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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist (pioglitazone) with exogenous adiponectin ameliorates arterial stiffness and oxidative stress in diabetic Wistar Kyoto rats

Afzal S, Sattar MA, Johns EJ, Eseyin OA

Eur J Pharmacol, 2021 Sep 15;907:174218.
PMID: 34111396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174218

Oxidative stress causes hypoadiponectemia and reactive oxygen species production. This study investigates the pathophysiological role and potential effects of adiponectin with partial and full peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists on modulation of metabolic dysregulation and oxidative stress in diabetic model of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Forty two male WKY rats were randomized equally into 7 groups (n = 6), Group I serve as control, group II as WKY diabetic control, groups III, IV and V treated with irbesartan (30 mg/kg), pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) and adiponectin (2.5 μg/kg), groups VI and VII were co-treated as: irbesartan + adiponectin, pioglitazone + adiponectin, respectively. Streptozotocin @ 40 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. Plasma adiponectin, metabolic indices, pulse wave velocity, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymatic activities were measured. Streptozotocin induced WKYs expressed hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypoadiponectemia, increased arterial stiffness and decreased antioxidant enzymatic levels (P<0.05). Treatment with adiponectin or pioglitazone alone showed improvements in metabolic indices, antioxidant enzymes, and abrogated arterial stiffness, attenuated generation of reactive oxygen species and dyslipidaemic effects of streptozotocin better as compared to irbesartan sets of treatment (all P<0.05). Co-treatment of adiponectin with pioglitazone significantly amplified the improvement in plasma triglycerides, adiponectin concentration, pulse wave velocity and antioxidant enzymatic activities indicating synergistic effects of adiponectin with full PPAR-γ agonist.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
Two new xanthones from Artocarpus obtusus

Hashim N, Rahmani M, Sukari MA, Ali AM, Alitheen NB, Go R, et al.

J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2010 Feb;12(2):106-12.
PMID: 20390751 DOI: 10.1080/10286020903450411

Two new xanthones, pyranocycloartobiloxanthone A (1) and dihydroartoindonesianin C (2), were isolated from the stem bark of Artocarpus obtusus Jarrett by chromatographic separation. Their structures were determined by using spectroscopic methods and comparison with known related compounds. Pyranocycloartobiloxanthone A (1) showed strong free radical scavenging activity by using DPPH assay as well as cytotoxicity towards K562, HL-60, and MCF7 cell lines.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
Antioxidant compounds from the stem bark of Garcinia atroviridis

Tan WN, Khairuddean M, Wong KC, Tong WY, Ibrahim D

J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2016 Aug;18(8):804-11.
PMID: 26999039 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1160071

A new xanthone, namely garcinexanthone G (1), along with eight known compounds, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (2), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-O-β-glucopyranoside (3), 3β-acetoxy-11α,12α-epoxyoleanan-28,13β-olide (4), 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (5), 1,3,5-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone (6), 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone (7), kaempferol (8) and quercetin (9), were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia atroviridis. Their structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-1D and 2D), UV, IR, and mass spectrometry. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant properties based on the DPPH radical scavenging activities. Results showed that 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone and quercetin showed significant antioxidant activities with EC50 values of 16.20 and 12.68 μg/ml, respectively, as compared to the control, ascorbic acid (7.4 μg/ml).

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
DPPH free radical scavenger components from the fruits of Alpinia rafflesiana Wall. ex. Bak. (Zingiberaceae)

Mohamad H, Abas F, Permana D, Lajis NH, Ali AM, Sukari MA, et al.

Z Naturforsch C J Biosci, 2005 1 26;59(11-12):811-5.
PMID: 15666539

The methanol extract of the dried ripe fruits of Alpinia rafflesiana was investigated for its DPPH free radical scavenger constituents. 2',3',4',6'-Tetrahydroxychalcone (7), which has never been isolated from natural sources was found to be most active as a DPPH free radical scavenger with the IC50 value of 55 microM. Other known compounds isolated from this species include 5,6-dehydrokawain (1), flavokawin B (2). 1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-6-hepten-3-one (3), (-)-pinocembrin (4), cardamonin (5) and (-)-pinostrobin (6). The DPPH free radical scavenger compounds were detected using TLC autographic analysis. The percentage inhibition of DPPH free radical scavenging activity was measured on isolates (5-7) using colorimetric analysis.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology*
Fulltext Quorum Sensing Inhibitory Activity of Giganteone A from Myristica cinnamomea King against Escherichia coli Biosensors

Sivasothy Y, Krishnan T, Chan KG, Abdul Wahab SM, Othman MA, Litaudon M, et al.

