MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review and critical analysis of relevant literature integrated to the core understanding of facets of microbial existence in the gut , their roles in early immunity , and impact on health were done. Known deficiencies in newborn immunity integrated to the actions of microbes in human milk permitted some conclusions to be drawn through logical extrapolations.

RESULTS: Deficiencies in early immunity can, at least partially, be surmounted by an optimal gut microbial milieu provided for by human milk which also enhances gut immunity and holistic health.

LIMITATIONS: This is a narrative review and articles chosen were subjectively analysed for suitability according to relevance, however, analysis by statistical methods was not done.

METHODS: Reviewing literature and integrating relevant information facilitated the appraisal of this important topic. This article reviewed neonatal jaundice, the entry of bilirubin into the immature brain and how breastfeeding may impact jaundice in the neonate.

RESULTS: While some substances in breast milk may be responsible for jaundice on the one hand, there is an irrefutable spectrum of advantages conferred by continued breastfeeding, on the other. As the breastfed infant benefits from fewer infections, enhanced organ and physiological barrier maturity, as well as the prospect of genetic modification of certain diseases, these useful actions could also reduce risks of early jaundice and its complications.