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Fulltext Viruses and cancer

Yasmin AM

Med J Malaysia, 1997 Jun;52(2):105-7.
PMID: 10968066
Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology; Liver Neoplasms/etiology; Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Prevalence of cancers of female organs among patients with diabetes type 2 in Kelantan, Malaysia: Observations over an 11 year period and strategies to reduce the incidence

Jalil NA, Zin AA, Othman NH

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015;16(16):7267-70.
PMID: 26514522

INTRODUCTION: Kelantan is one of the states in Malaysia which has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (DM2). Other than with endometrial carcinoma, the association of DM2 with particular female cancers is not known.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of breast, cervical, ovarian and endometrial cancers among females with DM2 diagnosed in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) over an 11 year period.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: All histologically confirmed cases of breast, endometrial, cervical and ovarian carcinomas admitted to the Hospital were included in the study. The patient diabetic status was traced from the hospital medical records.
RESULTS: There was a total of 860 cases of breast, cervical, ovarian and endometrial carcinomas over this period. Breast carcinoma was the commonest, accounting for 437/860 (50.8%) followed by cervix, 159/860 (18.5%), ovarian, 143/860 (16.6%) and endometrial carcinomas, 121/860 (14.1%). Out of these, 228/860 (26.5%) were confirmed diabetics. Endometrial carcinoma patients showed the highest proportion being diabetics, 42.1% (51/121), followed by ovarian cancer, 25.9% (37/143), breast carcinoma, 23.6% (103/437) and cervical cancer 23.3% (37/159).
CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant proportion of DM2 among women with these four cancers, endometrial carcinoma being the highest followed by ovarian, breast and cervical carcinoma. The rising trend of these four cancers is in tandem with an increasing trend of DM2 in the community. In populations where diabetes is prevalent, screening for epithelial cancers should be rigourous. Diabetic clinics should include screening for these cancers among their female patients and gynecology clinics should screen the women they treat for their diabetes status.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/etiology; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology; Ovarian Neoplasms/etiology; Endometrial Neoplasms/etiology
a case with massive metastases to bone and soft tissues of arm

Lopez CG, Ganesan S, Dutt AK, Omar bin Din

Med J Malaya, 1969 Dec;24(2):154-7.
PMID: 4244143
Matched MeSH terms: Bone Neoplasms/etiology*
Healthy eating index and breast cancer risk among Malaysian women

Shahril MR, Sulaiman S, Shaharudin SH, Akmal SN

Eur J Cancer Prev, 2013 Jul;22(4):342-7.
PMID: 23702680 DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e32835b37f9

Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005), an index-based dietary pattern, has been shown to predict the risk of chronic diseases among Americans. This study aims to examine the ability of HEI-2005 in predicting the probability for risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer among Malaysian women. Data from a case-control nutritional epidemiology study among 764 participants including 382 breast cancer cases and 382 healthy women were extracted and scored. Multivariate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the relationship between the risk of breast cancer and quartiles (Q) of HEI-2005 total scores and its component, whereas the risk prediction ability of HEI-2005 was investigated using diagnostics analysis. The results of this study showed that there is a significant reduction in the risk of breast cancer, with a higher HEI-2005 total score among premenopausal women (OR Q1 vs. Q4=0.34, 95% CI; 0.15-0.76) and postmenopausal women (OR Q1 vs. Q4=0.20, 95% CI; 0.06-0.63). However, HEI-2005 has a sensitivity of 56-60%, a specificity of 55-60%, and a positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 57-58%, which indicates a moderate ability to predict the risk of breast cancer according to menopausal status. The breast cancer incidence observed poorly agrees with risk outcomes from HEI-2005 as shown by low κ statistics (κ=0.15). In conclusion, although the total HEI-2005 scores were associated with a risk of breast cancer among Malaysian women, the ability of HEI-2005 to predict risk is poor as indicated by the diagnostic analysis. A local index-based dietary pattern, which is disease specific, is required to predict the risk of breast cancer among Malaysian women for early prevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/etiology*
Oral carcinoma. A review of the etiological factors and a preventive programme

Omar-Ahmad U, Ramanathan K

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):172-81.
PMID: 4234351
Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Dietary patterns and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of cohort studies (2000-2011)

Yusof AS, Isa ZM, Shah SA

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(9):4713-7.
PMID: 23167408

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review of cohort studies aimed to identify any association between specific dietary patterns and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Dietary patterns involve complex interactions of food and nutrients summarizing the total diet or key aspects of the diet for a population under study.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: This review involves 6 cohort studies of dietary patterns and their association with colorectal cancer. An exploratory or a posteriori approach and a hypothesis-oriented or a priori approach were employed to identify dietary patterns.

