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  1. Determination of lead(ii), cadmium(ii) and copper(ii) in waste-water and soil extracts on mercury film screen-printed carbon electrodes sensor
    Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh, Tothill IE
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1153-1163.
    A sensor incorporating a three electrodes configuration have been fabricated using low cost screen-printing technology. These electrodes couples with Square Wave Stripping Voltammetry (SWSV) has provided a convenient screening tool for on-site detection of trace levels of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II). Modification of the graphite carbon surface based on in situ deposition of mercury film has been carried out. By appropriate choice of supporting medium and optimized parameters setting such as amount of mercury used the deposition potential, deposition time, frequency and scan rate, well resolved and reproducible response for Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) were obtained. The performance characteristics of the developed mercury film screen printed carbon electrode (MFSPCE) for 120 s deposition time showed that the linear range for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) were 10 to 200 μg L-1. The detection limit recorded for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) were 2, 1 and 5 μg L-1 with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.5%, 6.9% and 7.5%, respectively. Successful applications of the sensing device to waste-water and extracted soil samples were demonstrated.
  2. Carotenoid composition and antioxidant potential of Eucheuma denticulatum, Sargassum polycystum and Caulerpa lentillifera
    Balasubramaniam V, June Chelyn L, Vimala S, Mohd Fairulnizal MN, Brownlee IA, Amin I
    Heliyon, 2020 Aug;6(8):e04654.
    PMID: 32817893 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04654
    Three species of Malaysian edible seaweed (Eucheuma denticulatum, Sargassum polycystum and Caulerpa lentillifera) were analyzed for their carotenoid composition using a combination of high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS), while the antioxidant capacities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The HPTLC analysis exhibited a distinct carotenoid pattern among the three seaweed groups. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis showed fucoxanthin as the major carotenoid present in S. polycystum while lutein and zeaxanthin in E. denticulatum. For C. lentillifera, β-carotene and canthaxanthin were the major carotenoids. Some of the carotenoids, such as rubixanthin, dinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and antheraxanthin, were also tentatively detected in E. denticulatum and S. polycystum. For antioxidant activity, S. polycystum (20 %) and E. denticulatum (1128 μmol TE/g) showed the highest activity in the DPPH and ORAC assays, respectively. The findings suggest the three edible varieties of seaweeds may provide a good dietary source with a potential to reduce antioxidative stress.
  3. Fulltext Sugar content of selected Malaysian desserts, snacks and cooked foods commonly consumed by malaysian older adults
    Suzana Shahar, Ching Phang Chong, Hasnah Haron, Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh
    Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):235-236.
    MyJurnal
    Excess added sugar consumption is related to poor health outcomes in older adults. The sugar content of local food is limited. However, this information is imperative for understanding potential risks from overconsumption of sugars among older adults. This study was carried out to determine the type and total sugar contents in 70 types of local desserts, snacks and cooked foods, using high performance liquid chromatography. The type of food chosen was based on the highly consumed food by the older adults in Malaysia. The samples were collected in triplicates from local restaurants or stalls located in Selangor, Perak and Johor, stored at -20°C and freeze dried prior to analysis. Results showed that average sugar in each 100 g of local desserts, snacks and cooked foods were 13.69 ± 5.94 g, 8.41 ± 6.15 g and 2.1 ± 1.87 g respectively. The highest sugar content per 100 g samples was found to be in sweet potato donut (kuih keria), mashed banana fritter (cekodok pisang) and noodles with sweet potato gravy (mee rebus). The lowest sugar content per 100 g samples was found to be baked glutinous rice (pulut panggang), vadai and noodle soup (mee sup). Meanwhile, the highest sugar content per standard portion was found to be noodles with sweet potato gravy (mee rebus), peanut pancake (kuih apam balik) and banana savoury (pengat pisang). Percentage of recovery for the sugar analysis was 95.2 ± 6.8%. The main type of sugar found in this analysed food samples was sucrose followed by maltose, glucose, fructose and lactose. Sucrose was the most common added sugars in local desserts, snacks and cooked foods of this study. However, compliance with low added sugar recommendations may not be achievable for the general public. Thus, these findings can be utilised in raising public awareness and assist in better estimation of sugar contents and intake.
