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  1. Prevalence and quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw salad vegetables at retail level
    Tunung R, Margaret S, Jeyaletchumi P, Chai LC, Tuan Zainazor TC, Ghazali FM, et al.
    J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2010 Feb;20(2):391-6.
    PMID: 20208446
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the biosafety of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw salad vegetables at wet market and supermarket in Malaysia. A combination of Most Probable Number - Polymerase Chain Reaction (MPN-PCR) method was applied to detect the presence of V. parahaemolyticus and to enumerate their density in the food samples. The study analyzed 276 samples of common vegetables eaten raw in Malaysia (Wild cosmos = 8; Japanese parsley = 21; Cabbage = 30; Lettuce = 16; Indian pennywort = 17; Carrot = 31; Sweet potato = 29; Tomato = 38; Cucumber = 28; Four winged bean = 26; Long bean = 32). The samples were purchased from two supermarkets (A and B) and two wet markets (C and D). The occurrence of V. parahaemolyticus detected was 20.65%, with higher frequency of V. parahaemolyticus in vegetables obtained from wet markets (Wet market C = 27.27%Wet Market D = 32.05%) compared to supermarkets (Supermarket A = 1.64%; Supermarket B = 16.67%). V. parahaemolyticus was most prevalent in Indian pennywort (41.18%). The density of V. parahaemolyticus in all the samples ranged from <3 up to >2400 MPN/g, mostly <3 MPN/g concentration. Raw vegetables from wet markets contained higher levels of V. parahaemolyticus compared to supermarkets. V. parahaemolyticus were present in raw vegetables although in low numbers. The results suggest that raw vegetables act as a transmission route for V. parahaemolyticus. This study will be the first biosafety assessment of V. parahaemolyticus in raw vegetables in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification*
  2. A study of the incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Malaysian shrimp undergoing processing for export
    Cann DC, Taylor LY, Merican Z
    J Hyg (Lond), 1981 Dec;87(3):485-91.
    PMID: 7310127
    The incidence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in products of the Malaysian export shrimp processing industry was investigated through the stages from the catch to that of the cooked, peeled and frozen product. The organism was commonly found in freshly caught and landed shrimp, and could be detected by enrichment culture at all stages of processing. The number of V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp varied from nil to 4x10(4), and 19 of the 50 serotypes in the current antigenic scheme were found, O1-K38 and O1-K32 occurring most often. All the isolates were Kanagawa-negative; one strain was a sucrose-positive variant. The study indicated that specifications of 10(2) g-1 for V. parahaemolyticus in raw tropical shellfish are too stringent but that the Malaysian shrimp industry should be able to meet this requirement for cooked shrimp.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification*
  3. Some interesting isolates from a diagnostic laboratory
    Lim PL
    J Clin Pathol, 1978 Mar;31(3):223-6.
    PMID: 641196
    Citrobacter koseri, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Edwardsiella tarda, Yersinia enterocolitica, Alkalescens dispar, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus were seven interesting microorganisms isolated recently in our diagnostic laboratory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification
  4. Bacterial enteropathogens in Malaysian shellfish
    Jegathesan M, Wah LT, Soon LE, Su Har D, Boo Liat L
    Trop Geogr Med, 1976 Jun;28(2):91-5.
    PMID: 788266
    Three species of commonly eaten shellfish found in Malaysian coastal waters were examined for the presence of common bacterial enteropathogens. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, non-agglutinating vibrios, and various serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli were isolated from a large proportion of them. Salmonella were isolated in two instances. High colony counts with evidence of faecal contamination indicated the strong possibility of pulltion being the cause for the presence of these enteropathogens. Methods of cooking and eating these shellfish enhance their likelihood of acting as vehicles of diarrhoeal disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification
  5. Detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cockle (Anadara granosa) by PCR
    Bilung LM, Radu S, Bahaman AR, Rahim RA, Napis S, Ling MW, et al.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2005 Nov 1;252(1):85-8.
    PMID: 16216442
    This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cockles (Anadara granosa) at a harvesting area and to detect the presence of virulent strains carrying the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin genes (trh) using PCR. Of 100 samples, 62 were positive for the presence of V. parahaemolyticus with an MPN (most probable number) value greater than 3.0 (>1100 MPN per g). The PCR analysis revealed 2 samples to be positive for the tdh gene and 11 to be positive for the trh gene. Hence, these results demonstrate the presence of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in cockles harvested in the study area and reveal the potential risk of illness associated with their consumption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification*
  6. Genomic characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Pacific white shrimp and rearing water in Malaysia reveals novel sequence types and structural variation in genomic regions containing the Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxin-like genes
    Yan CZY, Austin CM, Ayub Q, Rahman S, Gan HM
    FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2019 09 01;366(17).
