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  1. The Most Common Relationship of a Midface Fracture in Maxillofacial Trauma Study
    Ahmad WMAW, Noor NFM, Shaari R, Nawi MAA, Ghazali FMM, Aleng NA, et al.
    J Craniofac Surg, 2021 Jun 01;32(4):1500-1503.
    PMID: 33852515 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007435
    ABSTRACT: Oral and maxillofacial fractures are the most common injuries among multiple trauma. About 5% to 10% of trauma patients having facial fractures. The objectives of this case study are to focus the most common mid-face fractures types' and to determine the relationship of the midface fracture in maxillofacial trauma among the patient who attended the outpatient clinic in a Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. In this research paper, an advanced statistical tool was chosen through the multilayer perceptron neural network methodology (MLPNN). Multilayer perceptron neural network methodology was applied to determine the most associated predictor important toward maxillary bone injury. Through the predictor important classification analysis, the relationship of each bone will be determined, and sorting according to their contribution. After sorting the most associated predictor important toward maxillary bone injury, the validation process will be applied through the value of training, testing, and validation. The input variables of MLPNN were zygomatic complex fracture, orbital wall fracture, nasal bone fracture, frontal bone fracture, and zygomatic arch fracture. The performance of MLPNN having high accuracy with 82.2%. As a conclusion, the zygomatic complex fracture is the most common fracture trauma among the patient, having the most important association toward maxillary bone fracture. This finding has the highest potential for further statistical modeling for education purposes and the decision-maker among the surgeon.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  2. Fulltext A Simple Immediate Surgical Obturator for Maxillary Resection
    Ling, Booi C.
    Ann Dent, 1995;2(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Temporary obturator is necessary for maxillectomy procedures to minimise functional disabilities of speech and the swallowing of food and fluid following surgery.l.2 It also provides a base to hold surgical packing and/ or tissue conditioners in place. This packing helps to restore function and counter act contraction during healing of the ,tissues at the operated site. Dental clinicians are often faced with the problem of surgical staffs requesting an obturator for their patients at short notice.This article describes a fast technique of constructing an immediate surgical obturator.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  3. Fulltext Solitary osteochondroma in the body of the pubic bone: a cadaveric case report
    Nayak SB, Kumar N, Sirasanagandla SR, Srinivas SP, Pamidi N, Shetty SD
    Anat Cell Biol, 2018 Jun;51(2):136-138.
    PMID: 29984059 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2018.51.2.136
    Osteochondromas develop as cartilaginous nodules in the periosteum of bones. They are the commonest benign tumors of the skeleton, generally observed in the long bones. Rarely, they are also found in the axial skeleton, flat bones of skull and facial bones. During a regular dissection, we came across a solitary osteochondroma in posterior surface of the body of the right pubic bone. Histopathology of the bony projection confirmed the typical features of the osteochondroma. The symptomatic osteochondromas are usually evaluated during radiographic examination. Though, the observed osteochondroma is relatively smaller its unusual location is remarkable and knowledge of occurrence of such nodules is clinically important during the diagnosis and planning of treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  4. A unilateral mesenchymal disorder of the head
    Raman R, Kumar V, Arianayagam S, Peh SC
    J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 1989 Apr;17(3):143-5.
    PMID: 2708537
    A hitherto undescribed group of lesions consisting of cystic bony lesions, exostosis, fibromatous lesion, unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy, epidermoid cyst (cholesteatoma) and hyperplasia of the mandible confined to the left side of the face is reported. The case may represent a variant of the Proteus syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones*
  5. Three-dimensional surgical contouring of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia via patient-specific cutting guides and depth screws
    Rengarajoo J, Syed Husman SI, Hariri F
    Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2021 09;59(7):843-844.
    PMID: 34210576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.09.028
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/surgery
  6. Are Facial Soft Tissue Injury Patterns Associated With Facial Bone Fractures Following Motorcycle-Related Accident?
    Nabil S, Nordin R, Rashdi MF
    J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2022 Nov;80(11):1784-1794.
