Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 76 in total

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  1. Fulltext Thin layer drying kinetics and quality dynamics of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) treated with preservatives and solar dried under different temperatures
    Khaliq A, Li WF, Ali S, Shah ST, Ma ZH, Mao J, et al.
    PLoS One, 2022;17(3):e0265111.
    PMID: 35353819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265111
    Poor postharvest handling, microbial infestation, and high respiration rate are some the factors are responsible for poor storage life of perishable commodities. Therefore, effective preservation of these commodities is needed to lower the damages and extend shelf life. Preservation is regarded as the action taken to maintain desired properties of a perishable commodity as long as possible. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is perishable fruit with high nutritive value; however, has very short shelf-life. Therefore, effective preservation and drying is needed to extend its storage life. Drying temperature and preservatives significantly influence the quality of perishable vegetables and fruits during drying. The current study investigated the effect of different temperatures and preservatives on drying kinetics and organoleptic quality attributes of persimmon. Persimmon fruits were treated with preservatives (25% honey, 25% aloe vera, 2% sodium benzoate, 1% potassium metabisulfite, and 2% citric acid solutions) under different drying temperatures (40, 45, and 50°C). All observed parameters were significantly affected by individual effects of temperatures and preservatives, except ash contents. Similarly, interactive effects were significant for all parameters except total soluble sugars, ash contents, and vitamin C. Generally, fruits treated with citric acid and dried under 50°C had 8.2% moisture loss hour-1, 14.9 drying hours, 0.030 g H2O g-1 hr-1, 1.23° Brix of total soluble solids, 6.71 pH, 1.35% acidity, and 6.3 mg vitamin C. These values were better than the rest of the preservatives and drying temperatures used in the study. Therefore, treating fruits with citric acid and drying at 50°C was found a promising technique to extend storage life of persimmon fruits. It is recommended that persimmon fruits dried at 50°C and preserved in citric acid can be used for longer storage period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/analysis
  2. Fulltext Nonthermal pasteurization of Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) juice using the hurdle concept
    Halim, H., Noranizan, M., Sobhi, B., Sew, C.C., Karim, R., Osman, A.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(4):1457-1461.
    MyJurnal
    Red pitaya juice (RPJ) was subjected to UV-C irradiation and the potential of UV as a pasteurization tool for reducing microbial load in pitaya juice was evaluated. Effectiveness of the hurdle concept, i.e. addition of citric acid (CA) and dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) was also studied. Total plate counts (TPC) and yeast and mould counts (YMC) achieved 2.43 log₁₀ and 2.7 log₁₀ reductions respectively after exposure to UV irradiation. Addition of the CA (0.5 - 2.0%) and dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) (5 - 20 µL/100mL) to pitaya juice reduced the microbial loads, with 1.5% CA and 15 µL/100mL DMDC being the most effective concentrations. Addition of CA and DMDC into RPJ prior to UV treatment achieved significantly higher microbial reduction compared to UV alone, which were 4.12 log ₁₀ and 4.14 log₁₀ reductions for TPC and for YMC, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  3. Citrate Association Dramatically Reduces Diameter with Concomitant Increase in Uptake of Drug-Loaded Carbonate Apatite Particles in Breast Cancer Cells
    Hossain SM, Mozar FS, Chowdhury EH
    J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2019 11 01;19(11):6881-6892.
