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Polymorphism analysis of pfmdr1 gene in Plasmodium falciparum isolates 11 years post-adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy in Saudi Arabia

Al-Mekhlafi HM 1 , Madkhali AM 2 , Abdulhaq AA 3 , Atroosh WM 4 , Ghzwani AH 5 , Zain KA 5 Show all authors , Ghailan KY 3 , Hamali HA 6 , Mobarki AA 6 , Alharazi TH 7 , Eisa ZM 8 , Lau YL 4

Affiliations 

  • 1 Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [email protected]
  • 2 Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [email protected]
  • 3 Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 4 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 5 Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 6 Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 7 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • 8 Saudi Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Sci Rep, 2022 01 11;12(1):517.
PMID: 35017593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04450-x

Abstract

A total of 227 Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia were amplified for the P. falciparum multi-drug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene to detect point mutations 11 years after the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in Saudi Arabia. The pfmdr1 86Y mutation was found in 11.5% (26/227) of the isolates while the N86 wild allele was detected in 88.5%. Moreover, 184F point mutations dominated (86.3%) the instances of pfmdr1 polymorphism while no mutation was observed at codons 1034, 1042 and 1246. Three pfmdr1 haplotypes were identified, NFSND (74.9%), NYSND (13.7%) and YFSND (11.4%). Associations of the prevalence of 86Y mutation and YFSND haplotype with participants' nationality, residency and parasitaemia level were found to be significant (P 

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