Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 119 in total

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  1. Fulltext TaqMan probe-based qPCR method for specific detection and quantification of fowl adenovirus 8b challenge from chickens inoculated with live attenuated or inactivated virus
    Ugwu CC, Hair-Bejo M, Nurulfiza MI, Omar AR, Aini I
    Open Vet J, 2023 Feb;13(2):171-178.
    PMID: 37073244 DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i2.4
    BACKGROUND: Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) 8b and other serotypes cause inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in chickens. Specific detection of aetiologic serotype in mixed infection and vaccine failure could be difficult.

    AIM: The objective of this study was to develop a TaqMan probe-based qPCR method for the detection and quantification of the FAdV 8b challenge virus.

    METHODS: Forty-eight broiler chickens inoculated with live attenuated or inactivated FAdV 8b strains at day 1 of age either with or without booster at day 14 post-inoculation were used. The chickens were challenged with a pathogenic strain of FAdV 8b at day 28 of age. Liver and cloacal swabs were collected on days 7 and 14 post-challenge. Primers and probes were designed, specificity confirmed, and used to carry out qPCR amplification.

    RESULTS: The assay amplified the FAdV DNA challenge virus, but not that of the live attenuated virus. It could detect FAdV 8b DNA as low as 0.001 ng/µl in liver and cloacal swab samples. Copy numbers obtained indicate virus load and shedding.

    CONCLUSIONS: It shows that a selective detection of FAdV 8b within serotype is possible. It can be useful for rapid detection and diagnosis of the disease, virus quantification and differentiation within species, determination of vaccination failure, and efficacy especially the virus load in the target organ and shedding.

    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases*
  2. Blood parasites of domestic fowl in Malaysia
    Colley FC, Rahman MA, Omar IB
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1971 Mar;2(1):84-5.
    PMID: 5165246
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases*
  3. Fulltext Efficacy, immunogenicity, and virus shedding in broiler chickens inoculated with live attenuated fowl adenovirus serotype 8b propagated a bioreactor
    Ugwu CC, Hair-Bejo M, Nurulfiza MI, Omar AR, Ideris A
    Open Vet J, 2024 Feb;14(2):617-629.
    PMID: 38549580 DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i2.2
    BACKGROUND: Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) 8b causes huge economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Attenuated FAdV 8b could be useful in preventing FAdV infections globally and scale-up obstacles could be solved by bioreactor technology.

    AIM: This study was carried out to attenuate the FAdV 8b isolate, propagate it in a bioreactor, molecularly characterize the passage isolates, and determine the immunogenicity, efficacy, and shedding of the virus of chickens.

    METHODS: FAdV serotype 8b (UPM11142) isolate was passaged on chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells until attenuation and propagated in a bioreactor (UPM11142P20B1). Hexon and fiber genes of the isolates were sequenced and analyzed. UPM11142P20B1 was administered to 116-day-old broiler chickens divided into four groups, A (control), B (non-booster), C (booster with UPM11142P20B1), and D (booster with inactivated UPM11142P5B1). Eight chickens from each group were challenged. Body weight (BW) and liver weight (LW), liver: BW ratio (LBR), FAdV antibody titer, T lymphocyte sub-populations in the liver, spleen and thymus; and challenge virus load in the liver and shedding in cloaca were measured at weekly intervals.

    RESULTS: The isolate caused typical cytopathic effects on CEL cells typical of FAdV. Novel molecular changes in the genes occurred which could be markers for FAdV 8b attenuation. BW, LW, and LBR were similar among groups throughout the trial but the uninoculated control-challenged group (UCC) had significantly higher LBR than the inoculated and challenged groups at 35 dpi. Non-booster group had higher FAdV antibodies at all time points than the uninoculated control group (UCG); and the challenged booster groups had higher titer at 35 dpi than UCC. T lymphocytes increased at different time-points in the liver of inoculated chickens, and in the spleen and thymus as well, and was higher in the organs of inoculated challenged groups than the UCC. There was a significantly higher challenge virus load in the liver and cloaca of UCC chickens than in the non-booster chickens.

    CONCLUSION: UPM11142P20B1 was safe, efficacious, significantly reduced shedding, and is recommended as a candidate vaccine in the prevention and control of FAdV 8b infections in broiler chickens.