    PMID: 36049531 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2022.07.144
    PURPOSE: The unprotected nature of motorcycle riding exposes motorcyclists to an elevated risk of sustaining facial soft tissue injuries (STIs); however, its link with underlying facial bone fractures remains unexplored. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the type and site of STI sustained by motorcyclists were associated with the presence of underlying facial bone fractures.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients identified from the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center trauma census who had motorcycle-related injury and met the inclusion criteria. The primary predictor variable was the type (laceration, contusion, abrasion, and no injuries) and site of STIs sustained. The site of the facial STI was categorized as per 17 different zones based upon the modified MCFONTZL classification. The primary outcome variable was the presence or absence of facial bone fractures as determined from the computed tomography scan. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed to measure the association between sustaining facial bone fractures and type/site of STI.

    RESULTS: Seventy three patients (65 men and 8 women) were included in this study. The average age was 31.9 years (standard deviation ± 13.6) with a range of 18 to 70 years. There were 1,241 facial zones being assessed with 285 (23%) and 214 (17%) zones having STI and fractures, respectively. Laceration (124/285, 43%) and the orbital zone (53/285, 19%) were the most common type and site of STI, respectively, among motorcyclists. Facial bone fractures are more commonly seen following STI in the midface (71% of STI had fractures) compared to upper face (53%) and lower face (31%). Sustaining laceration type of STI was not associated with a higher rate of facial bone fracture when compared with other type of STI (54.8% vs 55.9%, P = .858) with the exception of laceration in the frontal zone (42.9% vs 10.5%, P = .022).

    CONCLUSIONS: The different types of STI in the facial area cannot be used as a predictor for sustaining underlying facial bone fractures.

    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/injuries
  7. Fulltext Clinical characteristics of bimaxillary protrusion in different population
    Naili Hayati Binti Abdul Mukti, Noviaranny, Indah Yuri, Venkiteswaran, Annapurny, Sarah Haniza Binti Abdul Ghani
    Compendium of Oral Science, 2017;4(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    In this paper, we discussed the characteristic of bimaxillary protrusion in different population. We also incorporated about aetiology and management of bimaxillary protrusion. It is importance to understand the characteristics of skeletal and dental of bimaxillary protrusions in a specific population, in order to decide whether to treat by orthodontic camouflage only, or combination with orthognathic surgery and orthodontics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  8. Does facial appearance of dentofacial deformity influence the need for orthognathic surgery: The Malaysian perception
    Abdul Halim Chong FH, Md Salleh SN, Abu Bakar N, Ismail IN
    Singapore Dent J, 2019 12;39(1):41-52.
    PMID: 32910746 DOI: 10.1142/S2214607519500044
    Aim: This study evaluates perception toward facial appearance in dentofacial deformity and the need for orthognathic surgery among the public with and without dental backgrounds. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire consisting of 12 facial photographs of cases with dentofacial deformity or malocclusion in varying severity was used. A hundred individuals were selected to answer the questionnaire. The perception of facial appearance (FAS), treatment need score (TNS), and knowledge regarding dentofacial deformity were used for the evaluation. Results: Significant differences were found between dental and non-dental when the respondents' knowledge in all the questionnaire items ([Formula: see text].05) was assessed. However, no significant difference was found in the mean of FAS and TNS in all the presented cases (normal, borderline, severe). Pearson correlation between perceived FAS and TNS was statistically negative for severe and normal cases, whereby a decrease in FAS for severe cases showed an increase in TNS, and an increase in FAS for normal cases showed a decrease in TNS. Conclusion: Respondents with dental background had sound knowledge of dentofacial deformity. A poorly attractive respondent with dentofacial deformity showed a greater need for orthognathic surgery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  9. Fulltext Orthognatic surgery and treatment: an Islamic legal maxims analysis
    Nor Azura Ahmad Tarmidzi, Wan Abdul Fattah Wan Ismail, Nik Salida Suhaila Nik Salleh, Mualimin Mochammad Sahid, Haslinda Ramli, Nalisha Mohamed Ramli, et al.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(21):26-26.
