The effects of spin contamination on the stability and the spin densities of a model of graphene in the Hartree-Fock wavefunction (HF), Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (second order, MP2 and fourth order, MP4) and density functional theory (B3LYP and PBEPBE) are reported. It was found that the Hartree-Fock and MP2 wavefunctions of graphene suffer from the contamination from higher spin states and spin projection method failed to project out the spin contaminants. The spin density from HF was overestimated, while for MP2 it has the wrong trend. B3LYP and PBEPBE wavefunctions however have negligible contamination for higher spin states. Comparison with reported results showed that the spin densities at the center of the molecule from the pure functionals of PBEPBE were underestimated. Based on the comparison made, it was concluded that among the methods considered, the suitable one for use in the calculations of pristine graphene was B3LYP.
Sifat-sifat kimia dan fizik kompleks tungsten nitrosilditiolena dengan formula am [WTp*(NO)(L)] dengan Tp* = tris(3,5- dimetilpirazolil)hidroborat dan L = toluena-3,4-ditiolat (L1), 1,2-benzenaditiolat (L2), 3,6-dikloro-1,2-benzenaditiolat (L3), telah dikaji untuk dijadikan pemeka foto bagi elektrod anod untuk sel fotoelektrokimia. Kompleks tungsten nitrosilditiolena disintesiskan dan diciri dengan menggunakan spektroskopi (IR) dan ultra-lembahyung dan cahaya nampak (UV-Vis) dan analisis mikro unsur CHNS. Teknik voltametri berkitar (CV) telah digunakan untuk menentukan keupayaan redoks kompleks
dan seterusnya aras jalur tenaga telah ditentukan daripada data yang diperoleh. Ketiga-tiga kompleks menunjukkan jurang jalur tenaga dalam julat 1.59 – 1.63 eV. Jurang jalur tenaga yang dikira daripada analisis CV adalah bersepadan dengan anggaran daripada spektrum serapan elektronik kompleks. Berdasarkan gambar rajah jalur tenaga, ketiga-tiga kompleks dijangka mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan sebagai pemeka foto bagi fotoelektrod sel fotoelektrokimia.
Ciri inokulum bagi pengkulturan kulat oleaginus pencilan tempatan, Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 dibangunkan dengan mengenal pasti kesan jenis, umur dan saiz inokulum terhadap pertumbuhan, penghasilan lipid dan GLA. Pengkulturan dijalankan pada suhu 30ºC dengan kadar goncangan 250 rpm dalam kelalang goncangan 500 mL yang mengandungi 200 mL medium terhad nitrogen. Inokulum spora didapati lebih sesuai berdasarkan produktiviti penghasilan lipid yang tinggi iaitu 0.71 (g/L/hari) berbanding penggunaan inokulum sel vegetatif vegetatif 24 jam dan 48 jam yang masingmasing memberikan produktiviti hanya 0.51 dan 0.45 (g/L/hari). Selain itu, penghasilan GLA (5.3 × 10-2 g/g biojisim tanpa lipid) dalam kultur yang dimulakan dengan inokulum spora (1 × 105 spora/mL) didapati lebih tinggi sebanyak 23% berbanding inokulum sel vegetatif. Kepekatan spora sebanyak 1 × 103 spora/mL menghasilkan morfologi pellet bersaiz 1.04 mm dan berkadaran dengan kandungan lipid dan GLA masing-masing sebanyak 40% (g/g biojisim) dan 8.34 × 10-2 (g/g biojisim tanpa lipid).