    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases*
  4. Fulltext Novel Orthobunyavirus Causing Severe Kidney Disease in Broiler Chickens, Malaysia, 2014-2017
    Palya V, Kovács EW, Marton S, Tatár-Kis T, Felföldi B, Forró B, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2019 06;25(6):1110-1117.
    PMID: 31107212 DOI: 10.3201/eid2506.181661
    During 2014-2017, we isolated a novel orthobunyavirus from broiler chickens with severe kidney lesions in the state of Kedah, Malaysia; we named the virus Kedah fatal kidney syndrome virus (KFKSV). Affected chickens became listless and diarrheic before dying suddenly. Necropsies detected pale and swollen kidneys with signs of gout, enlarged and fragile livers, and pale hearts. Experimental infection of broiler chickens with KFKSV reproduced the disease and pathologic conditions observed in the field, fulfilling the Koch's postulates. Gene sequencing indicated high nucleotide identities between KFKSV isolates (99%) and moderate nucleotide identities with the orthobunyavirus Umbre virus in the large (78%), medium (77%), and small (86%) genomic segments. KFKSV may be pathogenic for other host species, including humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/diagnosis; Poultry Diseases/history; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/virology*
  5. Global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review
    Bande F, Arshad SS, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M, Mahmuda A, Nair V
    Anim Health Res Rev, 2017 Jun;18(1):70-83.
    PMID: 28776490 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252317000044
    The poultry industry faces challenge amidst global food security crisis. Infectious bronchitis is one of the most important viral infections that cause huge economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. The causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an RNA virus with great ability for mutation and recombination; thus, capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. There are many IBV strains found worldwide, including the Massachusetts, 4/91, D274, and QX-like strains that can be grouped under the classic or variant serotypes. Currently, information on the epidemiology, strain diversity, and global distribution of IBV has not been comprehensively reported. This review is an update of current knowledge on the distribution, genetic relationship, and diversity of the IBV strains found worldwide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/epidemiology; Poultry Diseases/virology*
  6. LEUCOCYTOZOON CAULLERYI IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
    GRIFFITHS RB
    Med J Malaysia, 1964 Sep;19:40-1.
    PMID: 14240062
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases*
  7. Leucocytozoon caulleryi in Broiler Chicken Flocks: Clinical, Hematologic, Histopathologic, and Molecular Detection
    Elbestawy AR, Ellakany HF, Abd El-Hamid HS, Gado AR, Geneedy AM, Noreldin AE, et al.
    Avian Dis, 2021 09;65(3):407-413.
    PMID: 34427415 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.407
    Despite the vast Egyptian poultry production, scanty information is available concerning the infection of haemprotozoan parasites as pathogens in commercial broilers. In the present study, we provided the first detection of leucocytozoonosis in five broiler chicken flocks in El-Beheira Egyptian governorate. Despite the low mortality rates in the affected flocks (0.3%-1% as a 5-day mortality), severe postmortem (hemorrhagic spots and scars) and histopathologic lesions appeared in different organs including skeletal muscles, liver, kidney, pancreas, abdominal cavity, and bursa of Fabricius. Evaluation of blood smears revealed gametocytes in erythrocytes and leukocytes. Conventional reverse transcriptase-PCR and partial sequence analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase b gene detected Leucocytozoon caulleryi. GenBank accession numbers of the five Egyptian L. caulleryi isolates were obtained. The five L. caulleryi were 99.9% identical to each other and 99.14% similar to the L. caulleryi mitochondrial DNA gene of Asian strains from India, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases*
  8. Broiler runting/stunting syndrome in Malaysia
    Chooi KF, Chulan U
    Vet Rec, 1985 Mar 30;116(13):354.
    PMID: 4002545
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/pathology*
  9. Avian mycoplasmosis in Asia
    Sato S
    Rev. - Off. Int. Epizoot., 1996 Dec;15(4):1555-67.
    PMID: 9190025