    MyJurnal
    The position of facial bones contribute great impact to the shape of the face. Shape
    of these underlying facial bones responsible for a person facial proportions, angles and contours.
    Facial deformity can either be congenital or acquired. Functional impairment related to facial
    deformity include chewing problems, breathing problems, speech impairments and
    temporomandibular joint pathology. Orthognathic surgery is a procedure involving incision and
    manipulation using instrument to align the jaws. Performing cosmetic surgery seems to change the
    creation of Allah and the original law of changing Allah creation is prohibited. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  10. Bone biology in craniofacial growth, development and ageing
    Samsudin AR
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 May;59 Suppl B:6.
    PMID: 15468791
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/physiopathology; Facial Bones/surgery*
  11. Fulltext Management Of Zygomatico-Orbital Fractures Using Rigid Internal Fixation With Cosmetic Surgical Considerations - Case Report
    Ong, A.H.M.
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The current standard of managing facial bone fractures is the use of rigid internal fixation. This method provides good stabilization and repair for mid-face fractures such as the zygomatico-orbitalfracture. Nowadays, for the young and old, patients want not only rapid bone healing, but also good facial aesthetics after surgical treatment following maxillofacial trauma. Therefore, osteosynthesis of fractures and inconspicuous post-operative scars are considered essential. The lower eyelid approach or modified blepharoplasty provides rapid access to the infraorbital rim as well as the orbital floor, while the lateral eyebrow incision gives direct access for fixation at the fronto-zygomatic suture. Combining the Gillies' approach and a single form of rigid internal fixation, good cosmetic results and function can be achieved. Cases using the micro-plate-system for thin infraorbital bones and the miniplate- system for thicker facial bones involving zygomatico-orbital fractures are described.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  12. A comparative morphological study on the craniofacial complex of irus monkeys from different habitats by means of roentgenographic cephalometrics
    Kobayashi S, Inoue N, Ito G, Komatsu T, Ishibashi K
    Bull. Tokyo Med. Dent. Univ., 1965 Mar;12(1):127-41.
    PMID: 4953221
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  13. Unilateral Zygomatic Complex Fracture - A Comparison Between Nonsurgical Treatment and Surgical Treatment
    Ling XF, Yew CC, Mohd Nazri SB, Tew MM
    J Craniofac Surg, 2021 Oct 01;32(7):e627-e630.
    PMID: 33654041 DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000007603
    BACKGROUND: Medical advances have enabled zygomatic complex (ZMC) fractures to be treated by various approaches. This study aims to analyze the demographics and treatment outcomes of unilateral ZMC fractures, treated nonsurgically or surgically.

    METHODS: This 5-year nonrandomized prospective study had included 65 cases of unilateral ZMC fractures from October 2014 until December 2019. Patients were treated and divided into nonsurgical and surgically treated group. Treatment outcomes in terms of step deformities, malar depression, diplopia, infraorbital hypoaesthesia, and mouth opening were evaluated up to six months post-trauma/intervention.

    RESULTS: Road traffic accident (96.9%) was the main cause, with predominant male involvement (80%) and median age of 28 years. Significant improvements (P < 0.05) were observed for step deformities and malar depression among the surgically treated group at postoperative day 1 and week 1. Throughout the six months review, infraorbital hypoesthesia and diplopia showed no significant differences between both groups, (P > 0.05). Besides, all patients showed significant mouth opening improvement (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones
  14. Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical management of syndromic craniosynostosis: a comprehensive review of published papers
    Al-Namnam NMN, Hariri F, Rahman ZAA
    Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2018 06;56(5):353-366.