Sistem minigenom telah digunakan untuk mengkaji replikasi dan transkripsi virus RNA tidak bersegmen. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk membina sistem minigenom bagi virus NDV strain tempatan, AF2240 serta bagi mengkaji mekanisme transkripsi dan replikasi virus ini. Bagi tujuan ini lima plasmid digunakan iaitu pMGNDV, pCITENP, pCITEP, pTriEX-T7, dan pGEML. Kesemua plasmid diekstrak secara berskala besar dan dimendakkan menggunakan polietilina glikol. Hasil ekstrak ini digunakan untuk transfeksi ke dalam sel. Translasi in vitro dilakukan dengan menggunakan pCITENP, pCITEP, dan pTriEX-T7 untuk memastikan kesemua konstruk ini berfungsi. Hasil pemblotan western menunjukkan protein bersaiz ~100 kDa (T7), ~53 kDa (NP), ~53 dan 55 kDa (P) berjaya diekspreskan. Protein CAT diperoleh apabila plasmid yang mengekodkan minigenom NDV ditransfeksi bersama plasmid yang mengekodkan protein nukleokapsid (NP), fosfoprotein (P) dan subunit besar polimerase (L) ke dalam sel BHK-21. Dianggarkan 55 pg protein CAT berjaya diperoleh menggunakan kit CAT ELISA. Hasil pemblotan western turut menunjukkan protein CAT bersaiz 25 kDa dihasilkan. Kesimpulannnya, system minigenom ini berupaya untuk berfungsi dan mampu mengekspreskan gen asing di dalam sel mamalia BHK-21.
This study evaluated four different doses of Strobilanthes crispa juice (700, 2100, 3500 and 4900 mg kg-1 of body weight) administered orally to normal female and male Sprague dawley rats on possible changes in various physical, behaviour, morphology and biochemical parameter. The rats were treated with a single dose of juice and observed for 14 days. No significant toxicity was observed with respect to clinical parameters and organ morphology. In addition, no significant changes were observed in the level of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase,
creatinine and albumin. The S. crispa juice was found to be safe at the maximum dose used in this study (4900 mg kg-1 of body weight).
Evidence-based information on nutritional status of elderly people is essential for the formulation of health care system and prevents the elderly people from the risk of poor health and malnutrition. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among elderly people in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 236 participants (149 men and 87 women), aged 60 years and above, resided in government-funded shelter home were recruited. Anthropometric parameters of body weight, standing height, body mass index (BMI), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and waist circumference (WC) were measured and used as indices to assess malnutrition. The overall prevalence of underweight based on BMI <18.5 kg/m2 was 17.4%. The prevalence of overweight based on BMI ≥25 kg/m2 was 28.4%. Gender and ethnicity were significantly associated with malnutrition (p<0.05). Women were significantly more vulnerable to both underweight and overweight. Most Malays (37.7%) had overweight and obesity problems whereas more Indians (22.5%) were posed to greater risk of underweight. More women (32.2%) had high WC than men (4%) (p<0.05). A significantly declined trend of anthropometric measurements was observed among the elderly between age groups 60-69 years and ≥80 years. In conclusion, malnutrition and overweight coexisted among the institutionalized elderly people and this situation urged for specific interventional strategies and health policy formulation in order to reduce this double burden of disease.
Patient skin dose measurements were performed at the cardiology department in a hospital in Penang, Malaysia using EDR films during coronary angiography (CA) procedures. The EDR2 film was first characterized in terms of dose and energy dependence as well reproducibility. For patient dose measurements, the films were placed on the table underneath the patient for an under couch tube position. A total of 27 CA procedures were studied. Results for peak skin doses (PSD) ranged from 35 to 684 mGy while the dose area product (DAP) values were from 5.5 to 93.1 Gy cm2. DAP correlated reasonably with PSD for CA procedure (R2= 0.8212). The highest PSD value in this study is below the threshold dose value of 2 Gy for early transient skin injury recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA 1994).