    Since 1954, avian mycoplasmosis has been considered a significant problem in chicken flocks in Japan and in other Asian countries. In Japan, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) infections were confirmed aetiologically in chicken flocks affected with respiratory disease or synovitis in 1962 and 1973, respectively. In other Asian countries, including Indonesia, the People's Republic of China, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taipei China and Thailand, the occurrence of mycoplasmosis in chicken flocks has been recognised serologically or aetiologically. Adverse atmospheric and environmental conditions, in addition to mixed infections of bacterial or viral origin, play an important role in the spread of MG and MS within chicken flocks or in the induction of clinical respiratory mycoplasmosis. Serological tests are important in determining and monitoring the mycoplasmal infection status of chicken flocks. The establishment of mycoplasma-free breeding stocks is recognised as essential for the control of avian mycoplasmosis. To eliminate the transmission of MG to the egg, treatment of infected breeder flocks or their progeny with anti-mycoplasmal antibiotics was effective in considerably reducing the infection rate but not in entirely eliminating MG infection. The preincubation heat treatment of chicken hatching eggs has proved an effective procedure for establishing MG- and MS-free breeding stocks in Japan. Vaccination against MG infection has been practised successfully in Japan and other countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/diagnosis; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control
  10. Cheilospirura species (gizzard worm) infection in battery-caged commercial layer chickens
    Ganapathy K, Sharma RS
    Vet Rec, 2003 Dec 6;153(23):716-7.
    PMID: 14690078
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/etiology; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/pathology
  11. Base usage and dinucleotide frequency of infectious bursal disease virus
    Tan DY, Hair Bejo M, Aini I, Omar AR, Goh YM
    Virus Genes, 2004 Jan;28(1):41-53.
    PMID: 14739650
    Base usage and dinucleotide frequency have been extensively studied in many eukaryotic organisms and bacteria, but not for viruses. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of these aspects for infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was presented. The analysis of base usage indicated that all of the IBDV genes possess equivalent overall nucleotide distributions. However when the base usage at each codon positions was analysed by using cluster analysis, the VP5 open reading frame (ORF) formed a different cluster isolated from the other genes. The unusual base usage of VP5 ORF may indicate that the gene was originated by the virus "overprinting strategy", a strategy in which virus may create novel gene by utilizing the unused reading frames of its existing genes. Meanwhile, the GC content of the IBDV genes and the chicken's coding sequences was comparable; suggesting the virus imitation of the host to increase its translational efficiency. The analysis of dinucleotide frequency indicated that IBDV genome had dinucleotide bias: the frequencies of CpG and TpA were lower and the TpG was higher than the expected. Classical methylation pathway, a process where CpG converted to TpG, may explain the significant correlation between the CpG deficiency and TpG abundance. "Principal component analysis of the dinucleotide frequencies" (DF-PCA) was used to analyse the overall dinucleotide frequencies of IBDV genome. DF-PCA on the hypervariable region and polyprotein (VPX-VP4-VP3) gene showed that the very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) was segregated from other strains; which meant vvIBDV had a unique dinucleotide pattern. In summary, the study of base usage and dinucleotide frequency had unravelled many overlooked genomic properties of the virus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/virology
  12. Helminth parasites of gallus domesticus L. in Penang island
    Khairul Anuar A, Khamis S
    Med J Malaysia, 1978 Dec;33(2):186-92.
    PMID: 755174
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/parasitology*
  13. Nematode parasites of Oceanica. VII. New records from wild and domestic chickens (Gallus gallus) from Palawan (Philippine Islands), Sabah (Malaysia), and Taiwan
    Schmidt GD, Kuntz RE
    Avian Dis, 1970 Feb;14(1):184-7.
    PMID: 5461569
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases*
  14. Helminthic parasites in indigenous chickens in Penang Island, Malaysia
    Farah Haziqah MT, Khadijah S
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Dec 01;37(4):896-902.
    PMID: 33612743 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.4.896
    Indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) is reared for both its meat and eggs. Most consumers prefer the meat probably due to its specific texture and taste. The study was conducted to determine the presence of helminth parasites of 240 indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) obtained randomly from 12 divisions in Penang Island, Malaysia. Necropsy findings revealed 14 endoparasite species which parasitized these chickens namely, Acuaria hamulosa, Acuaria spiralis, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Ascaridia galli, Brachylaima sp., Capillaria spp., Gongylonema ingluvicola, Heterakis gallinarum, Hymenolepis sp., Oxyspirura mansoni, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Syngamus trachea and Tetrameres americana. The high abundance of helminth species observed in this study may be attributed to the free-range scavenging production system, where these indigenous chickens were exposed to intermediate or paratenic hosts of helminths which infect poultry. Besides, sustainable methods of helminthic control measure are necessary in order to enhance indigenous chicken production and eventually improve the economy of the rural farmers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/parasitology*
