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  1. Ultrastructure of the human skeletal muscle sarcocyst
    Wong KT, Pathmanathan R
    J Parasitol, 1994 Apr;80(2):327-30.
    PMID: 8158479
    The ultrastructure of the human skeletal muscle sarcocyst found in Malaysia is reported. Sarcocyst-positive, formalin-fixed tongue tissues were postfixed in osmium tetroxide. The primary cyst wall consisted of a thin membrane supported by osmiophilic material that was interrupted regularly by vesicle-like invaginations. Although there were no cytophaneres, stubby protrusions of the primary wall were observed. These protrusions were accentuated by dense, curvilinear material externally. The primary wall was wavy over about half the cross section of the cyst. The granular ground substance underlying the primary wall occasionally contained hitherto undescribed coiled microtubular structures. Branching septa extended from the ground substance into the cyst, separating mature merozoites into compartments. A few peripheral metrocytes and many laminated myelin figure-like structures, probably degenerating merozoites, were found. Although the human muscular sarcocyst has the same basic ultrastructure as those found in other animals, the stubby protrusions and coiled microtubular structures in the ground substance have not been described previously in nonhuman animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology*
  2. Light microscopic and three-dimensional morphology of the human muscular sarcocyst
    Wong KT, Clarke G, Pathmanathan R, Hamilton PW
    Parasitol Res, 1994;80(2):138-40.
    PMID: 8202453
    Established criteria for morphological typing of sarcocysts was applied to a large series of cases of human skeletal muscle sarcocystosis in Malaysia to determine the type of sarcocyst present. We also wanted to test the general usefulness of this classification and to determine if there are any new cyst types. Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction was done to see if the sarcocyst has a distinct 3-D morphology. A total of 66 sarcocysts from 21 cases of human muscle sarcocystosis obtained from a previous prevalence study were examined. Tissue sections (5 microns thick) were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and studied under the light microscope. For 3-D reconstruction, an image analyser was used to align and reconstruct the sarcocyst after microscopic images had been captured with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. All the cysts best fit into the type 4 category. This classification is generally useful, although cyst wall characteristics and zoite size appear to be the most reliable criteria for classification. The cyst width averaged 77 microns (range, 30-137.5 microns). Cyst walls were smooth, had no cytophaneres and were less than 1 micron thick. No secondary cyst wall or surrounding inflammation was evident. Numerous cyst merozoites with diameters averaging 1 micron filled the cyst lumen. Although septa were not apparent, in many cysts, zoites were arranged in a unique, curvilinear fashion that suggested their presence. 3-D reconstruction showed the sarcocyst to be a long, tortuous "cylinder" with no branching or other distinguishing feature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology*
  3. Light and electron microstructure of a Sarcocystis sp. from the Malaysian long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis
    Kan SP, Prathap K, Dissanaike AS
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1979 Jul;28(4):634-42.
    PMID: 111569
    The ultrastructure of the cyst wall and zoites of a species of Sarcocystis from the skeletal muscles of a naturally-infected Malaysian long-tailed monkey, Macaca fascicularis, is described in detail. The wavy, electron-dense primary cyst wall is thin (55 nm) and invaginated. Cytophaneres are absent. The ground substance contains electron-dense granules and bundles of parallel, fibrillar elements in some areas. Thin trabeculae are present. The zoites measure 1.2 X 4.7 microns and have an interior conoid, 22 subpellicular microtubules, 50-60 micronemes, 4-6 rhoptries, and a posteriorly situated nucleus. Some ultrastructural aspects of the cyst wall and the zoites of this parasite resemble those of Sarcocystis species of the moonrat, rhesus monkey, tamarin, and baboon. The light microscopic appearance of this species from M. fascicularis also bears some resemblance to that of parasites from the four cases of human Sarcocystis reported in Malaysia. The cyst in all these human cases were thin-walled, with no cytophaners. Although the final hosts of these species of Sarcocystis are not known, it is quite possible that man, monkeys, and perhaps the moonrat (an insectivore) may serve as common intermediate hosts for one or several species of Sarcocystis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  4. Fulltext Human infections with Sarcocystis species
    Fayer R, Esposito DH, Dubey JP
    Clin Microbiol Rev, 2015 Apr;28(2):295-311.