MeSH terms: Humans; Malaysia; Radiation Dosage; Skin; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration; Reproducibility of Results; Radiography, Interventional; Coronary Angiography
Kajian ini dijalankan di kawasan tanih ultrabes di Felda Rokan Barat (FRB), Negeri Sembilan. Sebanyak dua puluh sampel cili, kunyit, pandan dan serai serta substratnya telah diambil secara rawak untuk penentuan kandungan logam berat Fe, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cr dan Zn. Kandungan logam berat dalam tumbuhan diekstrak secara penghadaman basah, manakala kandungan logam berat resistan dan tersedia dalam tanih diekstrak dengan kaedah pengekstrakan berjujukan. Kandungan logam berat jumlah diperoleh dengan menjumlahkan kandungan logam berat rintang dan tersedia. Kandungan logam berat di dalam larutan ekstrak tanih dan tumbuhan ditentukan dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Penyerapan Atom Nyalaan (FAAS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan logam Fe adalah dominan di dalam tanih di kawasan kajian manakala kepekatan logam Cd paling rendah dengan nilai < 10 mg/kg. Sela kepekatan logam-logam berat dalam tanih ialah Fe (2618.4 hingga 4248 mg/kg), Mn (240.9 hingga 741.9 mg/kg), Zn (81.9 hingga 324.8 mg/kg), Cr (46.8 hingga 438.7 mg/kg), Cu (15.7 hingga 81.7 mg/kg), Pb (14.9 hingga 116.8 mg/kg), Ni (10.1 hingga 545.6 mg/kg), Cd (5.6 hingga 10.6 mg/kg) dan Co (0.8 hingga 126.1 mg/kg). Nilai kepekatan Fe tersedia mencatatkan nilai tertinggi bagi semua substrat tumbuhan, diikuti oleh Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Co dan Cd. Berdasarkan peratusan tersedia Mn, Pb dan Zn merupakan logam berat yang paling banyak tersedia diambil oleh tumbuhan dengan nilai 8 hingga 10%. Kepekatan Fe, Mn, Ni dan Zn menunjukkan purata kepekatan yang tinggi pada bahagian tumbuhan yang dikaji berbanding dengan logam lain. Nilai koefisien penyerapan biologi (BAC) bagi cili, kunyit, pandan dan serai masing-masing dalam julat 0.02-0.36, 0.03-0.41, 0.03-0.63 dan 0.03-1.15. Boleh disimpulkan bahawa penyerapan logam berat oleh tumbuhan adalah normal walaupun kepekatan logam berat dalam tanih ultrabes adalah tinggi.
Kajian ekologi nyamuk merupakan kajian yang penting dalam merangka sesuatu aktiviti kawalan penyakit bawaan nyamuk. Satu kajian ekologi nyamuk Aedes telah dijalankan di Senawang, Negeri Sembilan dari Julai 2009 hingga Febuari 2010. Senawang terletak di pinggir bandaraya Seremban yang merupakan kawasan perindustrian kecil dan sederhana dengan jumlah penduduk yang padat. Kajian ekologi vektor ini bertujuan menentukan komposisi nyamuk secara keseluruhan terutamanya kepadatan populasi Aedes, masa kemuncak gigitan nyamuk, mengenal pasti kehadiran tempat pembiakan nyamuk dan menentukan hubung kait antara nyamuk Aedes dengan faktor persekitarannya seperti suhu, kelembapan relatif, halaju angin dan curahan hujan. Pensampelan nyamuk Aedes menggunakan empat kaedah iaitu perangkap cahaya (CDC), tangkapan nyamuk berumpan kaki (BLC), ovitrap dan kajian Aedes. Terdapat dua spesies nyamuk di lokasi kajian yang didominasi oleh Ae. albopictus (93.29%) dan Ae. aegypti (0.11%). Terdapat dua masa kemuncak gigitan nyamuk Ae. albopictus iaitu awal pagi (0700-0900 pagi) dan lewat petang (jam 1700-1900). Suhu persekitaran, kelembapan relatif dan kelajuan angin didapati mempunyai kaitan dengan gigitan nyamuk Aedes pada perumah (p < 0.05). Taburan hujan didapati tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan kepadatan nyamuk Aedes (r = -0.137, n =6 , p > 0.05). Kepadatan nyamuk Ae. albopictus adalah tinggi di lokasi kajian dengan Indeks Ovitrap 100% bagi kesemua stesen. Kajian Aedes mendapati daripada 30 bekas yang positif larva, 93.33% daripadanya didominasi oleh Ae. albopictus. Kajian ini menunjukkan kepadatan Ae. albopictus adalah tinggi dan berpotensi membawa penyakit demam denggi dan chikungunya di lokasi kajian. Penjagaan persekitaran perlu ditekankan kepada masyarakat setempat untuk mengawal penyebaran penyakit-penyakit tersebut.