RESULTS: The dietary pattern identified to be protective against CRC was healthy, prudent, fruits and vegetables, fat reduced/diet foods, vegetables/fish/poultry, fruit/wholegrain/dairy, healthy eating index 2005, alternate healthy eating index, Mediterranean score and recommended food score. An elevated risk of CRC was associated with Western diet, pork processed meat, potatoes, traditional meat eating, and refined grain pattern.

CONCLUSION: The Western dietary pattern which mainly consists of red and processed meat and refined grains is associated with an elevated risk of development of CRC. Protective factors against CRC include a healthy or prudent diet, consisting of vegetables, fruits, fish and poultry.

Matched MeSH terms: Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Exploring the link between human papilloma virus and oral and oropharyngeal cancers

Khode SR, Dwivedi RC, Rhys-Evans P, Kazi R

J Cancer Res Ther, 2014 Jul-Sep;10(3):492-8.
PMID: 25313727 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.138213

Squamous cell carcinoma involving the oral cavity (OC) and oropharynx regions are a major cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. The recent discovery of a strong association between human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and OC and oropharyngeal (OP) cancer has prompted world-wide research into the exact etiology and pathogenesis of these cancers in relation to the HPV. HPV-positive OC/OP cancers generally present at a relatively advanced stage (by virtue of cervical nodal involvement) and are more commonly seen in younger patients without significant exposure to alcohol or tobacco. These factors are implicated in prognosis, regardless of HPV association. In this article, we review the biology and epidemiology, risk factors, association, molecular analyses, treatment response and prognosis of HPV-related cancers. Role of HPV vaccination in HPV-related OC/OP cancers has also been discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms/etiology*; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Kimura's disease: an unusual cause of cervical tumor

Asma A, Maizaton AA

Med J Malaysia, 2005 Aug;60(3):373-6.
PMID: 16379197

Kimura's disease (KD) is an angiolymphoid proliferative disease of soft tissue with peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E. The treatment options range from conservative observation for the asymptomatic patient to surgical excision, steroid therapy and radiotherapy for symptomatic patients. Surgical excision is the most common diagnostic measure and is the treatment of choice. A case of KD in a 13-year-old Malay girl is presented. Clinically there was painless right jugular digastric mass measuring 3cm by 3cm. Her blood investigation showed pronounced eosinophilia. She underwent excision biopsy uneventfully. The biopsy from the swelling showed reactive follicular hyperplasic with prominent eosinophilia. There was no evidence of malignant change. Postoperatively after 3 years follow up, she was asymptomatic and no signs of tumor recurrence.

Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/etiology*; Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Choledochal cyst and cholangiocarcinoma

Yeoh NT, Somasundaram K, Alhady SF, Paramsothy M

Med J Malaysia, 1986 Dec;41(4):365-9.
PMID: 2823084

Carcinoma of the biliary tract is a rare complication of choledochal cysts. Furthermore, the greater predisposition of the cyst wall to neoplastic change has been cited as additional justification for cyst excision rather than on-site internal drainage as the primary choice of operation. The report concerns a patient who developed cholangiocarcinoma despite excision of a choledochal cyst and presented with symptoms of biliary obstruction within one year of the operation. Although this is a rare complication, the need for careful long-term follow-up is supported by this observation.

Matched MeSH terms: Bile Duct Neoplasms/etiology*; Liver Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Breast cancer research in Asia: adopt or adapt Western knowledge?

Bhoo-Pathy N, Yip CH, Hartman M, Uiterwaal CS, Devi BC, Peeters PH, et al.

Eur J Cancer, 2013 Feb;49(3):703-9.
PMID: 23040889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.09.014

The incidence and mortality of breast cancer continues to rise rapidly in Asian countries. However, most of our current knowledge on breast cancer has been generated in Western populations. As the socio-economic profile, life style and culture of Asian and Western women are substantially different, and genetic backgrounds vary to some extent, we need to answer the question on whether to 'adopt' or 'adapt' Western knowledge before applying it in the Asian setting. It is generally accepted that breast cancer risk factors, which have mainly been studied in Western populations are similar worldwide. However, the presence of gene-environment or gene-gene interactions may alter their importance as causal factors across populations. Diagnostic and prognostic study findings, including breast cancer prediction rules, are increasingly shown to be 'setting specific' and must therefore be validated in Asian women before implementing them in clinical care in Asia. Interventional research findings from Caucasian patients may not be applicable in patients in Asia due to differences in tumour biology/profiles, metabolism of drugs and also health beliefs which can influence treatment acceptance and adherence. While breast cancer research in Asia is warranted in all domains of medical research, it is felt that for Asian breast cancer patients, needs are highest for diagnostic and prognostic studies. International clinical trials meanwhile need to include breast cancer patients from various Asian settings to provide an insight into the effectiveness of new treatment modalities in this part of the world.

Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Patterns of differentiated thyroid cancer in Baluchistan Province of Pakistan: some initial observations

Iftikhar A, Naseeb AK, Khwaja A, Mati H, Karim K, Hameeda N

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Oct;66(4):322-5.
PMID: 22299551

The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing in several countries. The main objective of this retrospective study was to find and describe province-specific estimates of incidence in males and females by age groups for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). This study reports on 87 cases of DTC from Baluchistan province of Pakistan treated with post operative radioiodine at the Center for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR) Quetta from January 2003 to December 2009. The patient data has been collected from CENAR Quetta. Patients with DTC were confirmed by clinical examination, thyroid scintigraphy (Thyroid scan), blood tests (T3, T4, TSH) and histopathalogy tests and then treated with radioiodine. The Median age of the patients was 35.5 years (Range 12-70 years). The final histological diagnosis was papillary carcinoma in 71 (81.6 %) cases, follicular carcinoma in 6 (6.9%) cases while 10 (11.5%) cases presented with mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma. About 53 % cases were found in females with age 21-40 years. No strike predominance was observed in any age group for males. Four patients presented with recurrence while six patients showed metastasis in cervical lymph nodes. The small annual incidence did not follow any definite pattern. DTC has a small incidence in Baluchistan due to lack of education and health care facilities. The incidence of DTC is higher in females when compared with males as per this study. This preliminary study will provide an insight to incidence of DTC, its treatment facilities and future planning strategies in Baluchistan, Pakistan.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Neoplasms/etiology
Fulltext Trilateral retinoblastoma

Limn YS, Juraida E, Alagaratnam J, Menon BS

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Jun;66(2):156-7.
PMID: 22106703 MyJurnal

Trilateral retinoblastoma is the association of hereditary bilateral or unilateral retinoblastoma with a pineal neuroblastic tumour. We describe two cases of trilateral retinoblastoma from a total of 141 cases of retinoblastoma seen over an 8.5 year period. Both had a fatal outcome, with survival times of only 4 and 8 months respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Retinal Neoplasms/etiology
Changing trends of prostate cancer in Asia

Pu YS, Chiang HS, Lin CC, Huang CY, Huang KH, Chen J

Aging Male, 2004 Jun;7(2):120-32.
PMID: 15672937

Although Asian people have the lowest incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in the world, these rates have risen rapidly in the past two decades in most Asian countries. Prostate cancer has become one of the leading male cancers in some Asian countries. In 2000, the age-adjusted incidence was over 10 per 100000 men in Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Israel. Although some of the increases may result from enhanced detection, much of the increased incidence may be associated with westernization of the lifestyle, with increasing obesity and increased consumption of fat. The differences in incidences between native Americans and Asian immigrants are getting smaller, reflecting a possible improvement of diagnostic efforts and changes of environmental risk factors in Asian immigrants. Nevertheless, the huge variations in incidences among ethnic groups imply that there are important genetic risk factors. The stage distributions of prostate cancer in Asian populations are still unfavorable compared to those of Western developed countries. However, a trend towards diagnosing cancer with more favorable prognosis is seen in most Asian countries. Both genetic and environmental risk factors responsible for elevated risks in Asian people are being identified, which may help to reduce prostate cancer incidence in a chemopreventive setting.