  4. Status selenium serum populasi di daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia
    Ismarulyusda Ishak, Jamaludin Mohamed, Zaleha Md Isa, Zakiah Ismail, Mohd Fairulnizal, Osman Ali, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.
    Selenium memainkan peranan penting dalam mengekalkan status kesihatan manusia. Pengambilan selenium yang tidak mencukupi boleh menjadi penyebab kepada kejadian penyakit. Satu kajian hirisan lintang telah dijalankan untuk menilai paras selenium serum dalam kalangan populasi di Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. Seterusnya taburan menurut faktor sosiodemografi dikenal pasti. Populasi di Daerah Hulu Langat dipilih secara persampelan rawak yang melibatkan enam mukim iaitu Ulu Langat, Ampang, Kajang, Cheras, Beranang dan Semenyih. Seramai 415 orang subjek berumur antara 5-64 tahun telah mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Sampel darah diambil untuk melihat paras selenium dalam serum. Hasil mendapati paras selenium keseluruhan subjek ialah 1.67 + 0.44 μmol/l. Hasil ujian ANOVA dua hala mendapati tiada perbezaan paras selenium yang bererti menurut jantina dengan nilai p=0.981 (p>0.05). Manakala terdapat perbezaan paras selenium yang bererti menurut kumpulan umur dengan nilai p<0.001. Kesan interaksi jantina dan kumpulan umur pula menunjukkan tiada interaksi yang bererti antara kedua faktor tersebut dengan p=0.362 (p>0.05). Perbezaan paras selenium adalah bererti menurut lokasi (p<0.05) bagi kedua-dua jantina. Semakin jauh lokasi dari pusat bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, semakin tinggi paras selenium subjek. Kesimpulannya, paras selenium serum populasi penduduk di Daerah Hulu Langat adalah normal berbanding nilai rujukan dari Makmal Unsur Surih, Institut Robens, University of Surrey iaitu 0.89-1.65 μmol/l untuk dewasa.
  5. Macronutrients and sugar content in foods and beverages from three selected zones in peninsular Malaysia
    Rosmawati Dora, Hasnah Haron, Muhamad Fikri Mohd Fauzi, Suzana Shahar, Chong CP, Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1557-1562.
    This study was conducted to determine the content of macronutrients and sugar in 30 types of food selected from three
    zones in Peninsular Malaysia. The food samples consisted of 14 types of processed foods and beverages, 8 types of
    fruits and 10 types ready to eat food. Each type of food and drink were purchased from selected restaurants, stores and
    supermarkets from three different zones which were North zone (Perak), Central zone (Selangor) and South Zone (Johor).
    Methods used for proximate analysis were based on the standard methods of AOAC (1997) while the total carbohydrate
    was calculated by difference method. Total calories were calculated using Atwater method. Total sugar content were
    analysed using high performace liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dietary fibre contents were determined by using a
    combination of enzyme-gravimetric methods (AOAC 985.29 and AACC 32-05). The results showed that peanut butter has
    the highest value of fat (44.75 ± 7.59 g/100 g), total calorie (611 ± 38 kcal /100 g) and dietary fibre contents (8.07 ± 0.98
    g/100 g). Highest protein content (21.98 ± 2.57 g/100 g) was found in low-fat milk powder. The highest carbohydrate
    (97.48 ± 1.47 g/100 g) and total sugar (86.7 ± 2.9 g/100 g) contents were found in palm sugar. The results of this study
    will update and add up to the data for the Malaysian Food Composition Table and can provide useful information in
    choosing healthy foods based on the nutrient contents of the food.
  6. Fulltext Nutritional composition of ready-to-eat cereals in the Malaysian market
    Suraiami, M., Mohd Fairulnizal, M.N., Norhayati, M.K., Zaiton, A., Norliza, A.H., Wan Syuriahti, W.Z., et al.