    PMID: 29661509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2018.03.002
    Our aim was to summarise current published evidence about the prognosis of various techniques of craniofacial distraction osteogenesis, particularly its indications, protocols, and complications. Published papers were acquired from online sources using the keywords "distraction osteogenesis", "Le Fort III", "monobloc", and "syndromic craniosynostosis" in combination with other keywords, such as "craniofacial deformity" and "midface". The search was confined to publications in English, and we followed the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. We found that deformity of the skull resulted mainly from Crouzon syndrome. Recently craniofacial distraction has been achieved by monobloc distraction osteogenesis using an external distraction device during childhood, while Le Fort III distraction osteogenesis was used in maturity. Craniofacial distraction was indicated primarily to correct increased intracranial pressure, exorbitism, and obstructive sleep apnoea in childhood, while midface hypoplasia was the main indication in maturity. Overall the most commonly reported complications were minor inflammatory reactions around the pins, and anticlockwise rotation when using external distraction systems. The mean amount of bony advancement was 12.3mm for an external device, 18.6mm for an internal device and 18.7mm when both external and internal devices were used. Treatment by craniofacial distraction must be validated by long-term studies as there adequate data are lacking, particularly about structural relapse and the assessment of function.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/abnormalities
  15. Fulltext Verrucous carcinoma of maxillary antrum
    Indudharan R, Das PK, Thida T
    Singapore Med J, 1996 Oct;37(5):559-61.
    PMID: 9046219
    Verrucous carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses is a rare malignant tumour. It occurs most frequently in the oral cavity and larynx. We present a case of extensive verrucous carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. This paper discusses the clinical and histological features and modes of treatment. All previous reports of verrucous carcinoma cases of paranasal sinuses are reviewed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/pathology*
  16. International evaluation of unrecognizably uglifying human faces in late and severe secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease. Sagliker syndrome. A unique catastrophic entity, cytogenetic studies for chromosomal abnormalities, calcium-sensing receptor gene and GNAS1 mutations. Striking and promising missense mutations on the GNAS1 gene exons 1, 4, 10, 4
    Yildiz I, Sagliker Y, Demirhan O, Tunc E, Inandiklioglu N, Tasdemir D, et al.
    J Ren Nutr, 2012 Jan;22(1):157-61.
    PMID: 22200434 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.10.030
    Hypotheses explaining pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SH) in late and severe CKD as a unique entity called Sagliker syndrome (SS) are still unclear. This international study contains 60 patients from Turkey, India, Malaysia, China, Romania, Egypt, Tunisia, Taiwan, Mexico, Algeria, Poland, Russia, and Iran. We examined patients and first degree relatives for cytogenetic chromosomal abnormalities, calcium sensing receptor (Ca SR) genes in exons 2 and 3 abnormalities and GNAS1 genes mutations in exons 1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13. Our syndrome could be a new syndrome in between SH, CKD, and hereditary bone dystrophies. We could not find chromosomal abnormalities in cytogenetics and on Ca SR gene exons 2 and 3. Interestingly, we did find promising missense mutations on the GNAS1 gene exons 1, 4, 10, 4. We finally thought that those catastrophic bone diseases were severe SH and its late treatments due to monetary deficiencies and iatrogenic mistreatments not started as early as possible. This was a sine qua non humanity task. Those brand new striking GNAS1 genes missense mutations have to be considered from now on for the genesis of SS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/pathology*
  17. Fulltext Craniofacial morphology of Malay patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
    Albajalan OB, Samsudin AR, Hassan R
    Eur J Orthod, 2011 Oct;33(5):509-14.
    PMID: 21118908 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjq108
    The aim of this study was to compare the skeletal and soft tissue patterns between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients and control group of non-OSA patients. Fifty Malays (32 males and 18 females) aged 18-65 years divided into two equal groups 25 (17 males and 8 females) with OSA and a control group 25 subjects (15 males and 10 females). Both groups were diagnosed using polysomnography. Nineteen variables related to craniofacial skeletal and soft tissue morphology were measured on lateral cephalometric films. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the means between the two groups. The results showed that OSA subjects had a significant increase in body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference than the control group. The soft palate and tongue were longer and thicker in OSA patients. In addition, upper, middle, and lower posterior airway spaces were narrower, the hyoid bone was more inferior and posterior, and the cranial base flexure angle was significantly acute when compared with the control group. The findings indicate that craniofacial abnormalities play significant roles in the pathogenesis of OSA in Malay patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/anatomy & histology*
  18. Prevalence of snoring and craniofacial features in Malaysian children from hospital-based medical clinic population
    Banabilh SM, Asha'ari ZA, Hamid SS
    Sleep Breath, 2008 Aug;12(3):269-74.