    PMID: 31589302 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz211
    The Malaysian and global shrimp aquaculture production has been significantly impacted by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) typically caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus harboring the pVA plasmid containing the pirAVp and pirBVp genes, which code for Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxin. The limited genomic resource for V. parahaemolyticus strains from Malaysian aquaculture farms precludes an in-depth understanding of their diversity and evolutionary relationships. In this study, we isolated shrimp-associated and environmental (rearing water) V. parahaemolyticus from three aquaculture farms located in Northern and Central Malaysia followed by whole-genome sequencing of 40 randomly selected isolates on the Illumina MiSeq. Phylogenomic analysis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) reveal distinct lineages of V. parahaemolyticus that harbor the pirABVp genes. The recovery of pVA plasmid backbone devoid of pirAVp or pirABVp in some V. parahaemolyticus isolates suggests that the toxin genes are prone to deletion. The new insight gained from phylogenomic analysis of Asian V. parahaemolyticus, in addition to the observed genomic instability of pVa plasmid, will have implications for improvements in aquaculture practices to diagnose, treat or limit the impacts of this disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification
  7. Investigating the decay rates of Escherichia coli relative to Vibrio parahemolyticus and Salmonella Typhi in tropical coastal waters
    Lee CW, Ng AY, Bong CW, Narayanan K, Sim EU, Ng CC
    Water Res, 2011 Feb;45(4):1561-70.
    PMID: 21146847 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.025
    Using the size fractionation method, we measured the decay rates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the coastal waters of Peninsular Malaysia. The size fractions were total or unfiltered, <250 μm, <20 μm, <2 μm, <0.7 μm, <0.2 μm and <0.02 μm. We also carried out abiotic (inorganic nutrients) and biotic (bacterial abundance, production and protistan bacterivory) measurements at Port Dickson, Klang and Kuantan. Klang had highest nutrient concentrations whereas both bacterial production and protistan bacterivory rates were highest at Kuantan. We observed signs of protist-bacteria coupling via the following correlations: Protistan bacterivory-Bacterial Production: r = 0.773, df = 11, p < 0.01; Protist-Bacteria: r = 0.586, df = 12, p < 0.05. However none of the bacterial decay rates were correlated with the biotic variables measured. E. coli and Salmonella decay rates were generally higher in the larger fraction (>0.7 μm) than in the smaller fraction (<0.7 μm) suggesting the more important role played by protists. E. coli and Salmonella also decreased in the <0.02 μm fraction and suggested that these non-halophilic bacteria did not survive well in seawater. In contrast, Vibrio grew well in seawater. There was usually an increase in Vibrio after one day incubation. Our results confirmed that decay or loss rates of E. coli did not match that of Vibrio, and also did not correlate with Salmonella decay rates. However E. coli showed persistence where its decay rates were generally lower than Salmonella.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification*
  8. Comparative genomic provides insight into the virulence and genetic diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease
    Yu LH, Teh CSJ, Yap KP, Ung EH, Thong KL
    Infect Genet Evol, 2020 09;83:104347.
    PMID: 32360538 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104347
    Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an important shrimp disease of economic importance which causes mass mortality of cultivated penaeid shrimps in Southeast Asian countries, Mexico and South America. This disease was originally caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND) which is reported to harbour a transferable plasmid carrying the virulent PirAB-like toxin genes (pirABvp). However, little is known about the pathogenicity of VPAHPND. To extend our understanding, comparative genomic analyses was performed in this study to identify the genetic differences and to understand the phylogenetic relationship of VPAHPND strains. Seven Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains (five VPAHPND strains and two non-VPAHPND strains) were sequenced and 31 draft genomes of V. parahaemolyticus were retrieved from NCBI database and incorporated into the genomic comparison to elucidate their genomic diversity. The study showed that the genome sizes of the VPAHPND strains were approximately 5 Mbp. Ten sequence types (STs) were identified among the VPAHPND strains using in silico-Multilocus Sequence Typing analysis (MLST) and ST 970 was the predominant ST. Phylogenetic analysis based on MLST and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) showed that the VPAHPND strains were genetically diverse. Based on the comparative genomic analysis, several functional proteins were identified from diiferent categories associated with virulence-related proteins, secretory proteins, conserved domain proteins, transporter proteins, and phage proteins. The CRISPR analysis showed that VPAHPND strains contained less number of CRISPRs elements than non-VPAHPND strains while six prophages regions were identified in the genomes, suggested the lack of CRISPR might promote prophage insertion. The genomic information in this study provide improved understanding of the virulence of these VPAHPND strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification
  9. Simulation of improper food hygiene practices: A quantitative assessment of Vibrio parahaemolyticus distribution
    Malcolm TTH, Chang WS, Loo YY, Cheah YK, Radzi CWJWM, Kantilal HK, et al.