    PMID: 32098646 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2019.16718
    Inorganic nanoparticles are commonly employed as vectors for delivering drugs into cancer cells while decreasing undesired cytotoxicity in healthy tissues. Carbonate apatite is an attractive nonviral vector that releases drugs at acidic environment inside the cells following endocytosis. However, maintaining the smaller particle size is crucial for enhancing cellular uptake of drugs as well as prolonging their systemic circulation time. We aimed to modify carbonate apatite with citrate for reducing the growth kinetics of carbonate apatite particles and enhancing the cellular uptake of cyclophosphamide via endocytosis. Several concentrations of sodium citrate were used to fabricate citrate-modified carbonate apatite (CMCA) particle complexes in absence or presence of cyclophosphamide. The binding affinity of the drug towards the particles and its cellular uptake were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The nanoparticles' average size and zeta potential were determined by Malvern Zetasizer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to justify association of citrate with carbonate apatite. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cell viability. CMCA exhibited 6% more binding efficiency for cyclophosphamide and promoted fast cellular uptake of cyclophosphamide with enhanced cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells, compared to unmodified carbonate apatite. Therefore, CMCA nanoparticles have a high potential for intracellular delivery of anti-cancer drugs and demand for further investigated in animal models of cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  4. Fulltext Cu-Ni alloys coatings for corrosion protection on mild steel in 0.5 M NaCl solution
    Mohammad Hafizudden Mohd Zaki, Yusairie Mohd, Nik Norziehana Che Isa
    Science Letters, 2016;11(2):20-29.
    MyJurnal
    Mild steel is the most common metal used in industry. However, mild steel easily corrodes when exposed to environment. One way to protect mild steel from corrodes is by coating it with more noble metal like copper and its alloys. In this study, copper and Cu-Ni alloys were successfully coated on the mild steel substrate by electrodeposition technique using alkaline citrate solutions containing Cu and Ni ions precursors. The reaction and mechanisms of the electrodeposition of copper and Cu-Ni alloys on the mild steel substrate were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry methods. Surface morphology of the coatings was examined by FESEM. The elemental compositions of the coatings were confirmed by EDAX analysis. The molar ratios of Cu-Ni solutions have affected the formation of the coatings. Corrosion study shows that copper coated mild steel can improve the corrosion resistance of the mild steel in 0.5 M NaCl. Cu-Ni coating prepared from Cu60-Ni40 showed the highest corrosion resistance. The order of the corrosion resistance of the samples in 0.5 M NaCl at 25 oC is Cu60-Ni40> Cu75- Ni25> Cu90-Ni10> Cu100> mild steel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  5. Cancer Cell Metabolites: Updates on Current Tracing Methods
    Maniam S, Maniam S
    Chembiochem, 2020 12 11;21(24):3476-3488.
    PMID: 32639076 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000290
    Cancer is the second leading cause of death-1 in 6 deaths globally is due to cancer. Cancer metabolism is a complex and one of the most actively researched area in cancer biology. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells entails activities that involve several enzymes and metabolites to convert nutrient into building blocks that alter energy metabolism to fuel rapid cell division. Metabolic dependencies in cancer generate signature metabolites that have key regulatory roles in tumorigenesis. In this minireview, we highlight recent advances in the popular methods ingrained in biochemistry research such as stable and flux isotope analysis, as well as radioisotope labeling, which are valuable in elucidating cancer metabolites. These methods together with analytical tools such as chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry have helped to bring about exploratory work in understanding the role of important as well as obscure metabolites in cancer cells. Information obtained from these analyses significantly contribute in the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors leading to potential therapeutic targets for cancer therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/metabolism; Citric Acid/chemistry
  6. Fulltext Immunity and cell metabolism
    Marina Mohd Bakri
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):12-12.
    MyJurnal
    Over the past decade, research involving immunometabolism, has been gaining much interest. The immune cell re-sponses of an individual may be influenced by metabolites released by the host or derived from the microbiota. How-ever, the immune response of an individual may vary depending on the health condition of an individual. During infection, the metabolic processes derived from the infectious diseases can effect the function of immune cells and thus determine the response or survival of the host during infection. Immunometabolism also has a role in tumor development although the mechanism of how tumor cells influence immune cell function is not well understood. Among the major meatbolic pathways that have been studied in immune cells include glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Understanding the tight connection between metabolomics and immunity in health and disease will be crucial as this could lead to therapeutic interventions or in developing metabolomic biomarkers in immunology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid Cycle
  7. Fulltext A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood
    Lee SH, Md Tahir P, Lum WC, Tan LP, Bawon P, Park BD, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Jul 29;12(8).