  15. Characterization of S1 gene sequence variations of attenuated QX-like and variant infectious bronchitis virus strains and the pathogenicity of the viruses in specific-pathogen-free chickens
    Ismail MI, Wei TS, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR
    Arch Virol, 2020 Dec;165(12):2777-2788.
    PMID: 32964293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04812-2
    Besides the vaccine strains, the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like are the predominant IBVs detected on commercial poultry farms. These two virus strains are distinct based on genomic and pathogenicity studies. In this study, we determined the sequence of the S1 gene and compared the pathogenicity of serial passage 70 (P70) of Malaysian QX-like (QX/P70) and MV (MV/P70) strains with that of their respective wild-type viruses. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the complete S1 genes of QX/P70 and MV/P70 showed 1.4 to 1.6% and 3.0 to 3.3% variation, respectively, when compared to the wild-type virus. Most of the mutations were insertions and substitutions in the hypervariable regions (HVRs), primarily in HVR 3. Furthermore, selection pressure analysis showed that both viruses are under purifying selection. A pathogenicity study in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens showed a reduction in respiratory and kidney lesions in chickens inoculated with MV/P70, but not with QX/P70, when compared to the respective wild-type viruses. However, MV/P70 is still pathogenic and can cause ciliary damage. In conclusion, the MV IBV strain is more responsive than the QX-like IBV strain following the attenuation process used for the development of a live attenuated IBV vaccine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/pathology*; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control; Poultry Diseases/virology*
  16. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Revealed Compromised Chicken Dendritic Cells Function at Early Stage of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection
    Yasmin AR, Omar AR, Farhanah MI, Hiscox AJ, Yeap SK
    Avian Dis, 2019 06 01;63(2):275-288.
    PMID: 31251527 DOI: 10.1637/11936-072418-Reg.1
    Chicken dendritic cells (DCs) have been demonstrated to be susceptible to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a causative agent of acute and immunosuppressed disease in young chicks known as infectious bursal disease. Further functional characterization of IBDV-infected DCs of chickens is required to provide a better understanding on the influence of the virus on chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) following very virulent (vv) IBDV infection. Membrane proteins of BM-DCs were extracted and the proteins were further denatured and reduced before performing labeling with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation. The differential expression protein profiles were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and later validated using flow cytometry and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The analysis has identified 134 differentially regulated proteins from a total of 283 proteins (cutoff values of ≤0.67, ≥1.5, and ProtScore >1.3 at 95% confidence interval), which produced high-yield membrane fractions. The entry of vvIBDV into the plasma membrane of BM-DCs was observed at 3 hr postinfection by the disruption of several important protein molecule functions, namely apoptosis, RNA/DNA/protein synthesis, and transport and cellular organization, without the activation of proteins associated with signaling. At the later stage of infection, vvIBDV induced expression of several proteins, namely CD200 receptor 1-A, integrin alpha-5, HSP-90, cathepsin, lysosomal-associated membrane protein, and Ras-related proteins, which play crucial roles in signaling, apoptosis, stress response, and antigen processing as well as in secretion of danger-associated proteins. These findings collectively indicated that the chicken DCs are expressing various receptors regarded as potential targets for pathogen interaction during viral infection. Therefore, fundamental study of the interaction of DCs and IBDV will provide valuable information in understanding the role of professional antigen-presenting cells in chickens and their molecular interactions during IBDV infection and vaccination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/genetics; Poultry Diseases/immunology*; Poultry Diseases/virology
  17. An updated review of avian-origin Tembusu virus: a newly emerging avian Flavivirus
    Zhang W, Chen S, Mahalingam S, Wang M, Cheng A
    J Gen Virol, 2017 Oct;98(10):2413-2420.
    PMID: 28874226 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000908
    Tembusu virus (TMUV, genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) was first isolated in 1955 from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In April 2010, duck TMUV was first identified as the causative agent of egg-drop syndrome, characterized by a substantial decrease in egg laying and depression, growth retardation and neurological signs or death in infected egg-laying and breeder ducks, in the People's Republic of China. Since 2010, duck TMUV has spread to most of the duck-producing regions in China, including many of the coastal provinces, neighbouring regions and certain Southeast Asia areas (i.e. Thailand and Malaysia). This review describes the current understanding of the genome characteristics, host range, transmission, epidemiology, phylogenetic and immune evasion of avian-origin TMUV and the innate immune response of the host.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*; Poultry Diseases/transmission; Poultry Diseases/virology