    PMID: 25715644 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00113-14
    Recurrent outbreaks of muscular sarcocystosis among tourists visiting islands in Malaysia have focused international attention on sarcocystosis, a disease once considered rare in humans. Sarcocystis species require two hosts, definitive and intermediate, to complete their life cycle. Humans can serve as definitive hosts, with intestinal sarcocystosis for two species acquired from eating undercooked meat: Sarcocystis hominis, from beef, and Sarcocystis suihominis, from pork. Symptoms such as nausea, stomachache, and diarrhea vary widely depending on the number of cysts ingested but appear more severe with pork than with beef. Humans serve as intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis nesbitti, a species with a reptilian definitive host, and possibly other unidentified species, acquired by ingesting sporocysts from feces-contaminated food or water and the environment; infections have an early phase of development in vascular endothelium, with illness that is difficult to diagnose; clinical signs include fever, headache, and myalgia. Subsequent development of intramuscular cysts is characterized by myositis. Presumptive diagnosis based on travel history to tropical regions, elevated serum enzyme levels, and eosinophilia is confirmed by finding sarcocysts in muscle biopsy specimens. There is no vaccine or confirmed effective antiparasitic drug for muscular sarcocystosis, but anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce symptoms. Prevention strategies are also discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  5. The fourth case of Sarcocystis infection in man in Malaysia
    Prathap K, Dissanaike AS
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1978 Sep;9(3):452-3.
    PMID: 107599
    Matched MeSH terms: Neck Muscles/parasitology
  6. Further stages of the "sporozoan" from the moon rat Echinosorex gymnurus, and its possible connection with Sarcocystis
    Dissanaike AS, Lim BL, Poopalachelvam M
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1974 Sep;5(3):456-7.
    PMID: 4215149
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  7. Light and electron microscopic observations of the life cycle of Sarcocystis orientalis sp. n. in the rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the Malaysian reticulated python (Python reticulatus)
    Zaman V, Colley FC
    Z Parasitenkd, 1975 Oct 16;47(3):169-85.
    PMID: 810990
    A light and electron microscopic study of Sarcocystis orientalis sp. n. was made. The life cycle of this parasite is in two hosts. Gametogony is in the intestinal epithelial cells of a predator, Python reticulatus. Isospora-like oocysts developed. Sporocysts average 9.1 by 7.7 mum. Rats (Rattus norvegicus) were infected with sporocysts and asexual stages developed. Ten days after infection large zoites (average 7.85 by 2.48 mum) were observed free in peripheral blood and within white blood cells. Small schizonts producing merozoites 2-3 mum long were seen in lung tissue. Tissue cysts developed in skeletal muscle and produced numerous cystozoites (average 5.53 by 1.38 mum). Fine structure was similar to previously described Sarcocystis spp.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  8. Immunohistochemical evaluation of interleukin-23 and cyclooxygenase-2 in the muscles of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis
    El-Aswad BEW, Ammar AI, Mahmoud SF, Soliman SS, Abd El-Atty AF
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):75-88.