    Malays J Nutr, 2014;20(3):417-427.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: This study aimed to determine the nutrient content of cornflakes and muesli, ready-to-eat cereal products available in the Malaysian market. Cornflakes and muesli were chosen due to their popularity as a breakfast meal especially in urban areas. Methods: A total of six brands each for cornflakes and muesli were purchased from supermarkets in the Klang Valley using stratified random sampling. All samples were analysed using AOAC official methods of analysis. The validity of the test data was monitored with the application of internal quality controls in line with the requirements of ISO 17025. Results: Proximate analysis revealed significantly higher mean levels of carbohydrate (86.94 ± 0.59 mg/lOOg), minerals such as iron (8.48±1.72 mg/lOOg) and sodium (674.83±102.99 g/lOOg), B3 as niacinamide (25.87 ± 6.14 g/lOOg) and sucrose (5.10 ± 0.90 mg/lOOg) in cornflakes than in muesli. However, muesli contained significantly more mean moisture (10.23 ± 0.72 mg/lOOg), protein (10.07 ± 0.79 mg/lOOg), total dietary fibre (12.49 ± 1.44 mg/lOOg), magnesium (113.22 ± 7.93 mg/lOOg), zinc (1.65 ± 0.16 mg/lOOg), copper (0.25 ± 0.02 mg/lOOg), total sugar (18.75 ± 2.05 mg/lOOg), glucose (7.70±1.77 mg/lOOg) and fructose (8.68±1.76 mg/lOOg) than cornflakes. Most of the fatty acids analysed were not detected or of low value in both the cereal products. Conclusion: The nutrient analysis of cornflakes and muesli suggests that both ready-to-eat cereals are nutritionally good choice as breakfast for consumers as it provides carbohydrate, minerals, fibre and vitamins. The data provides additional information to the Malaysian Food Composition Database.
  7. Nutritional composition of selected commercial biscuits in Malaysia
    Norhayati M, Mohd Fairulnizal M, Aswir A, Ang J, Mohd Naeem M, Suraiami M, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:581-591.
    The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient composition of selected commercial biscuits in Malaysia. A total
    of six brands from each type of biscuit (chocolate chip, corn, cracker with sugar, vegetable flavoured cracker, cream
    filled, oatmeal, shortbread and fully coated chocolate wafer) and five brands of wholemeal crackers were sampled
    from local supermarkets in the Klang Valley. The total energy content in commercial biscuits was ranging from 453.30
    to 499.25 kcal/100 g. Carbohydrate was the major macronutrient in commercial biscuits ranging from 56.86 to 66.07
    g/100 g. The highest protein content was found in the wholemeal crackers (9.92 g/100 g) and the lowest protein content
    was found in the cream filled biscuits (5.65 g/100 g). Fat content lay in the range of 16.89 to 25.75 g/100 g. The major
    minerals detected in biscuits were sodium, followed by calcium and magnesium. The vitamin content in A and E of the
    biscuits examined was almost comparable. Small quantities of trans fatty acids were detected in all biscuits in the range
    of 0.02 to 0.68 g/100 g. These findings indicate that Malaysian commercial biscuits are a good source of carbohydrate
    (34.12-39.64 g per serving), calcium (26.09-384.67 g per serving), magnesium (10.42-37.24 g per serving) and contain
    low proportion of trans fatty acids (0.01-0.41 g per serving).
  8. Fulltext Isolation of Industrial Important Bioactive Compounds from Microalgae
    Balasubramaniam V, Gunasegavan RD, Mustar S, Lee JC, Mohd Noh MF
    Molecules, 2021 Feb 10;26(4).
    PMID: 33579001 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040943
    Microalgae are known as a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit different biological activities. Increased demand for sustainable biomass for production of important bioactive components with various potential especially therapeutic applications has resulted in noticeable interest in algae. Utilisation of microalgae in multiple scopes has been growing in various industries ranging from harnessing renewable energy to exploitation of high-value products. The focuses of this review are on production and the use of value-added components obtained from microalgae with current and potential application in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, energy and agri-food industries, as well as for bioremediation. Moreover, this work discusses the advantage, potential new beneficial strains, applications, limitations, research gaps and future prospect of microalgae in industry.