    PMID: 32751175 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081692
    Citric acid (CA) can be found naturally in fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruit. CA is widely used in many fields but its usage as a green modifying agent and binder for wood is barely addressed. Esterification is one of the most common chemical reactions applied in wood modification. CA contains three carboxyl groups, making it possible to attain at least two esterification reactions that are required for crosslinking when reacting with the hydroxyl groups of the cell wall polymers. In addition, the reaction could form ester linkages to bring adhesivity and good bonding characteristics, and therefore CA could be used as wood binder too. This paper presents a review concerning the usage of CA as a wood modifying agent and binder. For wood modification, the reaction mechanism between wood and CA and the pros and cons of using CA are discussed. CA and its combination with various reactants and their respective optimum parameters are also compiled in this paper. As for the major wood bonding component, the bonding mechanism and types of wood composites bonded with CA are presented. The best working conditions for the CA in the fabrication of wood-based panels are discussed. In addition, the environmental impacts and future outlook of CA-treated wood and bonded composite are also considered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  8. Fulltext Correlation Between Composition and Electrodynamics Properties in Nanocomposites Based on Hard/Soft Ferrimagnetics with Strong Exchange Coupling
    Almessiere MA, Trukhanov AV, Slimani Y, You KY, Trukhanov SV, Trukhanova EL, et al.
    Nanomaterials (Basel), 2019 Feb 04;9(2).
    PMID: 30720737 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020202
    In this work, Sr0.3Ba0.4Pb0.3Fe12O19/(CuFe₂O₄)x (x = 2, 3, 4, and 5) as strongly exchange-coupled nanosized ferrites were fabricated using a one-pot sol⁻gel combustion method (citrate sol-gel method). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) powder patterns of the products confirmed the occurrence of pure, exchange-coupled ferrites. Frequency dependencies of the microwave characteristics (MW) were investigated using a co-axial method. The non-linear behavior of the MW with the composition transformation may be due to different degrees of Fe ion oxidation on the spinel/hexaferrite grain boundaries and strong exchange coupling during the hard and soft phases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  9. Fulltext Partial purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from Chinese parsley (Coriandrum sativum)
    Lin H, Ng AWR, Wong CW
    Food Sci Biotechnol, 2016;25(Suppl 1):91-96.
    PMID: 30263491 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0103-x
    Purification and characterization of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from Chinese parsley (Coriandrum sativum) were achieved. Crude PPO exhibited an enzyme activity of 1,952.24 EU/mL. PPO was partially purified up to 6.52x with a 10.89% yield using gel filtration chromatography. Maximal PPO activity was found at 35°C, pH 8.0 for 4-methylcatechol and at 40°C, pH 7.0 for catechol. PPO showed a higher affinity towards 4-methylcatechol, but a higher thermal stability when reacting with catechol. LCysteine was a better inhibitor than citric acid for reducing PPO activity at concentrations of 1 and 3mM in the presence of either substrate. Two 46 kDa isoenzymes were identified using SDS-PAGE. Isolation and characterization of Chinese parsley serves as a guideline for prediction of enzyme behavior leading to effective prevention of enzymatic browning during processing and storage, including inhibition and inactivation of PPO.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  10. Fulltext Browning metabolism and quality of fresh-cut drumstick (Moringa oleifera) as influenced by acidulant treatments
    Siddiqui MW, Homa F, Nayyer MA, Ghatak A, Yousuf B, Aftab MA, et al.
    J Food Sci Technol, 2020 Jun;57(6):2010-2016.