Molecules, 2016 Mar 21;21(3):391.
PMID: 27102164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030391

Malabaricones A-C (1-3) and giganteone A (4) were isolated from the bark of Myristica cinnamomea King. Their structures were elucidated and characterized by means of NMR and MS spectral analyses. These isolates were evaluated for their anti-quorum sensing activity using quorum sensing biosensors, namely Escherichia coli [pSB401] and Escherichia coli [pSB1075], whereby the potential of giganteone A (4) as a suitable anti-quorum sensing agent was demonstrated.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology*
Fulltext Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Various Solvent Extracts from In Vivo and In Vitro Grown Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover)

Khorasani Esmaeili A, Mat Taha R, Mohajer S, Banisalam B

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:643285.
PMID: 26064936 DOI: 10.1155/2015/643285

In the present study the extracts of in vivo and in vitro grown plants as well as callus tissue of red clover were tested for their antioxidant activities, using different extraction solvent and different antioxidant assays. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents as well as extraction yield of the extracts were also investigated to determine their correlation with the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Among all the tested extracts the highest amounts of total phenolic and total flavonoids content were found in methanol extract of in vivo grown plants. The antioxidant activity of tested samples followed the order in vivo plant extract > callus extract > in vitro extract. The highest reducing power, 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and chelating power were found in methanol extracts of in vivo grown red clover, while the chloroform fraction of in vivo grown plants showed the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging compared to the other tested extracts. A significant correlation was found between the antioxidant activity of extracts and their total phenolic and total flavonoid content. According to the findings, the extract of in vitro culture of red clover especially the callus tissue possesses a comparable antioxidant activity to the in vivo cultured plants' extract.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors Promote Cell Cycle Arrest and Disrupt Mitochondria Bioenergetics in Ramos Cells

Kadir MFA, Othman S, Nellore K

Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2020;21(15):1654-1665.
PMID: 32525770 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200611113734

BACKGROUND: The re-emerging of targeting Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) in cancer treatment particularly Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) has corroborated the substantial role of DHODH in cancer and received the attention of many pharmaceutical industries.
OBJECTIVE: The effects of Brequinar Sodium (BQR) and 4SC-101 on lymphoblastoid cell lines were investigated.
METHODS: DHODH expression and cell proliferation inhibition of lymphoblastoid and lymphoma cell lines were analyzed using Western blot analysis and XTT assay, respectively. JC-1 probe and ATP biochemiluminescence kit were used to evaluate the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP generation in these cell lines. Furthermore, we explored the cell cycle progression using Muse™ Cell Cycle Kit.
RESULTS: Ramos, SUDHL-1 and RPMI-1788 cells are fast-growing cells with equal expression of DHODH enzyme and sensitivity to DHODH inhibitors that showed that the inhibition of DHODH was not cancer-specific. In ATP depletion assay, the non-cancerous RPMI-1788 cells showed only a minor ATP reduction compared to Ramos and SUDHL-1 (cancer) cells. In the mechanistic impact of DHODH inhibitors on non-cancerous vs cancerous cells, the mitochondrial membrane potential assay revealed that significant depolarization and cytochrome c release occurred with DHODH inhibitors treatment in Ramos but not in the RPMI-1788 cells, indicating a different mechanism of proliferation inhibition in normal cells.
CONCLUSION: The findings of this study provide evidence that DHODH inhibitors perturb the proliferation of non-cancerous cells via a distinct mechanism compared to cancerous cells. These results may lead to strategies for overcoming the impact on non-cancerous cells during treatment with DHODH inhibitors, leading to a better therapeutic window in patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology*
Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from the bark of Litsea costalis

Hosseinzadeh M, Mohamad J, Khalilzadeh MA, Zardoost MR, Haak J, Rajabi M

J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 2013 Nov 5;128:85-91.
PMID: 24077497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.08.002

The bark of Litsea costalis affords two new compounds named 4,4'-diallyl-5,5'-dimethoxy-[1,1'-biphennyl]-2,2'-diol, biseugenol A (1) and 2,2'-oxybis (4-allyl-1-methoxybenzene), biseugenol B (2) along with two known compounds (3-4), namely 5-methoxy-2-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde (3), and (E)-4-styrylphenol (4). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined using 1D and 2D NMR data. Also, the IR and NMR data were combined with quantum chemical calculations in the DFT approach using the hybrid B3LYP exchange-correlation function to confirm the structures of the compounds. Compounds showed fairly potent anticancer activity against cell lines and antioxidant (DPPH).