MeSH terms: Aedes; Animals; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.); Larva; Methylglycosides; Chikungunya Fever
Nata de coco, a dessert originally from the Philippines is produced by fermentation of coconut water with a culture of Acetobacter xylinum, a gram negative bacterium. Acetobacter xylinum metabolizes glucose in coconut juice and converts it into bacterial cellulose that has unique properties including high purity, crystallinity and mechanical strength. Because the main component of nata de coco is bacterial cellulose, nata de coco was purified, extracted and characterized to determine whether pure cellulose could be isolated from it. The FTIR spectra of bacterial cellulose from nata de coco showed distinguish peaks of 3440 cm-1, 2926 cm-1, 1300 cm-1, 1440 cm-1, 1163 cm-1 and 1040 cm-1, which correspond to O-H stretching, C-H stretching, C-H bending, CH2 bending, C-O-C stretching and C-O stretching, respectively, and represent the fingerprints of pure cellulose component. Moreover, the FTIR curve showed a pattern similar to other bacterial cellulose spectra reported by report. Thermal analysis showed a DTG peak at 342°C, which falls in the range of cellulose degradation peaks (330°C - 370°C). On the other hand, the TGA curve showed 1 step of degradation, and this finding confirmed the purity of nata de coco. Bacterial cellulose powder produced from nata de coco was found to be soluble only in cupriethylenediamine, a well known solvent for cellulose; thus, it was confirmed that nata de coco is a good source of bacterial cellulose. The purity of bacterial cellulose produced from nata de coco renders it suitable for research that uses pure cellulose.
Kekuatan geomekanik bahan batuan memainkan peranan penting dalam mempengaruhi kestabilan struktur seperti pemotongan cerun dan pengorekan bukaan dalam jasad batuan. Ciri kekuatan jasad batuan di mana struktur-struktur ini dibina adalah dipengaruh oleh ciri bahan dan keadaan luluhawa. Kertas ini memperkenalkan hasil kajian sistematik pengkuantitatifan ciri-ciri mekanik batuan granit dan syis segar dan terluluhawa sedikit daripada beberapa lokaliti di Semenanjung Malaysia. Sejumlah 1,013 ujian kekuatan geomekanik telah dijalankan untuk bahan batuan segar dan terluluhawa sedikit dengan menggunakan ujian kekuatan mampatan sepaksi, ujian kekuatan regangan Brazil dan indeks kekuatan beban titik. Analisis statistik hasil ujian pada aras keyakinan 95 peratus memaparkan bahawa purata kekuatan mampatan granit segar dan terluluhawa sedikit ialah 113.6±7.0 dan 68.9±3.6 MPa, sementara nilai bagi syis segar dan terluluhawa sedikit pula ialah 137.3±9.2 dan 84.8±5.1 MPa. Seterusnya, nilai purata kekuatan regangan granit segar dan terluluhawa sedikit ialah 8.8±0.4 dan 5.3±0.1 MPa manakala nilai purata syis segar dan terluluhawa ialah 17.1±0.9 dan 10.5±0.4 MPa. Purata kekuatan beban titik granit segar dan terluluhawa sedikit ialah 9.4±0.30 dan 5.6±0.10 MPa manakala nilai syis segar dan terluluhawa sedikit ialah 10.9±0.42 dan 7.0±0.10 MPa. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kekuatan geomekanik bahan batuan segar menyusut lebih kurang 1/3 setelah tahap perluluhawaan bahan batuan tersebut menurun ke peringkat luluhawa sedikit.
Rising risk of falls has been associated with injury and dysfunction among the elderly. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of falls and association with nutritional status among 143 elderly patients from medical ward and clinic in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Anthropometric indicators and bone health status using quantitative ultrasound (QUS) were also assessed. History of falls, functional status and dietary intake based on dietary history was assessed
through questionnaire which was administered by face-to-face interview with the subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.0 and Foodworks. The past-year prevalence of falls (falls at least once in the previous 12 months) in this study was 32.9%. The past year prevalence of falls in women (40.2%) was higher than in men (17.4%) (p<0.01). Women who had calcium intake less than 300 mg/d (adjusted OR = 3.07, 95% CI = 1.02-9.24) and protein intake < 1 g/kg body weight (adjusted OR = 3.68, 95% CI = 0.98-13.84) were more likely to have a higher risk of falls. In conclusion, one third of the subjects, especially women in this study had a history of falls. Elderly people should be assessed for calcium and protein intake and those with calcium intake less than 300 mg/day and protein intake less than 1 g/kg body weight should be given intervention to reduce falls risk factor and subsequent fall-related co-morbidity.
