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Update: outbreak of Nipah virus--Malaysia and Singapore, 1999

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1999 Apr 30;48(16):335-7.
PMID: 10366143

During March 1999, health officials in Malaysia and Singapore, in collaboration with Australian researchers and CDC, investigated reports of febrile encephalitic and respiratory illnesses among workers who had exposure to pigs. A previously unrecognized paramyxovirus (formerly known as Hendra-like virus), now called Nipah virus, was implicated by laboratory testing in many of these cases. Febrile encephalitis continues to be reported in Malaysia but has decreased coincident with mass culling of pigs in outbreak areas. No new cases of febrile illness associated with Nipah virus infection have been identified in Singapore since March 19, 1999, when abattoirs were closed. This report summarizes interim findings from ongoing epidemiologic and laboratory investigations in Malaysia and Singapore.

Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus Infections/epidemiology*; Respirovirus Infections/transmission; Respirovirus Infections/veterinary; Respirovirus/isolation & purification*
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of Hendra-like virus--Malaysia and Singapore, 1998-1999

JAMA, 1999 May 19;281(19):1787-8.
PMID: 10340348
Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus Infections/diagnosis; Respirovirus Infections/epidemiology*; Respirovirus Infections/transmission; Respirovirus Infections/veterinary; Respirovirus/immunology; Respirovirus/isolation & purification*
Outbreak of Hendra-like virus--Malaysia and Singapore, 1998-1999

Can. Commun. Dis. Rep., 1999 Jun 15;25(12):108-12.
PMID: 10390905
Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus Infections/epidemiology*; Respirovirus Infections/physiopathology; Respirovirus Infections/transmission
Fulltext The Nipah virus outbreak--a reminder

Tambyah PA

Singapore Med J, 1999 May;40(5):329-30.
PMID: 10489488
Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus Infections/epidemiology*; Respirovirus/pathogenicity
Tioman virus, a novel paramyxovirus isolated from fruit bats in Malaysia

Chua KB, Wang LF, Lam SK, Crameri G, Yu M, Wise T, et al.

Virology, 2001 May 10;283(2):215-29.
PMID: 11336547

A search for the natural host of Nipah virus has led to the isolation of a previously unknown member of the family Paramyxoviridae. Tioman virus (TiV) was isolated from the urine of fruit bats (Pteropus hypomelanus) found on the island of the same name off the eastern coast of peninsular Malaysia. An electron microscopic study of TiV-infected cells revealed spherical and pleomorphic-enveloped viral particles (100--500 nm in size) with a single fringe of embedded peplomers. Virus morphogenesis occurred at the plasma membrane of infected cells and morphological features of negative-stained ribonucleoprotein complexes were compatible with that of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae. Serological studies revealed no cross-reactivity with antibodies against a number of known Paramyxoviridae members except for the newly described Menangle virus (MenV), isolated in Australia in 1997. Failure of PCR amplification using MenV-specific primers suggested that this new virus is related to but different from MenV. For molecular characterization of the virus, a cDNA subtraction strategy was employed to isolate virus-specific cDNA from virus-infected cells. Complete gene sequences for the nucleocapsid protein (N) and phosphoprotein (P/V) have been determined and recombinant N and V proteins produced in baculovirus. The recombinant N and V proteins reacted with porcine anti-MenV sera in Western blot, confirming the serological cross-reactivity observed during initial virus characterization. The lack of a C protein-coding region in the P/V gene, the creation of P mRNA by insertion of 2-G residues, and the results of phylogenetic analyses all indicated that TiV is a novel member of the genus Rubulavirus.

Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus Infections/veterinary*; Respirovirus Infections/virology; Respirovirus/classification*; Respirovirus/genetics; Respirovirus/isolation & purification*; Respirovirus/ultrastructure
The neurological manifestations of Nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus

Lee KE, Umapathi T, Tan CB, Tjia HT, Chua TS, Oh HM, et al.

Ann Neurol, 1999 Sep;46(3):428-32.
PMID: 10482278 DOI: 10.1002/1531-8249(199909)46:3<428::AID-ANA23>3.0.C

A novel Hendra-like paramyxovirus named Nipah virus (NiV) was the cause of an outbreak among workers from one abattoir who had contact with pigs. Two patients had only respiratory symptoms, while 9 patients had encephalitis, 7 of whom are described in this report. Neurological involvement was diverse and multifocal, including aseptic meningitis, diffuse encephalitis, and focal brainstem involvement. Cerebellar signs were relatively common. Magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain showed scattered lesions. IgM antibodies against Hendra virus (HeV) were present in the serum of all patients. Two patients recovered completely. Five had residual deficits 8 weeks later.

Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus Infections/pathology*
Fulltext Viral agents of acute respiratory infections in young children in Kuala Lumpur

Ong SB, Lam KL, Lam SK

Bull World Health Organ, 1982;60(1):137-40.
PMID: 6282479

The results of this study indicate that the important viral agents associated with lower respiratory tract infections in young children are respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza virus, particularly in those under 2 years of age. This is in close agreement with studies done in temperate climates. Influenza A virus is seasonal and plays an important role in upper respiratory tract infections in older children.
Study site: Inpatients and outpatients, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus/isolation & purification
Fulltext Respiratory viruses detected in hospitalised paediatric patients with respiratory infections

Zamberi S, Zulkifli I, Ilina I

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Dec;58(5):681-7.
PMID: 15190654 MyJurnal

Over 200 strains of respiratory viruses cause a variety of human infections ranging from common cold to life-threatening pneumonia. Respiratory viruses implicated in this study are respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), adenovirus, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses. The objective of this study is to determine the epidemiology of respiratory viruses in paediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infection. The methods used were direct antigen detection method, shell vial culture method and conventional tube culture method. The samples included in this study are paediatric patients seen in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Hospital, Kuala Lumpur with suspected acute viral respiratory infection, presenting with acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected and processed almost immediately. A total of 222 specimens were received during February 1999 to January 2000 showing a dual peak pattern in the months of April and December. The mean age of the patients was 13 months. Pneumonia (77.9%) was the most common clinical diagnosis in children with lower respiratory tract infection. This was followed by bronchiolitis (19.4%) and croup (27%). Viral aetiologies were confirmed in 23.4% of the patients. The most common respiratory virus isolated or detected was RSV, followed by parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses and adenovirus.

Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus/isolation & purification
Fulltext Comparative global epidemiology of influenza, respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses, 2010-2015

Lam TT, Tang JW, Lai FY, Zaraket H, Dbaibo G, Bialasiewicz S, et al.

J Infect, 2019 10;79(4):373-382.
PMID: 31323249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.07.008

OBJECTIVES: To improve our understanding of the global epidemiology of common respiratory viruses by analysing their contemporaneous incidence at multiple sites.
METHODS: 2010-2015 incidence data for influenza A (IAV), influenza B (IBV), respiratory syncytial (RSV) and parainfluenza (PIV) virus infections were collected from 18 sites (14 countries), consisting of local (n = 6), regional (n = 9) and national (n = 3) laboratories using molecular diagnostic methods. Each site submitted monthly virus incidence data, together with details of their patient populations tested and diagnostic assays used.
RESULTS: For the Northern Hemisphere temperate countries, the IAV, IBV and RSV incidence peaks were 2-6 months out of phase with those in the Southern Hemisphere, with IAV having a sharp out-of-phase difference at 6 months, whereas IBV and RSV showed more variable out-of-phase differences of 2-6 months. The tropical sites Singapore and Kuala Lumpur showed fluctuating incidence of these viruses throughout the year, whereas subtropical sites such as Hong Kong, Brisbane and Sydney showed distinctive biannual peaks for IAV but not for RSV and PIV.
CONCLUSIONS: There was a notable pattern of synchrony of IAV, IBV and RSV incidence peaks globally, and within countries with multiple sampling sites (Canada, UK, Australia), despite significant distances between these sites.

Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus/genetics; Respirovirus/isolation & purification
Fulltext Evaluation of WHO monoclonal antibody kit for diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections

Khairullah NS, Lam SK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1995 Jun;26(2):263-7.
PMID: 8629057

In 1990 and 1991, six laboratories located in the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPR) and South East Asian Region (SEAR) were selected, based on their experience in the immunofluorescence antibody technique (IFAT), to participate in the evaluation of a WHO monoclonal antibody (Mab) kit to detect respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Despite differences in the initial standardization procedures, the WHO monoclonal antibodies were found to be of high quality, sensitivity and specificity when tested on clinical specimens. The constant supply of affordable high quality reagents from WHO would enable their use in clinical virological laboratories in the developing countries as well as promote the utilization of IFAT as an adjunct to cell culture isolation in the diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Respirovirus/isolation & purification