    PMID: 17978839 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-007-0154-6
    Snoring is considered as the most common clinical symptom of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. However, many snoring studies were done in western population, and data from around Asia is scarce. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of snoring among Malaysian children from hospital-based medical clinic population setting and to compare the craniofacial features of children with and without snoring using cephalometric analysis. A cross-sectional study among children aged 7-15 years were carried out in Hospital Kuala Terengganu. Sleep behavior questionnaire (Berlin questionnaire) was given to 500 children. The respondents were divided into snoring and non-snoring groups. Thirty children from each group were randomly selected to undergo a cephalometric X-ray. For each lateral cephalometric radiograph, 17 parameters consisting bony, soft tissue, and angular measurements were recorded using computer software VixWin2000. Independent t test was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the whole questionnaire respondents were 317 (46 snoring and 271 non-snoring), hence, the prevalence of snoring in our survey population was 14.51%. The cephalometric X-ray showed that the snoring children manifested a significant different craniofacial features, such as narrow airway at the level of the soft palate and oropharynx (p < 0.05), more inferiorly positioned hyoid bone (p < 0.05), longer vertical airway length from posterior nasal spine to the base of epiglottis (p < 0.05), more protruding maxilla, and anterior-posterior discrepancy of maxilla and mandible (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our snorer children exhibit significant craniofacial differences compared to non-snorer groups.

    Study site: ACC at Hospital Kuala Terengganu, MalaysiaThe ACC is a daycare center consisting of
    various specialty clinics such as Pediatrics, Orthopedics,
    Otorhinolaryngology, Dental, Oral-maxillofacial, General
    Surgery, General Medical, Ophthalmology, Psychiatry, and
    Obstetrics and Gynecology clinics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/anatomy & histology*
  19. Postnatal treatment factors affecting craniofacial morphology of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients in a Japanese population
    Alam MK, Iida J, Sato Y, Kajii TS
    Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2013 Dec;51(8):e205-10.
    PMID: 23099108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2012.10.001
    We have evaluated the craniofacial morphology of Japanese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and assessed the various postnatal factors that affect it. Lateral cephalograms of 140 subjects (mean (SD) aged 7 (2) years) with UCLP were taken before orthodontic treatment. Surgeons from Hokkaido University Hospital had done the primary operations. The craniofacial morphology was assessed by angular and linear cephalometric measurements. Cheiloplasty, palatoplasty, and preoperative orthopaedic treatment were chosen as postnatal factors. To compare the assessments of the postnatal factors, we made angular and linear cephalometric measurements for each subject and converted them into Z scores in relation to the mean (SD) of the two variables. Subjects treated by the modified Millard cheiloplasty had larger sella-nasion-point A (SNA) and nasion-point A-pogonion (NA-POG) measurements than subjects treated by the modified Millard with a vomer flap cheiloplasty. Two-stage palatoplasty showed consistently better craniofacial morphology than the other palatoplasty. Subjects who had preoperative orthopaedic treatment with a Hotz plate had significantly larger upper incisor/sella-nasion (U1-SN) measurements than who had no preoperative orthopaedic treatment or an active plate. We conclude that in subjects treated by a modified Millard type of cheiloplasty, a two-stage palatoplasty, and a Hotz plate there were fewer adverse effects on craniofacial morphology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/pathology*
  20. Motorcycle accident is the main cause of maxillofacial injuries in the Penang Mainland, Malaysia
    Hashim H, Iqbal S
    Dent Traumatol, 2011 Feb;27(1):19-22.
    PMID: 21244625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00958.x
    Maxillofacial injuries are among the commonest forms of body injuries. There are three divisions, namely, facial bone fractures, soft tissue injuries, and dentoalveolar injuries. Etiologies include motor vehicle accidents, assaults, falls, and sporting injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the profiles including the causes of maxillofacial injuries seen in an urban government hospital in the mainland of Penang State, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Facial Bones/injuries*
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