    Int J Food Microbiol, 2018 Nov 02;284:112-119.
    PMID: 30142576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.012
    Kitchen mishandling practices contribute to a large number of foodborne illnesses. In this study, the transfer and cross-contamination potential of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from bloody clams to ready-to-eat food (lettuce) was assessed. Three scenarios were investigated: 1) direct cross-contamination, the transfer of V. parahaemolyticus from bloody clams to non-food contact surfaces (hands and kitchen utensils) to lettuce (via slicing), was evaluated; 2) perfunctory decontamination, the efficacy of two superficial cleaning treatments: a) rinsing in a pail of water, and b) wiping with a kitchen towel, were determined; and 3) secondary cross-contamination, the microbial transfer from cleaning residuals (wash water or stained kitchen towel) to lettuce was assessed. The mean of percent transfer rates through direct contact was 3.6%, and an average of 3.5% of total V. parahaemolyticus was recovered from sliced lettuce. The attempted treatments reduced the transferred population by 99.0% (rinsing) and 94.5% (wiping), and the relative amount of V. parahaemolyticus on sliced lettuce was reduced to 0.008%. V. parahaemolyticus exposure via secondary cross-contamination was marginal. The relative amount of V. parahaemolyticus recovered from washed lettuce was 0.07%, and the transfers from stained kitchen towel to lettuce were insubstantial. Our study highlights that V. parahaemolyticus was readily spread in the kitchen, potentially through sharing of non-food contact surfaces. Results from this study can be used to better understand and potentially raising the awareness of proper handling practices to avert the spread of foodborne pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification*
  10. Characterization of vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from coastal seawater in peninsular Malaysia
    Tanil GB, Radu S, Nishibuchi M, Rahim RA, Napis S, Maurice L, et al.
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2005 Jul;36(4):940-5.
    PMID: 16295549
    Twenty-one Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates representing 21 samples of coastal seawater from three beaches in peninsular Malaysia were found to be sensitive to streptomycin, norfloxacin and chloramphenicol. Resistance was observed to penicillin (100%), ampicillin (95.2%), carbenicilin (95.2%), erythromycin (95.2%), bacitracin (71.4%), cephalothin (28.6%), moxalactam (28.6%), kanamycin (19.1%), tetracycline (14.3%), nalidixic acid (9.5%) and gentamicin (9.5%). Plasmids of 2.6 to 35.8 mDa were detected among plasmid-containing isolates. All isolates carried the Vp-toxR gene specific to V. parahaemolyticus and were negative for the tdh gene, but only one isolate was positive for the trh gene. DNA fingerprinting of the isolates using ERIC-PCR and PFGE showed that the isolates belong to two major clonal groups, with several isolates from different locations in the same group, indicating the presence of similar strains in the different locations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification
  11. Antibiotic resistance and molecular typing among cockle (Anadara granosa) strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis
    Sahilah AM, Laila RA, Sallehuddin HM, Osman H, Aminah A, Ahmad Azuhairi A
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014 Feb;30(2):649-59.