  18. Characteristics of a phage effective for colibacillosis control in poultry
    Lau GL, Sieo CC, Tan WS, Ho YW
    J Sci Food Agric, 2012 Oct;92(13):2657-63.
    PMID: 22505020 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5683
    Colibacillosis is one of the main causes of economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Although antibiotics have been used to control this infection, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a threat to animal and human health. Phage therapy has been reported as one of the potential alternative methods to control bacterial infections. However, efficient phage therapy is highly dependent on the characteristics of the phage isolated. In the present study the characteristics of a lytic phage, ØEC1, which was found to be effective against the causative agent of colibacillosis in chickens in a previous in vivo study, are reported.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/microbiology; Poultry Diseases/prevention & control*
  19. Fulltext Salmonella in native "village" chickens (Gallus domesticus): prevalence and risk factors from farms in South-Central Peninsular Malaysia
    Jajere SM, Hassan L, Abdul Aziz S, Zakaria Z, Abu J, Nordin F, et al.
    Poult Sci, 2019 Nov 01;98(11):5961-5970.
    PMID: 31392329 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez392
    Village chicken or Ayam Kampung, common to Southeast Asian countries, has always been regarded as superior in comparison to commercial broiler chicken in terms of wholesomeness and health benefits. The current study investigates the prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella among village chicken flocks from the central and southern states of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 35 village flocks were sampled from Selangor (n = 19), Melaka (n = 10), Johor (n = 4), and Negeri Sembilan (n = 2). In total, 1,042 samples were collected; these included cloacal swabs (n = 675), eggs (n = 62), pooled drinking water (n = 175), pooled feeds (n = 70), and pooled flies (n = 60). Isolation of Salmonella from cloacal swabs, poultry drinking water, and feeds was carried out according to the protocols and recommendations of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) terrestrial manual. The prevalence of Salmonella at an individual bird-level was 2.5% (17/675, 95% CI: 1.6 to 4.0). All eggs screened were negative; in the case of environmental samples, however, Salmonella was detected in 5.14% (9/175), 7.14% (5/70), and 5.0% (3/60) for water, feed, and flies, respectively. A total of 34 isolates and 8 Salmonella serotypes were identified. Weltevreden (20.6%) was the most common, followed by Typhimurium and Agona (17.6%), Albany and Enteritidis (8.8%), Molade (5.9%), Corvallis and Schleissheim (2.9%), and others grouped as Salmonella spp. (11.8%). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that Salmonella positivity among flocks could be strongly predicted by storage of feeds (uncovered feeds; OR = 10.38; 95% CI: 1.25 to 86.39; p = 0.030) and uncovered water tanks (uncovered tank; OR = 6.43; 95% CI: 1.02 to 40.60; p = 0.048). The presence of Salmonella in village chickens in the study area was lower than that of commercial chickens in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/microbiology; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology*
  20. An infectious full-length cDNA clone of duck Tembusu virus, a newly emerging flavivirus causing duck egg drop syndrome in China
    Li S, Zhang L, Wang Y, Wang S, Sun H, Su W, et al.
    Virus Res, 2013 Jan;171(1):238-41.
    PMID: 23116594 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.019
    Duck Tembusu virus (TMUV) is a recently identified pathogenic flavivirus that causes severe egg drop and encephalitis in Chinese ducks and geese. It has been found to be most closely related to the mosquito-origin Tembusu virus and chicken Sitiawan virus reported in Malaysia. However, the ecological characteristics and the pathogenesis of duck TMUV are largely unknown. We report the construction of full-length cDNA clone of duck TMUV strain JXSP. The virus genome was reverse transcribed, amplified as seven overlapping fragments and successively ligated into the low copy number vector pWSK29 under the control of a T7 promoter. Transfection of BHK-21 cells with the transcribed RNA from the full-length cDNA clone resulted in production of highly infectious progeny virus. In vitro growth characteristics in BHK-21 cells and virulence in ducklings and BALB/c mice were similar for the rescued and parental viruses. This stable infectious cDNA clone will be a valuable tool for studying the genetic determinants of duck TMUV.
    Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/mortality; Poultry Diseases/virology*
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