    PMID: 32431327 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04233-3
    Though fresh-cut products save our time, but they are very much prone to enzymatic browning that drastically affects product's quality and marketability. Drumstick pods are considered as super food due to high nutritional contents. However, the fresh-cut pods are prone to brown discoloration. The enzyme activities promote the softening and cut-surface browning of pods, thus deteriorates their texture, decreases consumer appeal and shortens the shelf life. So, we aimed to assess the effect of citric (1%) and ascorbic (1%) acid treatments on quality attributes of fresh-cut drumsticks at 3-d interval during storage (5 ± 1 °C). In general there was an increase in lignin and quinone contents, while phenolic content was decreased during storage. However, samples subjected to ascorbic acid dip had higher phenolic content, lower rate of lignin formation, and reduced membrane permeability. Enzyme activities (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) were found to increase during storage, however, samples treated with ascorbic acid showed lower activities than that of the control and citric acid treated samples. The reduced enzyme activities resulted in the reduced browning incidence and maintained the quality. Therefore, postharvest dip of fresh-cut drumstick in to ascorbic acid (1%) could be suggested to increase the shelf life with reduced browning during low temperature storage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  11. Fulltext The effect of water and citric acid on sago starch bio-plastics
    Zuraida, A., Yusliza, Y., Anuar, H., Mohd Khairul Muhaimin, R.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):715-719.
    MyJurnal
    Starch is a biodegradable polymer produced in abundance from many renewable resources. This study examined the influence of citric acid (0-40% w/wt%) ) and water (0-40% w/wt%) as secondary additive and glycerol as plasticizer on the mechanical properties of bio-plastic starch (BPS) from Malaysian sago. The CA content varies from 0 to 40 w/wt% while water was also varied from 0 to 40 w/wt%. FT-IR spectroscopy showed that acid citric improve the properties of BPS and water give negative effects to the carbon hydrogenbond. It is obvious that the addition of the CA at 30 wt/wt% improve the mechanical property of BPS to more than 40% compare to the addition of water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  12. Fulltext The potential of artificial neural network (ANN) in optimizing media constituents of citric acid production by solid state bioconversion
    Ricca, R.N., Jami, Mohammed Saedi, Alam, Md. Zahangir
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):491-497.
    MyJurnal
    This work aims at optimizing the media constituents for citric acid production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) as renewable resource using artificial neural networks (ANN) approach. The bioconversion process was done through solid state bioconversion using Aspergillus niger. ANN model was built using MATLAB software. A dataset consists of 20 runs from our previous work was used to develop ANN. The predictive and generalization ability of ANN and the results of RSM were compared. The determination coefficients (R2-value) for ANN and RSM models were 0.997 and 0.985, respectively, indicating the superiority of ANN in capturing the non-linear behavior of the system. Validation process was done and the maximum citric acid production (147.74 g/kg-EFB) was achieved using the optimal solution from ANN which consists of 6.1% sucrose, 9.2% mineral solution and 15.0% inoculum.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  13. Fulltext Enhancing Photocurrent Performance Based on Photoanode Thickness and Surface Plasmon Resonance Using Ag-TiO2 Nanocomposites in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
    Lokman MQ, Shafie S, Shaban S, Ahmad F, Jaafar H, Mohd Rosnan R, et al.
    Materials (Basel), 2019 Jun 30;12(13).
    PMID: 31262020 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132111
    This study investigated the different thicknesses of TiO2 photoanode films and the effect of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag-TiO2 nanocomposites on the current-voltage (I-V) performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The TiO2 layer was deposited using the doctor blade technique and the thickness of the TiO2 films was controlled by using a different number of Scotch tape layers. The silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were synthesised using a chemical reduction method and the concentration of sodium citrate as a reducing agent was varied from 4 to 12 mM to study the effect of citrate ion on the size of the nanoparticles. Ag-TiO2 nanopowder was prepared by adding pure anatase TiO2 powder into AgNP colloidal solution. The mixture was left to dry for 24 h to obtain Ag-TiO2 powder for paste preparation. The three-layer Scotch tape, with thickness of 14.38 µm, achieved a high efficiency of 4.14%. This results showed that three layers was the optimal thickness to improve dye loading and to reduce the charge recombination rate. As for the Ag-TiO2 nanocomposites, 10 mM of AgNP, with a mean diameter of 65.23 nm and high efficiency of 6.92%, proved that SPR can enhance the absorption capability of dye and improve the photon-to-electron generation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid
  14. Fulltext NIR spectroscopic properties of aqueous acids solutions
    Omar AF, Atan H, Matjafri MZ
    Molecules, 2012 Jun 15;17(6):7440-50.