    PMID: 33612720
    The course of Trichinella (T.) spiralis infection includes intestinal and muscle phases. The aims of this work were to evaluate IL-23 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by immunohistochemistry in the muscles of T. spiralis infected mice in a time-course study and to correlate their level with the serum levels of IL-23, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 cytokines. The mice were divided into an un-infected control group (UC) (10 mice) and 5 infected mouse groups (each 10 mice/group. Each mouse was infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae) and sacrificed on days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 post-infection (dpi). IL-23 showed weak expression (+1) on the 21st dpi, then it became moderately expressed (+2) on the 28th dpi and on day 35 pi, the immunoreactivity was strong (+3). COX-2 expressed weakly on 14 dpi, while the other mouse groups (21, 28 and 35) showed strong (+3) expression. IL-23 serum concentrations increased gradually in a significant pattern, in comparison to that of UC mice, from the 21st dpi to the end of the experiment. IFN-γ increased gradually and was significantly higher than those of UC mice from the 7th dpi, reached its maximum level on the 21st dpi, after which it decreased non-significantly. IL-4 up-regulated significantly in all infected groups in comparison to UC mice achieving its highest level on the 21st dpi and decreased after that. IL-10 increased significantly on the 7th dpi, but dropped at the 14th dpi, then reached its peak on the 21st dpi, and decreased again on the 28th and 35th dpi. In conclusion, T. spiralis infection caused increased expression of IL-23 and COX-2 in the muscle of infected mice, the effect being strongest on the 35th day. Also, the infection induced a mixed Th1/Th2 profile with a predominance of Th2 at the early muscle phase, after which the immune repose became mainly Th2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology*
  9. Fulltext Initial patient cluster and first positive biopsy findings in an outbreak of acute muscular Sarcocystis-like infection in travelers returning from Tioman island, Peninsular Malaysia, in 2011
    Tappe D, Ernestus K, Rauthe S, Schoen C, Frosch M, Müller A, et al.
    J Clin Microbiol, 2013 Feb;51(2):725-6.
    PMID: 23224083 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.03063-12
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  10. Functional analysis of Trichinella spiralis serine protease 1.2 by siRNA mediated RNA interference
    Yang F, Guo KX, Yang DQ, Liu RD, Long SR, Zhang X, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):458-470.
    PMID: 33612815
    A T. spiralis serine protease 1.2 (TsSP1.2) was identified in the muscle larvae (ML) and intestinal larvae surface/excretory-secretory (ES) proteins by immunoproteomics. The aim of this study was to determine the TsSP1.2 function in the process of T. spiralis intrusion, growth and reproduction by using RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi was used to silence the expression of TsSP1.2 mRNA and protein in the nematode. On 2 days after the ML were electroporated with 2 µM of TsSP1.2-specific siRNA 534, TsSP1.2 mRNA and protein expression declined in 56.44 and 84.48%, respectively, compared with untreated ML. Although TsSP1.2 silencing did not impair worm viability, larval intrusion of intestinal epithelium cells (IEC) was suppressed by 57.18% (P < 0.01) and the suppression was siRNA-dose dependent (r = 0.976). Infection of mice with siRNA 534 transfected ML produced a 57.16% reduction of enteral adult burden and 71.46% reduction of muscle larva burden (P < 0.05). Moreover, silencing of TsSP1.2 gene in ML resulted in worm development impediment and reduction of female fertility. The results showed that silencing of TsSP1.2 by RNAi inhibited larval intrusion and development, and reduced female fecundity. TsSP1.2 plays a crucial role for worm invasion and development in T. spiralis life cycle, and is a potential vaccine/drug target against Trichinella infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  11. Fulltext Acute muscular sarcocystosis: an international investigation among ill travelers returning from Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011-2012
    Esposito DH, Stich A, Epelboin L, Malvy D, Han PV, Bottieau E, et al.
    Clin Infect Dis, 2014 Nov 15;59(10):1401-10.
    PMID: 25091309 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu622
    BACKGROUND: Through 2 international traveler-focused surveillance networks (GeoSentinel and TropNet), we identified and investigated a large outbreak of acute muscular sarcocystosis (AMS), a rarely reported zoonosis caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Sarcocystis, associated with travel to Tioman Island, Malaysia, during 2011-2012.

    METHODS: Clinicians reporting patients with suspected AMS to GeoSentinel submitted demographic, clinical, itinerary, and exposure data. We defined a probable case as travel to Tioman Island after 1 March 2011, eosinophilia (>5%), clinical or laboratory-supported myositis, and negative trichinellosis serology. Case confirmation required histologic observation of sarcocysts or isolation of Sarcocystis species DNA from muscle biopsy.

    RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients met the case definition (62 probable and 6 confirmed). All but 2 resided in Europe; all were tourists and traveled mostly during the summer months. The most frequent symptoms reported were myalgia (100%), fatigue (91%), fever (82%), headache (59%), and arthralgia (29%); onset clustered during 2 distinct periods: "early" during the second and "late" during the sixth week after departure from the island. Blood eosinophilia and elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were observed beginning during the fifth week after departure. Sarcocystis nesbitti DNA was recovered from 1 muscle biopsy.

    CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians evaluating travelers returning ill from Malaysia with myalgia, with or without fever, should consider AMS, noting the apparent biphasic aspect of the disease, the later onset of elevated CPK and eosinophilia, and the possibility for relapses. The exact source of infection among travelers to Tioman Island remains unclear but needs to be determined to prevent future illnesses.

    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  12. Fulltext Molecular identification of Trichinella papuae from a Thai patient with imported trichinellosis
    Intapan PM, Chotmongkol V, Tantrawatpan C, Sanpool O, Morakote N, Maleewong W
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2011 Jun;84(6):994-7.
    PMID: 21633039 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0675
    Previously, we reported the presence of imported trichinellosis in a Thai worker returning from Malaysia, who presented with progressive generalized muscle hypertrophy and weakness after eating wild boar meat. This work analyzed a partial small subunit of a mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene of Trichinella larvae isolated from the patient. The results showed complete identity with a mitochondrial RNA gene of Trichinella papuae (GenBank accession no. EF517130). This is the first report of imported trichinellosis in Thailand caused by T. papuae. It is possible that T. papuae is widely distributed in the wildlife of Southeast Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  13. Fulltext High prevalence of muscular sarcocystosis in cattle and water buffaloes from Selangor, Malaysia
    Latif B, Vellayan S, Heo CC, Kannan Kutty M, Omar E, Abdullah S, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2013 Dec;30(4):699-705.
    PMID: 24522140 MyJurnal
    The prevalence of sarcocystosis in cattle and water buffaloes from peninsular Malaysia was investigated in abattoirs in Selangor state, February, 2011, to March, 2012. Fresh muscle samples were collected from the tongue, heart, oesophagus, diaphragm and skeletal muscles of 102 cattle and 18 water buffaloes. Each sample was initially screened by light microscopy and then fixed for further histopathological analysis. Out of 120 animals examined, 49 (40.8%) harboured the microscopic type of Sarcocystis spp. The positivity rate for cattle was 36.2% and for water buffaloes 66.7%. In cattle, the organs highly infected were the skeletal muscles and diaphragm (27% each), followed by tongue and esophagus (24.3% each), and the heart (8%). In water buffaloes, the heart was most often infected (66.7%), followed by the oesophagus (50%) and skeletal muscle (33.3%); no sarcocysts were detected in the tongue and diaphragm. The shape of the sarcocyst was fusiform to oval with a mean cyst size of 151.66 x 75.83 μm and wall thickness of 2.47 μm in cattle, and 114 x 50.81 μm cyst size and the wall thickness of 1.11 μm in water buffaloes, consistent with Sarcocystis cruzi and Sarcocystis levinei, respectively. Remaining tissue from cattle was subjected to parasite specific 18S rRNA gene PCR and Sarcocystis cruzi was confirmed, at least exemplarily. The peripheral metrocytes and the banana-shaped bradyzoites (15.23 x 2.2 μm in cattle and 11.49 x 2.45 μm in water buffalo hosts) were easily recognized. In conclusion, a high positivity rate was found in Malaysian meat-producing animals with possible implications for meat consumption and human health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
  14. Imported eosinophilic fever with myositis: A diagnostic challenge
    Camprubí D, Rodriguez-Valero N, Losada I, Grau-Junyent JM, Muñoz J
    Travel Med Infect Dis, 2018 05 23;24:16.
    PMID: 29802894 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2018.05.009
    Matched MeSH terms: Muscles/parasitology
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