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  1. Fulltext Molecular Markers of Diabetic Retinopathy: Potential Screening Tool of the Future?
    Pusparajah P, Lee LH, Abdul Kadir K
    Front Physiol, 2016;7:200.
    PMID: 27313539 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00200
    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is among the leading causes of new onset blindness in adults. Effective treatment may delay the onset and progression of this disease provided it is diagnosed early. At present retinopathy can only be diagnosed via formal examination of the eye by a trained specialist, which limits the population that can be effectively screened. An easily accessible, reliable screening biomarker of diabetic retinopathy would be of tremendous benefit in detecting the population in need of further assessment and treatment. This review highlights specific biomarkers that show promise as screening markers to detect early diabetic retinopathy or even to detect patients at increased risk of DR at the time of diagnosis of diabetes. The pathobiology of DR is complex and multifactorial giving rise to a wide array of potential biomarkers. This review provides an overview of these pathways and looks at older markers such as advanced glycation end products (AGEs), inflammatory markers, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as other newer proteins with a role in the pathogenesis of DR including neuroprotective factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor (PEDF); SA100A12, pentraxin 3, brain natriuretic peptide, apelin 3, and chemerin as well as various metabolites such as lipoprotein A, folate, and homocysteine. We also consider the possible role of proteins identified through proteomics work whose levels are altered in the sera of patients with DR as screening markers though their role in pathophysiology remains to be characterized. The role of microRNA as a promising new screening marker is also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  2. Fulltext Current Advances in Pharmacotherapy and Technology for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review
    Lu L, Jiang Y, Jaganathan R, Hao Y
    J Ophthalmol, 2018;2018:1694187.
    PMID: 29576875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1694187
    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classically defined by its vascular lesions and damage in the neurons of the retina. The cellular and clinical elements of DR have many features of chronic inflammation. Understanding the individual cell-specific inflammatory changes in the retina may lead to novel therapeutic approaches to prevent vision loss. The systematic use of available pharmacotherapy has been reported as a useful adjunct tool to laser photocoagulation, a gold standard therapy for DR. Direct injections or intravitreal anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis agents are widely used pharmacotherapy to effectively treat DR and diabetic macular edema (DME). However, their effectiveness is short term, and the delivery system is often associated with adverse effects, such as cataract and increased intraocular pressure. Further, systemic agents (particularly hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antihypertensive agents) and plants-based drugs have also provided promising treatment in the progression of DR. Recently, advancements in pluripotent stem cells technology enable restoration of retinal functionalities after transplantation of these cells into animals with retinal degeneration. This review paper summarizes the developments in the current and potential pharmacotherapy and therapeutic technology of DR. Literature search was done on online databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, clinitrials.gov, and browsing through individual ophthalmology journals and leading pharmaceutical company websites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  3. Diabetic retinopathy
    Lim ASM
    Family Practitioner, 1982;5:29-32.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy
  4. Fulltext Retinal Images
    Keah SH, Chng KS
    Malays Fam Physician, 2006;1(1):39.
    PMID: 26998211
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  5. Fulltext Automatic screening and classification of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy using fuzzy image processing
    Rahim SS, Palade V, Shuttleworth J, Jayne C
    Brain Inform, 2016 Mar 16.
    PMID: 27747815 DOI: 10.1007/s40708-016-0045-3
    Digital retinal imaging is a challenging screening method for which effective, robust and cost-effective approaches are still to be developed. Regular screening for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic maculopathy diseases is necessary in order to identify the group at risk of visual impairment. This paper presents a novel automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy in eye fundus images by employing fuzzy image processing techniques. The paper first introduces the existing systems for diabetic retinopathy screening, with an emphasis on the maculopathy detection methods. The proposed medical decision support system consists of four parts, namely: image acquisition, image preprocessing including four retinal structures localisation, feature extraction and the classification of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy. A combination of fuzzy image processing techniques, the Circular Hough Transform and several feature extraction methods are implemented in the proposed system. The paper also presents a novel technique for the macula region localisation in order to detect the maculopathy. In addition to the proposed detection system, the paper highlights a novel online dataset and it presents the dataset collection, the expert diagnosis process and the advantages of our online database compared to other public eye fundus image databases for diabetic retinopathy purposes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  6. The eye in diabetes
    Mohamad M
    Hosp Med, 2003 Nov;64(11):673-6.