Keywords: Elderly patients; falls; nutritional status
This paper considers the problem of a vendor or manufacturer supplying a final production batch to a single buyer under linearly decreasing demand for a finite time horizon. The vendor manufactures the product at a finite rate and ships the output to the buyer. In this model we considered the case where the holding cost at the vendor is greater than the buyer and propose a consignment model. The objective was to minimize the total cost of stock transfer from vendor to buyer and stock holding at the vendor and the buyer. We derived the structure of the optimal solution and illustrate the proposed models with numerical examples.
MeSH terms: Commerce; Costs and Cost Analysis; Income; Ships
Masalah berbilang kriteria merupakan satu masalah yang terdiri daripada satu kumpulan unit yang dinilai berasaskan beberapa kriteria tertentu. Keputusan terakhir yang dihajati ialah satu pangkat kedudukan unit yang dianalisis berasaskan prestasi keseluruhan masing-masing. Satu cara untuk mendapatkan prestasi keseluruhan setiap unit ialah dengan menggabungkan prestasi dan wajaran kriteria masing-masing melalui pelbagai kaedah pengagregatan. Kajian tertumpu kepada penerapan tiga kaedah asas pangkat dalam menilai kepentingan kriteria yang melibatkan satu panel penilai. Empat pendekatan pengagregatan berasaskan kaedah pemurataan tertib berpemberat dicadangkan untuk dimanfaatkan agar hasil akhir boleh dicapai. Setiap pendekatan pengagregatan yang dicadangkan diringi dengan contoh pengiraan.
Steady laminar mixed convection boundary layer flow past a horizontal circular cylinder with constant wall heat flux, immersed in a viscous and incompressible fluid of temperature-dependent viscosity is considered in this study. The governing partial differential equations were transformed using non-similar transformation and then solved numerically by an implicit finite-difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. The effects of temperature-dependent viscosity parameter θr on the flow and heat transfer characteristics were examined for various values of Prandtl number, Pr and the mixed convection parameter, λ. It was found that for both assisting and opposing flows, as θr increases, the local skin friction coefficient increases while the wall temperature decreases for air but for water, the local skin friction coefficient decreases then slightly increases while temperature decreases.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memilih kaedah terbaik daripada sebelas kaedah pengiraan Escherichia coli dalam masakan ayam. Kaedah-kaedah tersebut adalah piring curahan, piring sebaran, piring titisan, PetrifilmTM, tiga jenis pemiringan terus dan empat jenis kaedah bilangan paling mungkin (MPN). Perbandingan kaedah dijalankan mengikut prosedur ISO 16140. Setiap strain E. coli (ATCC 25922, IMR 1/3 107B dan IMR E243) telah diinokulasikan ke dalam lima jenis masakan ayam bagi mendapatkan kepekatan bakteria sehingga 105 cfu/g. Perlakuan haba dibuat pada 55oC selama
4-6 min bagi mewujudkan persekitaran yang seakan-akan sama seperti makanan tersebut dihidangkan sebaik sahaja selepas dimasak. Analisis statistik Regressi Kaedah Kuasa Dua Terkecil (KKDT) dijalankan bagi membandingkan sebelas kaedah pengiraan E. coli. Nilai kecerunan (m) yang signifikan (p < 0.05) pada kesemua Graf KKDT membawa maksud kesemua kaedah adalah serupa daripada segi kejituan, korelasi, dan ketepatan relatif. Oleh itu, penilaian praktikal turut dipertimbangkan bagi menentukan tiga kaedah terbaik bagi pengiraan E. coli dalam masakan ayam. Piring curahan, PetrifilmTM dan piring titisan adalah lebih praktikal berbanding lapan kaedah yang lain.