  9. Fulltext Recent Techniques in Nutrient Analysis for Food Composition Database
    Md Noh MF, Gunasegavan RD, Mustafa Khalid N, Balasubramaniam V, Mustar S, Abd Rashed A
    Molecules, 2020 Oct 06;25(19).
    PMID: 33036314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194567
    Food composition database (FCD) provides the nutritional composition of foods. Reliable and up-to date FCD is important in many aspects of nutrition, dietetics, health, food science, biodiversity, plant breeding, food industry, trade and food regulation. FCD has been used extensively in nutrition labelling, nutritional analysis, research, regulation, national food and nutrition policy. The choice of method for the analysis of samples for FCD often depends on detection capability, along with ease of use, speed of analysis and low cost. Sample preparation is the most critical stage in analytical method development. Samples can be prepared using numerous techniques; however it should be applicable for a wide range of analytes and sample matrices. There are quite a number of significant improvements on sample preparation techniques in various food matrices for specific analytes highlighted in the literatures. Improvements on the technology used for the analysis of samples by specific instrumentation could provide an alternative to the analyst to choose for their laboratory requirement. This review provides the reader with an overview of recent techniques that can be used for sample preparation and instrumentation for food analysis which can provide wide options to the analysts in providing data to their FCD.
  10. The influence of selenium status on body composition, oxidative DNA damage and total antioxidant capacity in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study
    Othman FB, Mohamed HJBJ, Sirajudeen KNS, Noh MFBM, Rajab NF
    J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2017 Sep;43:106-112.
    PMID: 28065595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.12.009
    Selenium is involved in the complex system of defense against oxidative stress in diabetes through its biological function of selenoproteins and the antioxidant enzyme. A case-control study was carried out to determine the association of plasma selenium with oxidative stress and body composition status presented in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patient and healthy control. This study involved 82 newly diagnosed T2DM patients and 82 healthy controls. Plasma selenium status was determined with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Body Mass Index, total body fat and visceral fat was assessed for body composition using Body Composition Analyzer (TANITA). Oxidative DNA damage and total antioxidant capacity were determined for oxidative stress biomarker status. In age, gender and BMI adjustment, no significant difference of plasma selenium level between T2DM and healthy controls was observed. There was as a significant difference of Oxidative DNA damage and total antioxidant capacity between T2DM patients and healthy controls with tail DNA% 20.62 [95% CI: 19.71,21.49] (T2DM), 17.67 [95% CI: 16.87,18.56] (control); log tail moment 0.41[95% CI: 0.30,0.52] (T2DM), 0.41[95% CI: 0.30,0.52] (control); total antioxidant capacity 0.56 [95% CI: 0.54,0.58] (T2DM), 0.60 [95% CI: 0.57,0.62] (control). Waist circumference, BMI, visceral fat, body fat and oxidative DNA damage in the T2DM group were significantly lower in the first plasma selenium tertile (38.65-80.90μg/L) compared to the second (80.91-98.20μg/L) and the third selenium tertiles (98.21-158.20μg/L). A similar trend, but not statistically significant, was observed in the control group.
  11. Individual and total sugar contents of street foods in Malaysia - Should we be concerned?
    Zainal Arifen ZN, Shahar S, Trieu K, Abdul Majid H, Md Noh MF, Haron H
    Food Chem, 2024 Apr 10;450:139288.
    PMID: 38631211 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139288
    Street foods are often of poor nutritional quality with high sugar content, in which the overconsumption of sugar is associated with obesity. However, sugar content information on local street foods is scarce. Thus, the individual and total sugar contents of 94 types of street foods in Malaysia were analysed. Compared to snacks and main meals, desserts contained the highest amounts of sugar, sucrose, fructose, glucose, and maltose. Sucrose was predominant in 90% desserts, 79.3% snacks, and 68.6% main meals. Most desserts (93.3%) contained medium to high sugar content (≥5 g to >15 g/100 g), while 82.9% main meals and 65.5% snacks had low sugar content. When comparing the sugar contents of 39 foods with other local databases, 58.3% main meals, 55.6% desserts, and 33.3% snacks contained either significantly (p 
  12. Fulltext Nutrient content in selected commercial rice in Malaysia: An update of Malaysian food composition database
    Mohd Fairulnizal, M.N., Norhayati, M.K., Zaiton, A., Norliza, A.H., Rusidah, S., Aswir, A.R., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(2):768-776.