    PMID: 14671880 DOI: 10.12968/hosp.2003.64.11.2350
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology; Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology; Diabetic Retinopathy/therapy
  7. Fulltext Association of potential salivary biomarkers with diabetic retinopathy and its severity in type-2 diabetes mellitus: a proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry
    Chee CS, Chang KM, Loke MF, Angela Loo VP, Subrayan V
    PeerJ, 2016;4:e2022.
    PMID: 27280065 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2022
    AIM/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of our study was to characterize the human salivary proteome and determine the changes in protein expression in two different stages of diabetic retinopathy with type-2 diabetes mellitus: (1) with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and (2) with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Type-2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy (XDR) was designated as control.
    METHOD: In this study, 45 saliva samples were collected (15 samples from XDR control group, 15 samples from NPDR disease group and 15 samples from PDR disease group). Salivary proteins were extracted, reduced, alkylated, trypsin digested and labeled with an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) before being analyzed by an Orbitrap fusion tribrid mass spectrometer. Protein annotation, fold change calculation and statistical analysis were interrogated by Proteome Discoverer. Biological pathway analysis was performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD003723-PX003725.
    RESULTS: A total of 315 proteins were identified from the salivary proteome and 119 proteins were found to be differentially expressed. The differentially expressed proteins from the NPDR disease group and the PDR disease group were assigned to respective canonical pathways indicating increased Liver X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) activation, Farnesoid X receptor/Retinoid X receptor (FXR/RXR) activation, acute phase response signaling, sucrose degradation V and regulation of actin-based motility by Rho in the PDR disease group compared to the NPDR disease group.
    CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Progression from non-proliferative to proliferative retinopathy in type-2 diabetic patients is a complex multi-mechanism and systemic process. Furthermore, saliva was shown to be a feasible alternative sample source for diabetic retinopathy biomarkers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  8. Fulltext Developing and evaluating the usability of a web-based Diabetic Retinopathy Health Education Program for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Isa RM, Chong MC, Lee WL, Iqbal T, Mansor M, Zainudin AA, et al.
    Saudi Med J, 2023 Dec;44(12):1290-1294.
    PMID: 38016754 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.12.202320029
    OBJECTIVES: To describe the development of a webpage based on the Intervention Mapping (IM) protocol and usability testing of the Diabetic Retinopathy Health Education Profram (DRHEP).

    METHODS: The mixed methods pilot feasibility study was carried out between April and September 2021, involving 16 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 5 experts. The usability score was rated according to the System Usability Scale (SUS).

    RESULTS: The average SUS score by the experts was 88. The patients gave a higher score of 85 for SUS, with 58 as the lowest. The average SUS score was 72. The findings indicate that the webpage is acceptable, good, and highly usable for users.

    CONCLUSION: The outcomes of this study signify the relationship between effective health applications and how their design might hamper their effectiveness in changing patients' behavior.

    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  9. Localization of optic disc and fovea in retinal images using intensity based line scanning analysis
    Kamble R, Kokare M, Deshmukh G, Hussin FA, Mériaudeau F
    Comput Biol Med, 2017 08 01;87:382-396.
    PMID: 28595892 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.04.016
    Accurate detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) mainly depends on identification of retinal landmarks such as optic disc and fovea. Present methods suffer from challenges like less accuracy and high computational complexity. To address this issue, this paper presents a novel approach for fast and accurate localization of optic disc (OD) and fovea using one-dimensional scanned intensity profile analysis. The proposed method utilizes both time and frequency domain information effectively for localization of OD. The final OD center is located using signal peak-valley detection in time domain and discontinuity detection in frequency domain analysis. However, with the help of detected OD location, the fovea center is located using signal valley analysis. Experiments were conducted on MESSIDOR dataset, where OD was successfully located in 1197 out of 1200 images (99.75%) and fovea in 1196 out of 1200 images (99.66%) with an average computation time of 0.52s. The large scale evaluation has been carried out extensively on nine publicly available databases. The proposed method is highly efficient in terms of quickly and accurately localizing OD and fovea structure together compared with the other state-of-the-art methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis; Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
  10. An automated decision-support system for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy disease based on MAs and HAs detection
    Saleh MD, Eswaran C
    Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 2012 Oct;108(1):186-96.
    PMID: 22551841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2012.03.004
    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become a serious threat in our society, which causes 45% of the legal blindness in diabetes patients. Early detection as well as the periodic screening of DR helps in reducing the progress of this disease and in preventing the subsequent loss of visual capability. This paper provides an automated diagnosis system for DR integrated with a user-friendly interface. The grading of the severity level of DR is based on detecting and analyzing the early clinical signs associated with the disease, such as microaneurysms (MAs) and hemorrhages (HAs). The system extracts some retinal features, such as optic disc, fovea, and retinal tissue for easier segmentation of dark spot lesions in the fundus images. That is followed by the classification of the correctly segmented spots into MAs and HAs. Based on the number and location of MAs and HAs, the system quantifies the severity level of DR. A database of 98 color images is used in order to evaluate the performance of the developed system. From the experimental results, it is found that the proposed system achieves 84.31% and 87.53% values in terms of sensitivity for the detection of MAs and HAs respectively. In terms of specificity, the system achieves 93.63% and 95.08% values for the detection of MAs and HAs respectively. Also, the proposed system achieves 68.98% and 74.91% values in terms of kappa coefficient for the detection of MAs and HAs respectively. Moreover, the system yields sensitivity and specificity values of 89.47% and 95.65% for the classification of DR versus normal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology*
  11. Fulltext The prognostic factors of diabetic retinopathy severity among type 2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary teaching hospital
    Nur Jannah Ambak, Aniza Abd Aziz, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Siti Raihan Ishak, Wan Mohd Razin Wan Hassan, Syaratul Emma Hashim, et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(2):48-54.
    MyJurnal
    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) may result in progressive visual impairment and blindness which affects the diabetic patients‟ morbidity and quality of life significantly. The objective of this study was to determine the proportions and prognostic factors of DR severity among Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. A cross sectional study was conducted at the Ophthalmology Clinic in a tertiary hospital using the medical record database from 2005 to 2011. A total of 216DR patients were randomly selected. The study outcome was DR severity which was classified into four grading based on the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Scale. Descriptive statistics and Ordinal Logistic Regression were applied using Stata SE/11. The mean (SD) age of DR
    in this study was 56.06 (9.98) years old with almost equal sex ratio. Proportion of mild non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) was 48.6% (95% CI: 40.0, 60.0), moderate NPDR was 28.2% (95%CI: 22.0, 40.0), severe NPDR was 6.9% (95% CI: 4.0, 11.0) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was 16.2% (95%CI: 10.0, 22.0). Diabetic patients that suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years, having nephropathy, every increased of HbA1c by 1% and higher total cholesterol were at increased risk of worsening DR.
    Note: content of full text inconsistent with title and abstract. Author informed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  12. Fulltext Accelerated diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy--a real and present danger
    Bastion MLC, Barkeh HJ, Muhaya M
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Oct;60(4):502-4.
    PMID: 16570717
    A 36 year-old Malay lady with diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and poorly controlled hypertension developed rapid progression of diabetic retinopathy from no retinopathy to florid proliferative retinopathy over three months in her right eye. She had subsequent loss of vision due to vitreous haemorrhage in the peri-partum period. She had good final visual acuity with quiescent retinopathy following pars planar vitrectomy. A similar course was avoided in the left eye by timely pan retinal photocoagulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis; Diabetic Retinopathy/physiopathology*
  13. Fulltext Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness post-laser treatment in diabetic retinopathy: argon versus pattern scanning laser
    Maimunah, M., Ropilah, A.R., Othmaliza, O., Mushawiahti, M.
    Medicine & Health, 2016;11(2):199-208.
    MyJurnal
    Conventional argon laser causes transient thickening of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL). The effect of pattern scanning laser (PASCAL) has not been well described. We compared the immediate changes in peripapillary RNFL thickness post-panretinal photocoagulation between conventional argon lasers and PASCAL in patients with diabetic retinopathy changes. A total of 32 subjects were recruited. There were 16 patients in the argon group and 16 patients in PASCAL group. Diabetic patients were recruited from Ophthalmology Clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Complete eye examinations and fundus photographs were performed at baseline prior to laser treatment, and post-laser treatment at two and four months. RNFL thickness was measured using time domain optical coherence tomography. Both groups were comparable with respect to clinical characteristics and demographics. There was no significant difference in average RNFL thickness between the two groups prior to treatment (p= 0.323). RNFL post-laser treatment for patients receiving conventional argon laser remained unchanged with no significant differences in all quadrants at any time-point (two and four months). However, for the PASCAL group, significant thickening occurred at four months for average RNFL and the inferior quadrant (p <0.05). The other quadrants similarly demonstrated increasing thickness at four months but this did not reach statistical significance. Transient RNFL thickening occurs in both conventional and PASCAL laser patients. The PASCAL laser induces a greater increase in RNFL thickness than the argon laser group. Important events, such as laser eye treatments and even type of laser used, are worthy of consideration when evaluating RNFL.
    Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, optical coherence, photocoagulation, retinal ganglion cells, tomography
    Study site: Ophthalmology Clinic, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  14. Fulltext Adverse outcomes in Type I diabetic pregnant women with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
    Helen CCT, Tajunisah I, Reddy SC
    Int J Ophthalmol, 2011;4(4):443-6.
    PMID: 22553697 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2011.04.23
    AIM: To report maternal and fetal adverse outcomes, in spite of appropriate treatment and regular follow up, in diabetic pregnant women with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
    METHODS: Case series of four young pregnant diabetics aged between 20 and 25 years with type I diabetes mellitus and proliferative diabetic retrinopathy.
    RESULTS: The maternal adverse outcomes were abortion in one patient, pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery in one patient, and renal failure requiring dialysis in one patient. The fetal adverse outcomes were neonatal death in one case and premature baby in another case.
    CONCLUSION: These cases highlight the fact that diabetic pregnant women should be closely followed up by the obstetricians and physicians when they have proliferative retinopathy. The proliferative diabetic retinopathy should be considered as a part of the assessment when counseling a diabetic woman in antenatal check up and also in the follow up visits during pregnancy.
    KEYWORDS: pregnancy; proliferative diabetic retinopathy; type I diabetes mellitus; vitreous haemorrhage
    Study site: Eye clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  15. Circulating miR-3197 and miR-2116-5p as novel biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy
    Ji H, Yi Q, Chen L, Wong L, Liu Y, Xu G, et al.
    Clin Chim Acta, 2020 Feb;501:147-153.
    PMID: 31678272 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.036
    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss among older adults. The goal of this case-control study was to identify circulating miRNAs for the diagnosis of DR. The miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit was used to extract serum miRNAs. The μParaflo™ MicroRNA microarray was used to detect the expression levels of the miRNAs. The miRWalk algorithm was applied to predict the target genes of the miRNAs, which were further confirmed by the dual luciferase reporter gene system in HEK293T cells. A microarray was performed between 5 DR cases and 5 age-, sex-, body mass index-, and duration of diabetes-matched type 2 diabetic (T2DM) controls. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique was used to validate the differentially expressed circulating miRNAs in 45 DR cases and 45 well-matched controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the circulating miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for DR. Our microarray analysis screened out miR-2116-5p and miR-3197 as significantly up-regulated in DR cases compared with the controls. Furthermore, two miRNAs were validated in the 45 DR cases and 45 controls. The ROC analysis suggested that both miR-3197 and miR-2116-5p distinguished DR cases from controls. An additional dual-luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed that notch homolog 2 (NOTCH2) was the target gene of miR-2116-5p. Both miR-3197 and miR-2116-5p were identified as promising diagnostic biomarkers for DR. Future research is still needed to explore the molecular mechanisms of miR-3197 and miR-2116-5p in the pathogenesis of DR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/blood*; Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis; Diabetic Retinopathy/genetics*
  16. Fulltext Feature-Based Retinal Image Registration Using D-Saddle Feature
    Ramli R, Idris MYI, Hasikin K, A Karim NK, Abdul Wahab AW, Ahmedy I, et al.
    J Healthc Eng, 2017;2017:1489524.
    PMID: 29204257 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1489524
    Retinal image registration is important to assist diagnosis and monitor retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. However, registering retinal images for various registration applications requires the detection and distribution of feature points on the low-quality region that consists of vessels of varying contrast and sizes. A recent feature detector known as Saddle detects feature points on vessels that are poorly distributed and densely positioned on strong contrast vessels. Therefore, we propose a multiresolution difference of Gaussian pyramid with Saddle detector (D-Saddle) to detect feature points on the low-quality region that consists of vessels with varying contrast and sizes. D-Saddle is tested on Fundus Image Registration (FIRE) Dataset that consists of 134 retinal image pairs. Experimental results show that D-Saddle successfully registered 43% of retinal image pairs with average registration accuracy of 2.329 pixels while a lower success rate is observed in other four state-of-the-art retinal image registration methods GDB-ICP (28%), Harris-PIIFD (4%), H-M (16%), and Saddle (16%). Furthermore, the registration accuracy of D-Saddle has the weakest correlation (Spearman) with the intensity uniformity metric among all methods. Finally, the paired t-test shows that D-Saddle significantly improved the overall registration accuracy of the original Saddle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy
  17. Fulltext Assessment of awareness of diabetic retinopathy among the diabetics attending the peripheral diabetic clinics in Melaka, Malaysia
    Addoor KR, Krishna RA, Bhandary SV, Khanna R, Rao LG, Lingam KD, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Mar;66(1):48-52.