An archeological study, conducted by the Archaeological Global Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia shows the evidence of shock metamorphisms (suevite breccia) and crater morphology at Bukit Bunuh in Lenggong area of north Perak, Malaysia. A regional gravity survey focusing at Bukit Bunuh and its surrounding area was conducted to justify the occurrence and to determine the diameter and subsurface geological structure of the Bukit Bunuh impact crater. The gravity survey, using a Scintrex CG5 gravity meter, comprises 476 gravity stations with a 500 m spacing covering an area of approximately 160 km2. The elevation of the gravity stations were obtained by using a pair of Wellace and Tiernan altimeters. The gravity data were corrected for drift, free air, bouguer, latitude and terrain in order to produce a corrected gravity data of the study area. The data were processed and analysed using Oasis Montaj (Geosoft software) to produce bouguer, residual, Total Horizontal Derivative (THD) residual, regional and Total Horizontal Derivative (THD) regional anomaly maps for qualitative and quantitative interpretations. The bouguer gravity map shows relatively low negative anomaly with nearly circular shaped contour around the Bukit Bunuh area. This anomaly was interpreted as the remnant of meteorite impact structure with rounded shaped crater in the study area. The bouguer anomaly map shows that the Bukit Bunuh impact crater has a diameter of approximately 2.5 km. The impact structure was successfully modeled as a complex impact crater with maximum depth of about 300 m. The bouguer anomaly map also showed the possible occurences of at least two more impact craters located in the northeast and southeast areas of the Bukit Bunuh crater and these structures need further investigation for confirmation.
In this study, the numerical solution of stagnation point flow over a stretching surface, generated by Newtonian heating in which the heat transfer from the surface is proportional to the local surface temperature is considered. The transformed boundary layer equations are solved numerically using the shooting method. Numerical solutions are obtained for the local heat transfer coefficient, the surface temperature and the temperature profiles. The features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for various values of the Prandtl number, stretching parameter and conjugate parameter are analyzed and discussed.
MeSH terms: Hot Temperature; Heating; Temperature; Convection; Physical Phenomena
This paper provides an overview of the current available scientific knowledge pertaining to climate change and climate variability over Malaysia. Malaysia is situated in the western part of the Maritime Continent of the Southeast Asian region. Hence, regional climate change and climate variability over this region are of central importance to the understanding of climate change in Malaysia. The latest regional climate downscaling study indicates that, depending on the emission scenario, the mean surface temperature over Malaysia would increase by 3-5oC by the end of the 21st century. The mean precipitation is projected to decrease (increase) during Northern Hemisphere winter (summer). However, future variabilities associated with regional phenomena such as the monsoon, El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) are largely unknown. Current knowledge on the intensity and frequency of future extreme events (drought and flood) is limited. This is also the case for regional sea level rise and long-term changes in regional seas, especially in the southern region of the South China Sea. We conclude that knowledge gap in the science of climate change over Malaysia and the surrounding region remains wide.
MeSH terms: China; Malaysia; Seasons; Temperature; Indian Ocean; Knowledge; Droughts; Cyclonic Storms; Floods; Climate Change; El Nino-Southern Oscillation
Acanthamoeba keratitis is a serious infection of the eye which can result in permanent visual impairment. Therefore this study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents on three Acanthamoeba clinical isolates (HS 6, HKL 95 and HTH 73). Antimicrobial agents used in this study were polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and chlorhexidine and both were serially diluted. Cyst suspensions from all three strains were tested against the antimicrobial agents, respectively. After 48 h of incubation at 37°C, the suspension was filtered and the filter membrane was placed onto nonnutrient agar plate lawned with heat-killed Escherichia coli. The plates were examined daily under the inverted microscope until day 14 but were negative for Acanthamoeba trophozoites. The presence of trophozoites indicated ineffectiveness of the antimicrobial agents. Both antimicrobial agents used were found to be effective against Acanthamoeba cysts for all the strains tested. PHMB gave minimum cysticidal concentration (MCC) mean value of 4.232 µg/mL and chlorhexidine showed MCC mean value of 3.906 µg/mL. So, from this study, it can be concluded that PHMB and chlorhexidine were effective in killing the tested Acanthamoeba cysts.