    MyJurnal
    There is an increase need and demand to update Malaysian Food Composition Database (FCD) which was last updated in 1997. The current FCD program was designed to expand the quantity and improve the quality of the existing database. The present work was aimed to determine the nutrient content of commercial rice products from three rice varieties classified as raw and processed foods, namely Basmati, Siam, and Fragrant rice. A total of six brands from each type of rice were sampled from a local supermarket within Klang Valley. Analyses were carried out for 27 nutrients that include proximate (Energy, Water, Protein, Fat, Carbohydrate, Total Dietary Fibre, and Ash), minerals (Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, Iron, Zinc, and Copper), water soluble vitamins (C, B1, B2, B3, B6 and B9), fat soluble vitamins (A and E), total sugar, fatty acids (total saturated fat, total monounsaturated fat and total polyunsaturated), trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. The three rice varieties were found to contain comparable nutrient levels except for vitamin C, B1, A, E and total sugar which were not detected in all samples. The fatty acid (total saturated, total monounsaturated, and total polyunsaturated) as well as trans- fatty acid were detected at very low levels. Cholesterol was not detected in all samples. These findings can be utilised in raising public awareness and assistance to better estimate nutrient contents and intake depending on the varieties of rice.
  13. The nutritional composition of mayonnaise and salad dressing in the Malaysian market
    Aswir Abd Rashed, Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh, Norhayati Mustafa Khalid, Mohd Naeem Mohd Nawi, Mohd Azerulazree Jamilan, Nurul `Izzah Ab Rahman, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:139-147.
    Mayonnaise and salad dressing are fast becoming popular condiments for Malaysian. The aim of this study was to
    obtain the nutritional composition of mayonnaise and salad dressing commercially available in the Malaysian market.
    The data will be used to update the Malaysian Food Composition Database which was last updated in 1997. A total of
    six brands from each type of mayonnaise and salad dressing were sampled from local supermarkets in the Klang Valley
    and analysed using standard methods. The validity of test data was monitored with the application of internal quality
    controls in line with the requirements of ISO 17025. The energy contents of mayonnaise and salad dressings were up to
    626.40 kcal/100 g. Our findings were also in agreement with the energy labelling on the packaging. Sodium was high in
    mayonnaise and salad dressing because it is used in the final mixture of both condiments to improve their characteristics
    for certain reasons. Mayonnaise and salad dressing have been identified as potent sources of vitamin A and vitamin
    E and both condiments were found to contain high levels of these antioxidants. It can be concluded that this study are
    useful not only in providing information on the nutritional content of several commercial types of mayonnaise and salad
    dressing, but also in improving the public understanding of healthy food choices.
  14. Fulltext Changes in Mitochondrial Epigenome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Low HC, Chilian WM, Ratnam W, Karupaiah T, Md Noh MF, Mansor F, et al.
    Br J Biomed Sci, 2023;80:10884.
    PMID: 36866104 DOI: 10.3389/bjbs.2023.10884
    Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a major chronic metabolic disorder in public health. Due to mitochondria's indispensable role in the body, its dysfunction has been implicated in the development and progression of multiple diseases, including Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. Thus, factors that can regulate mitochondrial function, like mtDNA methylation, are of significant interest in managing T2DM. In this paper, the overview of epigenetics and the mechanism of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA methylation were briefly discussed, followed by other mitochondrial epigenetics. Subsequently, the association between mtDNA methylation with T2DM and the challenges of mtDNA methylation studies were also reviewed. This review will aid in understanding the impact of mtDNA methylation on T2DM and future advancements in T2DM treatment.
  15. The mercury levels in crustaceans and cephalopods from Peninsular Malaysia
    Ahmad NI, Noh MF, Mahiyuddin WR, Jaafar H, Ishak I, Azmi WN, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015 Sep;22(17):12960-74.