    PMID: 24068534 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1494-y
    Genomic DNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized by antibiotic resistance, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis. These isolates originated from 3 distantly locations of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka (East coastal areas), Malaysia. A total of 44 (n = 44) of tentatively V. parahaemolyticus were also examined for the presence of toxR, tdh and trh gene. Of 44 isolates, 37 were positive towards toxR gene; while, none were positive to tdh and trh gene. Antibiotic resistance analysis showed the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were highly resistant to bacitracin (92%, 34/37) and penicillin (89%, 33/37) followed by resistance towards ampicillin (68%, 25/37), cefuroxime (38%, 14/37), amikacin (6%, 2/37) and ceftazidime (14%, 5/37). None of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant towards chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and vancomycin. Antibiogram patterns exhibited, 9 patterns and phenotypically less heterogenous when compared to PCR-based techniques using ERIC- and RAPD-PCR. The results of the ERIC- and RAPD-PCR were analyzed using GelCompare software. ERIC-PCR with primers ERIC1R and ERIC2 discriminated the V. parahaemolyticus isolates into 6 clusters and 21 single isolates at a similarity level of 80%. While, RAPD-PCR with primer Gen8 discriminated the V. parahaemolyticus isolates into 11 clusters and 10 single isolates and Gen9 into 8 clusters and 16 single isolates at the same similarity level examined. Results in the presence study demonstrated combination of phenotypically and genotypically methods show a wide heterogeneity among cockle isolates of V. parahaemolyticus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification
  12. Fulltext Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid profiling of Vibrio spp. isolated from cultured groupers in Peninsular Malaysia
    Amalina NZ, Santha S, Zulperi D, Amal MNA, Yusof MT, Zamri-Saad M, et al.
    BMC Microbiol, 2019 11 11;19(1):251.
    PMID: 31711432 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1624-2
    BACKGROUND: Numerous prevalence studies of Vibrio spp. infection in fish have been extensively reported worldwide, including Malaysia. Unfortunately, information on the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in groupers (Epinephelus spp.) is limited. In this study, groupers obtained from nine farms located at different geographical regions in Malaysia were sampled for the presence of pathogenic Vibrio spp. and their susceptibility profiles against seven antibiotics.

    RESULTS: Out of 270 grouper samples, 195 (72%) were detected with the presence of Vibrio spp. Vibrio communis showed highest prevalence in grouper (28%), followed by V. parahaemolyticus (25%), V. alginolyticus (19%), V. vulnificus (14%), V. rotiferianus (3%), Vibrio sp. (3%), V. campbellii (2%), V. mytili (2%), V. furnissii (2%), V. harveyi (1%), V. tubiashii (1%), V. fluvialis (0.3%) and V. diabolicus (0.3%). Assessment on the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the Vibrio spp. revealed that majority of the isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, streptomycin, erythromycin and bacitracin, but resistance to ampicillin, penicillin G and vancomycin. The mean MAR index of the Vibrio isolates was 0.51, with 85% of the isolates showed MAR index value of higher than 0.2. Results indicate that the Vibrio spp. were continuously exposed to antibiotics. Furthermore, the plasmid profiles of Vibrio spp. showed that 38.7% of the isolates harbored plasmid with molecular weight of more than 10 kb, while 61.3% were without plasmid. During curing process, Vibrio spp. lost their plasmid, but remained resistant to ampicillin, penicillin G, bacitracin and vancomycin while a few isolates remained resistant to erythromycin, streptomycin and tetracycline. The results suggested that the resistance to antibiotics in isolated Vibrio spp. might be due to chromosomal and plasmid borne.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the prevalence of Vibrio spp. in groupers and the distribution of multidrug resistance strains that could be of concern to the farmers in Malaysia. In addition, data from this study can be further used in fish disease management plan.

    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification
  13. Sensitive detection of multiple pathogens using a single DNA probe
    Nordin N, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Radu S, Hushiarian R
    Biosens Bioelectron, 2016 Dec 15;86:398-405.
    PMID: 27414245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.077
    A simple but promising electrochemical DNA nanosensor was designed, constructed and applied to differentiate a few food-borne pathogens. The DNA probe was initially designed to have a complementary region in Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) genome and to make different hybridization patterns with other selected pathogens. The sensor was based on a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with polylactide-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PLA-AuNPs) and methylene blue (MB) was employed as the redox indicator binding better to single-stranded DNA. The immobilization and hybridization events were assessed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabricated biosensor was able to specifically distinguish complementary, non-complementary and mismatched oligonucleotides. DNA was measured in the range of 2.0×10(-9)-2.0×10(-13)M with a detection limit of 5.3×10(-12)M. The relative standard deviation for 6 replications of DPV measurement of 0.2µM complementary DNA was 4.88%. The fabricated DNA biosensor was considered stable and portable as indicated by a recovery of more than 80% after a storage period of 6 months at 4-45°C. Cross-reactivity studies against various food-borne pathogens showed a reliably sensitive detection of VP.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vibrio parahaemolyticus/isolation & purification*
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