Matched MeSH terms: Prostatic Neoplasms/etiology
Diet and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Asia--a Systematic Review

Azeem S, Gillani SW, Siddiqui A, Jandrajupalli SB, Poh V, Syed Sulaiman SA

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015;16(13):5389-96.
PMID: 26225683

Diet is one of the major factors that can exert a majorly influence on colorectal cancer risk. This systematic review aimed to find correlations between various diet types, food or nutrients and colorectal cancer risk among Asian populations. Search limitations included Asian populations residing in Asia, being published from the year 2008 till present, and written in the English language. A total of 16 articles were included in this systematic review. We found that red meats, processed meats, preserved foods, saturated/animal fats, cholesterol, high sugar foods, spicy foods, tubers or refined carbohydrates have been found by most studies to have a positive association with colorectal cancer risk. Inversely, calcium/dairy foods, vitamin D, general vegetable/fruit/fiber consumption, cruciferous vegetables, soy bean/soy products, selenium, vitamins C,E and B12, lycophene, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, folic acid and many other vitamins and minerals play a protective role against colorectal cancer risk. Associations of fish and seafood consumption with colorectal cancer risk are still inconclusive due to many varying findings, and require further more detailed studies to pinpoint the actual correlation. There is either a positive or no association for total meat consumption or white meats, however their influence is not as strong as with red and processed meats.

Matched MeSH terms: Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology*
Human muscular sarcocystosis in Malaysia

Wong KT, Pathmanathan R

Trop Geogr Med, 1993;45(4):191.
PMID: 8236476
Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/etiology
Exposure to air pollution zones in a tropical city

Armstrong RW

Geogr Med, 1984;14:49-64.
PMID: 6207076
Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/etiology
Salted fish and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia

Armstrong RW, Eng AC

Soc Sci Med, 1983;17(20):1559-67.
PMID: 6635717 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(83)90100-4

The evidence for a hypothesis that eating salted fish is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is reviewed. The hypothesis was tested among Malaysian Chinese using a matched case-control design. The kinds of salted fish and patterns of use were also investigated in a control group comprising 100 Chinese, 50 Malay and 50 Indian households. During 1980, in Selangor, Malaysia, interviews with 100 Chinese cases of NPC and 100 non-disease controls indicated that salted fish consumption during childhood was a significant risk (relative risk = 3.0, P = 0.04), with an elevated risk for daily as opposed to less frequent consumption. Salted fish consumption during adolescence was a less significant risk, and current consumption not at all. There were 19 kinds of fishes reported as being eaten as salted fish by the 200 control households. There were marked differences between ethnic groups in preference for different kinds: Chinese preferred red snapper (74% of households), Malay jewfish (54%) and Indian red snapper (28%). Salted fish was hardly ever eaten daily by any household; weekly was a moderate frequency in all ethnic groups; less than weekly most common. There were no statistically significant differences between Chinese NPC case and non-disease control participants in kind of salted fish eaten. Results were the same when the data were analyzed by sex, subethnic group and income.

Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Pseudomyxoma peritonei--a case report

Ho CC

Med J Malaysia, 1980 Jun;34(4):375-8.
PMID: 7219267

A case of pseudomyxoma peritonei is reported. Pathogenesis, clinical features and modes of treatment are discussed. This patient appears to have responded to laparotomy, paracentesis and instillation of cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally.

Matched MeSH terms: Peritoneal Neoplasms/etiology*
Fulltext Preventing cancers

Arokiasamy JT

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Dec;38(4):261-5.
PMID: 6599979
Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/etiology
Fulltext Evaluation of Khat (Catha edulis) Use as a Risk Factor of Cancer: A Systematic Review

Chong ZX, Ho WY, Yan P, Alshagga MA

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Apr 01;21(4):881-895.
PMID: 32334447 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.4.881

BACKGROUND: Conducting systematic review to evaluate plant use as a risk factor to cancer could be challenging. A systematic and well-balanced method should be applied to accommodate in vivo and in vitro studies to make a final decision. In this article, khat, a recreational plant used in some Arabic and African regions, was employed as an example to systematically determine its relationships to the premalignant and cancerous conditions.
METHODS: Systematic database search was performed to recruit original human, animal or in vitro studies on khat and cancer. Sixteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and subjected to assessment using Risk of Bias (RoB). Office of Health and Translation (OHAT) approach was used to rate the confidence level in the body of evidence. The evidence was integrated to establish the relationships between khat, premalignant conditions and cancer.
RESULTS: Seven out of eight studies showed that khat causes premalignant oral lesions with moderate evidence level. Four studies showed that khat causes cancer with low evidence level and another three studies showed that khat has anti-cancer effect with moderate to high evidence level. Only one study suggested that khat is unrelated to cancer.
CONCLUSION: RoB and OHAT approach are reliable systematic tools to evaluate plant risk to cancer and provide objective and uniform summary regardless of the study type. In conclusion, our pooled analysis did not find a direct relationship between khat and cancer but anti-cancer effect would require to be proofed on human studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/etiology*

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