    PMID: 22706373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17067440
    Acid content is one of the important quality attributes in determining the maturity index of agricultural product, particularly fruits. Despite the fact that much research on the measurement of acidity in fruits through non-destructive spectroscopy analysis at NIR wavelengths between 700 to 1,000 nm has been conducted, the same response towards individual acids is not well known. This paper presents NIR spectroscopy analysis on aqueous citric, tartaric, malic and oxalic solutions through quantitative analysis by selecting a set of wavelengths that can best be used to measure the pH of the solutions. The aquaphotomics study of the acid solutions has generated R² above 0.9 for the measurement of all acids. The most important wavelengths for pH are located at 918-925 nm and 990-996 nm, while at 975 nm for water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/chemistry
  15. Citric acid modified kenaf core fibres for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution
    Sajab MS, Chia CH, Zakaria S, Jani SM, Ayob MK, Chee KL, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2011 Aug;102(15):7237-43.
    PMID: 21620692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.05.011
    Chemically modified kenaf core fibres were prepared via esterification in the presence of citric acid (CA). The adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out under different conditions to examine the adsorption efficiency of CA-treated kenaf core fibres towards methylene blue (MB). The adsorption capacity of the kenaf core fibres increased significantly after the citric acid treatment. The values of the correlation coefficients indicated that the Langmuir isotherm fitted the experimental data better than the Freundlich isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of the CA-treated kenaf core fibres was found to be 131.6mg/g at 60°C. Kinetic models, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion, were employed to describe the adsorption mechanism. The kinetic data were found to fit pseudo-second-order model equation as compared to pseudo-first-order model. The adsorption of MB onto the CA-treated kenaf core fibres was spontaneous and endothermic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/chemistry*
  16. Improvement of production of citric acid from oil palm empty fruit bunches: optimization of media by statistical experimental designs
    Bari MN, Alam MZ, Muyibi SA, Jamal P, Abdullah-Al-Mamun
    Bioresour Technol, 2009 Jun;100(12):3113-20.
    PMID: 19231166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.005
    A sequential optimization based on statistical design and one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was employed to optimize the media constituents for the improvement of citric acid production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) through solid state bioconversion using Aspergillus niger IBO-103MNB. The results obtained from the Plackett-Burman design indicated that the co-substrate (sucrose), stimulator (methanol) and minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn and Mg) were found to be the major factors for further optimization. Based on the OFAT method, the selected medium constituents and inoculum concentration were optimized by the central composite design (CCD) under the response surface methodology (RSM). The statistical analysis showed that the optimum media containing 6.4% (w/w) of sucrose, 9% (v/w) of minerals and 15.5% (v/w) of inoculum gave the maximum production of citric acid (337.94 g/kg of dry EFB). The analysis showed that sucrose (p<0.0011) and mineral solution (p<0.0061) were more significant compared to inoculum concentration (p<0.0127) for the citric acid production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/metabolism*
  17. Fulltext A comparative effect of various surface chemical treatments on the resin composite-composite repair bond strength
    Gupta S, Parolia A, Jain A, Kundabala M, Mohan M, de Moraes Porto IC
    J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 2015 Jul-Sep;33(3):245-9.
    PMID: 26156281 DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.160402
    The aim of this in vitro study was an attempt to investigate the effect of different surface treatments on the bond strength between pre-existing composite and repair composite resin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/chemistry
  18. Fulltext Effect of Reducing Agent on Solution Synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3 Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
    Yaghtin A, Masoudpanah SM, Hasheminiasari M, Salehi A, Safanama D, Ong CK, et al.
