take these differences into consideration when deciding on how to use these models in clinical practice. Due to lack of external validation, the generalizability of these models remains a question. Therefore, further external validation in local settings is needed to confirm the usefulness of these models in supporting decision-making.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Fulltext Effects of feeding different postbiotic metabolite combinations produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains on egg quality and production performance, faecal parameters and plasma cholesterol in laying hens

Loh TC, Choe DW, Foo HL, Sazili AQ, Bejo MH

BMC Vet Res, 2014;10:149.
PMID: 24996258 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-149

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that are able to colonize the host digestive system, increasing the natural flora and preventing colonization of pathogenic organisms and thus, securing optimal utility of the feed. However, commercial probiotic often do not meet the expected standards and the viability of the efficacy of these strains remains questionable. Another major issue has been highlighted in relation to the application of antibiotic resistant probiotics, the antibiotic resistant gene can be transferred between organisms. Recently, postbiotic metabolites produced from microbes have been extensively studied as feed additive in order to substitute in-feed antibiotics.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones in fresh culinary herbs imported from Southeast Asia

Veldman K, Kant A, Dierikx C, van Essen-Zandbergen A, Wit B, Mevius D

Int J Food Microbiol, 2014 May 2;177:72-7.
PMID: 24607424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.014

Since multidrug resistant bacteria are frequently reported from Southeast Asia, our study focused on the occurrence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in fresh imported herbs from Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. Samples were collected from fresh culinary herbs imported from Southeast Asia in which ESBL-suspected isolates were obtained by selective culturing. Analysis included identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, susceptibility testing, XbaI-PFGE, microarray, PCR and sequencing of specific ESBL genes, PCR based replicon typing (PBRT) of plasmids and Southern blot hybridization. In addition, the quinolone resistance genotype was characterized by screening for plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and parC. The study encompassed fifty samples of ten batches of culinary herbs (5 samples per batch) comprising nine different herb variants. The herbs originated from Thailand (Water morning glory, Acacia and Betel leaf), Vietnam (Parsley, Asian pennywort, Houttuynia leaf and Mint) and Malaysia (Holy basil and Parsley). By selective culturing 21 cefotaxime resistant Enterobacteriaceae were retrieved. Array analysis revealed 18 isolates with ESBL genes and one isolate with solely non-ESBL beta-lactamase genes. Mutations in the ampC promoter region were determined in two isolates with PCR and sequencing. The isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=9), Escherichia coli (n=6), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n=5) and Enterobacter spp. (n=1). All isolates tested were multidrug resistant. Variants of CTX-M enzymes were predominantly found followed by SHV enzymes. PMQR genes (including aac(6')-1b-cr, qnrB and qnrS) were also frequently detected. In almost all cases ESBL and quinolone resistance genes were located on the same plasmid. Imported fresh culinary herbs from Southeast Asia are a potential source for contamination of food with multidrug resistant bacteria. Because these herbs are consumed without appropriate heating, transfer to human bacteria cannot be excluded.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
The first isolate of Tatumella ptyseos in Malaysia

Tan SC, Wong YH, Jegathesan M, Chang SM

Malays J Pathol, 1989 Aug;11:25-7.
PMID: 2632996

Tatumella ptyseos, the type species for the genus Tatumella, is a newly established member of the Family Enterobacteriaceae. It is a Gram-negative, oxidase negative, fermentative rod that grows on Mac Conkey agar. This first isolate was obtained from the blood culture of a neonate having neonatal jaundice with presumed sepsis. The organism was in vitro sensitive to Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Cotrimoxazole and Ampicillin. The patient was treated with Ampicillin and Gentamicin and recovered uneventfully.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification*
Fulltext Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in the river water of two recreational areas in Selangor, Malaysia

Azman J, Init I, Wan Yusoff WS

Trop Biomed, 2009 Dec;26(3):289-302.
PMID: 20237443 MyJurnal

This study is the first report on the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in recreational rivers water from Malaysia. It was carried out in water samples at two rivers, 'Sungai Congkak' and 'Sungai Batu', located in Selangor State. The occurrence of both Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum (oo)cysts was higher in Sungai Congkak (50% or 15/30 and 10% or 3/30 respectively) than Sungai Batu (16% or 5/30 and 3.3% or 1/30 respectively). The mean density of cysts/L was 0.72 in Sungai Congkak and 0.023 in Sungai Batu, and that of oocysts/L was 0.023 in Sungai Congkak and 0.0033 in Sungai Batu, showing that the occurrence of Giardia was higher and more frequent than Cryptosporidium in both rivers. Sungai Congkak also showed higher faecal coliforms count (ranging from 0.48x10³ to 73x10³ CFU/100 mL) than Sungai Batu (0.41x10³ to 16x10³ CFU/100 mL). On the other hand, the Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts and faecal coliforms were more concentrated at the downstream station, followed by midstream and upstream stations which might be due to human factors where settlements and recreation areas were located around and between midstream and downstream stations. The (oo)cysts and faecal coliforms also increased during public holidays due to the significantly higher number of visitors (bathers) compared with the week days. All the parameters (physical, faecal coliforms and rainfall) did not show consistent significant correlation (based on r values of Pearson correlation analysis) with both protozoa, therefore these parameters are not suitable as indicator for the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts in both rivers.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification
Dickeya undicola sp. nov., a novel species for pectinolytic isolates from surface waters in Europe and Asia

Oulghazi S, Pédron J, Cigna J, Lau YY, Moumni M, Van Gijsegem F, et al.

Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2019 Aug;69(8):2440-2444.
PMID: 31166160 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003497

Strains 2B12T, FVG1-MFV-O17 and FVG10-MFV-A16 were isolated from fresh water samples collected in Asia and Europe. The nucleotide sequences of the gapA barcodes revealed that all three strains belonged to the same cluster within the genus Dickeya. Using 13 housekeeping genes (fusA, rpoD, rpoS, glyA, purA, groEL, gapA, rplB, leuS, recA, gyrB, infB and secY), multilocus sequence analysis confirmed the existence of a new clade. When the genome sequences of these three isolates and other Dickeya species were compared, the in silico DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values were found to be no more than 45.50 and 91.22 %, respectively. The closest relative species was Dickeya fangzhongdai. Genome comparisons also highlighted genetic traits differentiating the new strains from D. fangzhongdai strains DSM 101947T (=CFBP 8607T) and B16. Phenotypical tests were performed to distinguish the three strains from D. fangzhongdai and other Dickeya species. The name Dickeya undicola sp. nov. is proposed with strain 2B12T (=CFBP 8650T=LMG 30903T) as the type strain.

Matched MeSH terms: Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification

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