    PMID: 23765143 MyJurnal
    In view of the alarming increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Malaysia, we conducted a study to assess the awareness of complications of diabetes among the diabetics attending the peripheral clinics in Melaka. The study period was from January 2007 to December 2007. 351 patients were included in the study. 79.8% were aware of the complications of diabetes mellitus and 87.2% were aware that diabetes can affect the eyes. However, only 50% of the patients underwent an ophthalmological evaluation. Although awareness was good, the motivation to undergo the assessment was poor.
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Peringgit, Klinik Kommunity Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  18. Vascular intersection detection in retina fundus images using a new hybrid approach
    Aibinu AM, Iqbal MI, Shafie AA, Salami MJ, Nilsson M
    Comput Biol Med, 2010 Jan;40(1):81-9.
    PMID: 20022595 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.11.004
    The use of vascular intersection aberration as one of the signs when monitoring and diagnosing diabetic retinopathy from retina fundus images (FIs) has been widely reported in the literature. In this paper, a new hybrid approach called the combined cross-point number (CCN) method able to detect the vascular bifurcation and intersection points in FIs is proposed. The CCN method makes use of two vascular intersection detection techniques, namely the modified cross-point number (MCN) method and the simple cross-point number (SCN) method. Our proposed approach was tested on images obtained from two different and publicly available fundus image databases. The results show a very high precision, accuracy, sensitivity and low false rate in detecting both bifurcation and crossover points compared with both the MCN and the SCN methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/diagnosis
  19. Fulltext Comparison between the panoptic ophthalmoscope and the conventional direct ophthalmoscope in the detection of sight threatening diabetic retinopathy: the kuching diabetic eye study
    Tan AK, Mallika P. S., Aziz S, Asokumaran T, Intan G, Faridah HA
    Malays Fam Physician, 2010;5(2):83-90.
    PMID: 25606193 MyJurnal
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of the conventional direct ophthalmoscope and the PanOptic ophthalmoscope in the detection of sight threatening retinopathy, as well as the "Ease of Use" of these equipments.
    METHODS: 200 diabetics, newly referred from primary health physicians were examined. Fundus examinations were performed with pupil dilatation in a dark room. The examinations were performed by a single investigator using the PanOptic ophthalmoscope, the conventional direct ophthalmoscope and slit lamp biomicroscopy.
    RESULTS: The overall sensitivity in detecting sight threatening retinopathy using the conventional direct ophthalmoscope was 73.2% (95% CI: 57.1-85.8%), specificity 93.7% (95% CI: 88.7-96.9%). For PanOptic ophthalmoscope, the overall sensitivity in detecting sight threatening retinopathy was 58.5% (95% CI: 42.1-73.7%), specificity 93.7% (95% CI: 88.7-96.9%). The conventional direct ophthalmoscope was 1.38 times (95% CI: 1.17-1.61 times) as easy to use compared to the PanOptic ophthalmoscope.
    CONCLUSION: The PanOptic ophthalmoscope is not superior to the conventional direct ophthalmoscope for the screening of Sight Threatening Retinopathy.
    KEYWORDS: PanOptic ophthalmoscope; conventional direct ophthalmoscope; sight threatening retinopathy
    Study site: Ophthalmology clinic, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy*
  20. Fulltext Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the University Hospital diabetic population
    Teoh GH, Yow CS, Ngan A, Zaini A
    Med J Malaysia, 1983 Mar;38(1):77-9.
    PMID: 6633344
    One hundred and forty-five diabetic patients attending diabetic clinic over a four week period were fully examined in an adjacent eye clinic. The fundi were examined with a Halogen light direct ophthalmoscope and the Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope after mydriasis to assess the presence of retinopathy. 44.1 percent of patients examined had Opbthalmoscopicaliy detectable retinopathy while 11 percent were found to have 'serious diabetic eye disease'. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Malaysia is comparable to those of Western countries and Japan.
    Study site: Diabetic clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetic Retinopathy/epidemiology*
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