    Molecules, 2020 Aug 17;25(16).
    PMID: 32824503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163746
    In this study, Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) powders are prepared by a solution synthesis method. The effects of two reducing agents on crystal structure and morphology and electrochemical properties are investigated. Preliminary studies on reducing agents such as oxalic acid and citric acid, are used to reduce the vanadium (V) precursor. The oxalic acid-assisted synthesis induces smaller particles (30 nm) compared with the citric acid-assisted synthesis (70 nm). The LVP powders obtained by the oxalic acid exhibit a higher specific capacity (124 mAh g-1 at 1C) and better cycling performance (122 mAh g-1 following 50 cycles at 1C rate) than those for the citric acid. This is due to their higher electronic conductivity caused by carbon coating and downsizing the particles. The charge-discharge plateaus obtained from cyclic voltammetry are in good agreement with galvanostatic cycling profiles.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/chemistry*
  19. Averrhoa bilimbi pectin-based edible films: Effects of the linearity and branching of the pectin on the physicochemical, mechanical, and barrier properties of the films
    Shafie MH, Yusof R, Samsudin D, Gan CY
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Nov 15;163:1276-1282.
    PMID: 32673725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.109
    The potential of Averrhoa bilimbi pectin (ABP) as a source of biopolymer for edible film (EF) production was explored, and deep eutectic solvent (DES) (1% w/w) containing choline chloride-citric acid monohydrate at a molar ratio of 1:1 was used as the plasticizer. The EF-ABP3:1, which was produced from ABP with large branch size, showed a higher value of melting temperature (175.30 °C), tensile stress (7.32 MPa) and modulus (33.64 MPa). The EF-ABP3:1 also showed better barrier properties by obtaining the lowest water vapor transmission rates (1.10-1.18 mg/m2.s) and moisture absorption values (2.61-32.13%) depending on the relative humidity compared to other EF-ABPs (1.39-1.83 mg/m2.s and 3.48-51.50%, respectively) that have linear structure with smaller branch size. From these results, it was suggested that the galacturonic acid content, molecular weight, degree of esterification and pectin structure of ABP significantly influenced the properties of EFs. The interaction of highly branched pectin chains was stronger than the linear chains, thus reduced the effect of plasticizer and produced a mechanically stronger EF with better barrier properties. Hence, it was suggested that these EFs could be used as alternative degradable packaging/coating materials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/chemistry
  20. Optimization of Pectin Extraction from Sweet Potato Peels Using Citric Acid and its Emulsifying Properties
    Hamidon NH, Abang Zaidel DN, Mohd Jusoh YM
    Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric, 2020;11(3):202-210.
    PMID: 32031081 DOI: 10.2174/2212798411666200207102051
    BACKGROUND: Pectin is a natural polysaccharide that has been used widely as a stabilizer in food emulsion system.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to optimize the yield of pectin extracted from sweet potato residue and investigate its emulsifying properties.

    METHODS: Response surface methodology (RSM) has been utilized to investigate the pectin extracted from sweet potato peels using citric acid as the extracting solvent. Investigation of the effect of different extraction conditions namely temperature (°C), time (min) and solution pH on pectin yield (%) were conducted. A Box-Benhken design with three levels of variation was used to optimize the extraction conditions.

    RESULTS: The optimal conditions determined were temperature 76°C, time 64 min and pH 1.2 with 65.2% yield of pectin. The degree of esterification (DE) of the sweet potato pectin was determined using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The pectin is high-methoxyl pectin with DE of 58.5%. Emulsifying properties of sweet potato pectin were investigated by measuring the zeta-potential, particle size and creaming index with addition of 0.4 and 1.0 wt % pectin to the emulsion.

    CONCLUSION: Extraction using citric acid could improve the pectin yield. Improved emulsion stability was observed with the addition of the sweet potato pectin.

    Matched MeSH terms: Citric Acid/chemistry
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