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Fulltext Quantitating proteinuria using the urinary protein creatinine index

Norella Kong CT, Chin JH, Izham Cheong IK, Abu Bakar A

Med J Malaysia, 1988 Jun;43(2):134-7.
PMID: 3237129
Matched MeSH terms: Proteinuria/diagnosis*
Fulltext An unusual presentation of atrial myxoma

Anpalakhan S, Ramasamy D, Fan KS

Singapore Med J, 2014 Oct;55(10):e156-8.
PMID: 25631903

Myxomas are uncommon primary cardiac tumours that usually affect the left atrium. We herein report the case of a patient who presented with right heart failure and proteinuria, leading to the diagnosis of atrial myxoma. Surgical resection resulted in resolution of the patient's symptoms.

Matched MeSH terms: Proteinuria/diagnosis
Fulltext Evaluation of Visual Acuity, Macular Thickness, and Level of Proteinuria in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome

Mun-Wei L, Aiman-Mardhiyyah MY, Hayati AA, Ikram IM, Tai ELM, Shatriah I

Korean J Ophthalmol, 2023 Feb;37(1):42-48.
PMID: 36549302 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2021.0131

PURPOSE: Macular edema, serous retinal detachment, and retinal pigment epithelial detachment have been reported in patients with nephrotic syndrome. However, there is limited data about macular thickness in children with nephrotic syndrome. The aim of this study was to compare the mean macular thickness in children with nephrotic syndrome and in a control group and to correlate it with visual acuity and level of proteinuria.
METHODS: The comparative cross-sectional study included 66 children aged 6 to 17 years with nephrotic syndrome and healthy control seen in two tertiary centers in Malaysia. We recorded demographic data, as well as visual acuity, level of proteinuria, and the mean macular thicknesses in both groups. The mean macular thickness was measured using Stratus optical coherence tomography according to nine areas of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study map.
RESULTS: The mean foveal thickness was 238.15 ± 22.98 µm for children with nephrotic syndrome and 237.01 ± 22.60 µm for the control group. There was no significant difference in the mean macular thickness between the groups (p = 0.843). A significant correlation with visual acuity was observed in the superior outer macula (r = -0.41, p = 0.019), the nasal outer macula (r = -0.41, p = 0.019), and the inferior outer macula (r = -0.40, p = 0.021). There was no significant correlation between the mean macular thickness and level of proteinuria (p = 0.338), although those with higher levels of proteinuria demonstrated a trend towards increased macular thickness.
CONCLUSIONS: The mean macular thickness in children with nephrotic syndrome was similar to that of healthy children. A significant correlation between the mean thickness of the outer macular layer and the presenting visual acuity was observed. There was no correlation between the mean macular thickness and the level of proteinuria.

Matched MeSH terms: Proteinuria/diagnosis
Prevalence and risk factors for proteinuria: the National Kidney Foundation of Malaysia Lifecheck Health Screening programme

Ong LM, Punithavathi N, Thurairatnam D, Zainal H, Beh ML, Morad Z, et al.

Nephrology (Carlton), 2013 Aug;18(8):569-75.
PMID: 23782264 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12112

Aim: Treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a huge burden to the healthcare system. To address the problem, the National Kidney Foundation of Malaysia embarked on a programme to screen for proteinuria and educate the public on CKD.

Methods: The public was invited for health screening and the data collected over a 21 month period was analyzed.

Results: In total, 40400 adults from all the states in Malaysia were screened. The screening population had a mean age of 41 years, 30.1% had hypertension and 10.6% had diabetes. Proteinuria was detected in 1.4% and haematuria in 8.9% of the participants. Factors associated with the highest risk for proteinuria were the presence of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.63 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.16-3.21)), hypertension (OR 2.49 (95% CI 2.03-3.07)) and cardiac disease (OR 2.05 (95% CI 1.50-2.81)). Other risk factors identified were lower educational level, family history of kidney disease, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity and lack of regular exercise. Chinese had the lowest risk for proteinuria among the races (OR 0.71 (95% CI 0.57-0.87) compared with Malays). The combination of high blood glucose and high blood pressure (BP) substantially increased the risk for proteinuria (OR 38.1 for glucose ≥ 10 mmol/L and systolic BP ≥ 180 mm Hg and OR 47.9 for glucose ≥ 10 mmol/L and diastolic BP ≥ 110 mm Hg).

Conclusion: The prevalence of proteinuria in Malaysia is similar to other countries. The major risk factors for proteinuria were diabetes, hypertension and cardiac disease. The presence of both high blood pressure and high blood glucose exert a synergistic effect in substantially increasing the risk for proteinuria.

Keywords: epidemiology; population studies; proteinuria.

Matched MeSH terms: Proteinuria/diagnosis