    PMID: 25916470 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4415-9
    This study is to determine total mercury in edible tissues of eight species of cephalopods and 12 species of crustaceans purchased from 11 identified major fish landing ports and wet markets throughout Peninsular Malaysia. The concentration of mercury was measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) technique using the Perkin Elmer Flow Injection Mercury System (FIMS-400). In general, the mercury levels were low with concentrations in cephalopods ranging from 0.099 to 2.715 mg/kg dry weight (or 0.0184-0.505 mg/kg wet weight) and in crustaceans ranging from 0.057 to 1.359 mg/kg dry weight (or 0.0111-0.265 mg/kg wet weight). The mercury levels showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between species for both cephalopods and crustaceans. There was no significant correlation between mercury concentrations and the body size of individual for both groups as well. Comparisons with mercury levels obtained found from other previous studies and/or species noted that they were of the same magnitude or relatively low compared to various locations reported worldwide.
  16. Fulltext Mercury levels of marine fish commonly consumed in Peninsular Malaysia
    Ahmad NI, Noh MF, Mahiyuddin WR, Jaafar H, Ishak I, Azmi WN, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015 Mar;22(5):3672-86.
    PMID: 25256581 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3538-8
    This study was conducted to determine the concentration of total mercury in the edible portion of 46 species of marine fish (n = 297) collected from selected major fish landing ports and wholesale markets throughout Peninsular Malaysia. Samples were collected in June to December 2009. Prior to analysis, the fish samples were processed which consisted of drying at 65 °C until a constant weight was attained; then, it was grounded and digested by a microwave digestion system. The analytical determination was carried out by using a mercury analysis system. Total mercury concentration among fish species was examined. The results showed that mercury concentrations were found significantly higher (p 20 cm) and were positively related with fish size (length and weight) in all fish samples. Despite the results, the level of mercury in marine fish did not exceed the permitted levels of Malaysian and JECFA guideline values at 0.5 mg/kg methylmercury in fish.
  17. Fulltext DNA Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Iron Oxide/Nanocellulose Crystalline Composite Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    Mat Zaid MH, Che-Engku-Chik CEN, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Othman SS, Issa R, et al.
    Molecules, 2020 Jul 24;25(15).
    PMID: 32722334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153373
    Death from tuberculosis has resulted in an increased need for early detection to prevent a tuberculosis (TB) epidemic, especially in closed and crowded populations. Herein, a sensitive electrochemical DNA biosensor based on functionalized iron oxide with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA-Fe3O4) nanoparticle and nanocellulose crystalline functionalized cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (NCC/CTAB) has been fabricated for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In this study, a simple drop cast method was applied to deposit solution of MPA-Fe3O4/NCC/CTAB onto the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Then, a specific sequence of MTB DNA probe was immobilized onto a modified SPCE surface by using the 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) coupling mechanism. For better signal amplification and electrochemical response, ruthenium bipyridyl Ru(bpy)32+ was assigned as labels of hybridization followed by the characteristic test using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results of this biosensor enable the detection of target DNA until a concentration as low as 7.96 × 10-13 M with a wide detection range from 1.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-12 M. In addition, the developed biosensor has shown a differentiation between positive and negative MTB samples in real sampel analysis.
  18. Fulltext Mirror, mirror on the wall, which phytochemicals in Clinacanthus nutans inhibits advanced glycation end products of them all?
    Afzan A, Lee JC, Adam Z, Mustafa Khalid N, Gunasegavan RDN, Md Noh MF, et al.
    Fitoterapia, 2024 Apr 09;175:105958.
    PMID: 38604262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105958
    In our quest to discover advanced glycation end products (AGEs) inhibitors from Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau leaves, we conducted a bioactivity-based molecular networking. This approach integrates LC-MS2 profiling and in vitro antiglycation data to predict bioactive compounds. We began by screening three extracts: 100% ethanol, 70% ethanol and 100% water alongside the in vitro antioxidant activity, total phenolics content (TPC) and schaftoside content. Among these extracts, 100% ethanol extract exhibited the highest total AGEs inhibition effects (IC50 = 80.18 ± 11.6 μg/mL), DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 747.40 ± 10.30 μg/mL) and TPC (26.54 ± 2.09 μg GAE /mg extract). Intriguingly, 100% ethanol extract contained the lowest amount of schaftoside, suggesting the involvement of other phytochemicals in the antiglycation effects. The molecular networking and in silico structural annotations of 401 LC-MS features detected in the fractions from 100% ethanol extract predicted 21 bioactive compounds (p  0.90), including several C40 carotenoids, alkaloids containing tetrapyrrole structures and fatty acids. On the contrary, all phenolics showed weak correlations with antiglycation effects. These predictions were further validated in vitro, where carotenoid lutein showed half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 96 ± 8 μM and selected flavonoid-C-glycosides exhibited weaker inhibitions (IC50 between 568 and 1922 μM). Notably, lutein content was higher in freeze-dried leaves (12.42 ± 0.82 mg/100 g) than oven-dried, although the former was associated with elevated mercury levels. In summary, C. nutans exhibited potential antiglycation and antioxidant activity, and lutein was identified as the main bioactive principle.
  19. Exosomal microRNAs in the development of essential hypertension and its potential as biomarkers
    Tan PPS, Hall D, Chilian WM, Chia YC, Mohd Zain S, Lim HM, et al.
    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2021 04 01;320(4):H1486-H1497.
    PMID: 33577433 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00888.2020
    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that are involved in posttranscriptional modifications. These noncoding RNAs are usually ferried by extracellular carriers such as exosomes or other protein and lipid carriers inside a range of body fluids including plasma and urine. Due to their ability to withstand harsh external conditions, exosomal miRNAs possess enormous potential as noninvasive disease biomarkers for, notably hypertension, whereby exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in its pathophysiological processes. More importantly, alterations in the microenvironment as a result of disease progression can induce active and selective loading of miRNAs into exosomes. In this paper, we first review the mechanisms of miRNA loading into exosomes, followed by the roles of exosomal miRNAs in the development of hypertension, and the potentials of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers in comparison with other free circulating miRNAs. Finally, challenges and future research surrounding exosomal miRNAs will also be discussed. This review will aid in the understanding of noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hypertension and for probing therapeutic efficacy.
  20. Fulltext Development and double cross-validation of new spot urine sodium equation to predict 24-h urine sodium in the Malaysian population
    Othman F, Ambak R, Omar MA, Shahar S, Nor NSM, Ahmad MH, et al.
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2021 05 31;40(Suppl 1):10.
    PMID: 34059149 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00232-3
    BACKGROUND: Monitoring sodium intake through 24-h urine collection sample is recommended, but the implementation of this method can be difficult. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an equation using spot urine concentration to predict 24-h sodium excretion in the Malaysian population.

    METHODS: This was a Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) sub-study, which was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. Out of 798 participants in the MyCoSS study who completed 24-h urine collection, 768 of them have collected one-time spot urine the following morning. They were randomly assigned into two groups to form separate spot urine equations. The final spot urine equation was derived from the entire data set after confirming the stability of the equation by double cross-validation in both study groups. Newly derived spot urine equation was developed using the coefficients from the multiple linear regression test. A Bland-Altman plot was used to measure the mean bias and limits of agreement between estimated and measured 24-h urine sodium. The estimation of sodium intake using the new equation was compared with other established equations, namely Tanaka and INTERSALT.

    RESULTS: The new equation showed the least mean bias between measured and predicted sodium, - 0.35 (- 72.26, 71.56) mg/day compared to Tanaka, 629.83 (532.19, 727.47) mg/day and INTERSALT, and 360.82 (284.34, 437.29) mg/day. Predicted sodium measured from the new equation showed greater correlation with measured sodium (r = 0.50) compared to Tanaka (r =0.24) and INTERSALT (r = 0.44), P < 0.05.

    CONCLUSION: Our newly developed equation from spot urine can predict least mean bias of sodium intake among the Malaysian population when 24-h urine sodium collection is not feasible.

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