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology*
Interaction between irbesartan, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ), and adiponectin in the regulation of blood pressure and renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Afzal S, Sattar MA, Johns EJ, Abdulla MH, Akhtar S, Hashmi F, et al.

J Physiol Biochem, 2016 Dec;72(4):593-604.
PMID: 27405250

Adiponectin exerts vasodilatory effects. Irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, possesses partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist activity and increases circulating adiponectin. This study explored the effect of irbesartan alone and in combination with adiponectin on blood pressure, renal hemodynamic excretory function, and vasoactive responses to angiotensin II and adrenergic agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Irbesartan was given orally (30 mg/kg/day) for 28 days and adiponectin intraperitoneally (2.5 μg/kg/day) for last 7 days. Groups of SHR received either irbesartan or adiponectin or in combination. A group of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) served as controls. Metabolic data and plasma samples were taken on days 0, 21, and 28. In acute studies, the renal vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II (ANGII), noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), and methoxamine (ME) were determined. SHR control rats had a higher mean blood pressure than the WKY (132 ± 7 vs. 98 ± 2 mmHg), lower plasma and urinary adiponectin, creatinine clearance, urine flow rate and sodium excretion, and oxidative stress markers compared to WKY (all P

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology*
Identification of novel extracellular protein for PCB/biphenyl metabolism in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1

Atago Y, Shimodaira J, Araki N, Bin Othman N, Zakaria Z, Fukuda M, et al.

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2016 May;80(5):1012-9.
PMID: 26828632 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1127134

Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 (RHA1) degrades polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) via co-metabolism with biphenyl. To identify the novel open reading frames (ORFs) that contribute to PCB/biphenyl metabolism in RHA1, we compared chromatin immunoprecipitation chip and transcriptomic data. Six novel ORFs involved in PCB/biphenyl metabolism were identified. Gene deletion mutants of these 6 ORFs were made and were tested for their ability to grow on biphenyl. Interestingly, only the ro10225 deletion mutant showed deficient growth on biphenyl. Analysis of Ro10225 protein function showed that growth of the ro10225 deletion mutant on biphenyl was recovered when exogenous recombinant Ro10225 protein was added to the culture medium. Although Ro10225 protein has no putative secretion signal sequence, partially degraded Ro10225 protein was detected in conditioned medium from wild-type RHA1 grown on biphenyl. This Ro10225 fragment appeared to form a complex with another PCB/biphenyl oxidation enzyme. These results indicated that Ro10225 protein is essential for the formation of the PCB/biphenyl dioxygenase complex in RHA1.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology
HPTLC based approach for bioassay-guided evaluation of antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects of eight essential oils of the Lamiaceae family plants

Romero Rocamora C, Ramasamy K, Meng Lim S, Majeed ABA, Agatonovic-Kustrin S

J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2020 Jan 30;178:112909.
PMID: 31618702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112909

A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method combined with effect-directed-analysis (EDA) was developed to screen the antioxidant, neuroprotective and antidiabetic effects in essential oils derived from lavender flower, lemon myrtle, oregano, peppermint, sage, and rosemary leaves (Lamiaceae family). HPTLC hyphenated with microchemical (DPPH•, p-anisaldehyde, and ferric chloride) derivatizations, was used to evaluate antioxidant activity, presence of phytosterols and terpenoids, and polyphenolic content, while the combination with biochemical (α-amylase and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) enzymatic) derivatizations was used to asses α-amylase and AChE inhibitory activities. The superior antioxidant activity of oregano leaf extract is attributed to the presence of high levels of aromatic compounds, like polyphenolic acids. The strongest α-amylase inhibition was observed in lemon myrtle and rosemary plus extracts due to the presence of monoterpenes. Rosemary and sage extracts exhibit the highest AChE inhibition activity, with 1 μL essential oils being more potent than the recommended daily dose of donepezil. This superior neuroprotection was attributed to the presences of di- and triterpenes that displayed strong AChE inhibition and antioxidant potential in DPPH• free radical assay. Antioxidant activity was related to phenolic content (R = 0.49), while α-amylase inhibitory activity was positively related to antioxidant activity (R = 0.20) and terpenoid/sterol content (R = 0.31). AChE inhibitory activity was correlated (R = 0.80) to the combined effect of phenolics and terpenoids. Thus, the superior AChE inhibitory and neuroprotection potential of rosemary and sage essential oils could be attributed to joint effects of main phenolic and terpene constituents. The hyphenated HPTLC method provided rapid bioanalytical profiling of highly complex essential oil samples.

Matched MeSH terms: Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology