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Fulltext The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid was higher from phospholipid food products than from mono- and triacylglycerol food products in a dynamic gastrointestinal model

Domoto N, Koenen ME, Havenaar R, Mikajiri A, Chu BS

Food Sci Nutr, 2013 Nov;1(6):409-15.
PMID: 24804049 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.58

The bioaccessibility of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the forms of monoacylglycerol (EPA-MAG), triacylglycerol (EPA-TAG), and phospholipid (EPA-PL) during gastrointestinal passage was compared in this study using a dynamic gastrointestinal model (TIM system). The TIM system simulated the average upper gastrointestinal tract conditions of healthy human adults after intake of a meal (fed state conditions). In this study, the three EPA-rich oils were separately homogenized with full fat milk to obtain oil-in-water emulsions. Plain yogurt was added into the mixture at an emulsion/yogurt ratio of 4:1 (w/w) as the food matrix of the test products. The results show that the test meals containing EPA-PL left the stomach compartment most efficiently in comparison with the gastric emptying of EPA-MAG and EPA-TAG. The PLs also showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher bioaccessibility of EPA (75-80%) in comparison with MAG (30%) and TAG (38%). The better gastric emptying of EPA-PL was likely related to the more stable emulsion of EPA-PL in the test meal. EPA-PL was delivered within the meal matrix into the duodenum instead of floating on the top of the test meal matrix. EPA-MAG had the highest amount of EPA that did not leave the stomach (68% of the test meal). The results from this work indicate that EPA-PL is a more effective form of EPA for a higher lipid bioaccessibility than MAG and TAG under the test conditions.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Multivariate statistical analysis treatment of DSC thermal properties for animal fat adulteration

Dahimi O, Rahim AA, Abdulkarim SM, Hassan MS, Hashari SB, Mashitoh AS, et al.

Food Chem, 2014 Sep 1;158:132-8.
PMID: 24731324 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.087

The adulteration of edible fats is a kind of fraud that impairs the physical and chemical features of the original lipid materials. It has been detected in various food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is the robust thermo-analytical machine that permits to fingerprint the primary crystallisation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) molecules and their transition behaviours. The aims of this study was to assess the cross-contamination caused by lard concentration of 0.5-5% in the mixture systems containing beef tallow (BT) and chicken fat (CF) separately. TAGs species of pure and adulterated lipids in relation to their crystallisation and melting parameters were studied using principal components analysis (PCA). The results showed that by using the heating profiles the discrimination of LD from BT and CF was very clear even at low dose of less than 1%. Same observation was depicted from the crystallisation profiles of BT adulterated by LD doses ranging from 0.1% to 1% and from 2% to 5%, respectively. Furthermore, CF adulterated with LD did not exhibit clear changes on its crystallisation profiles. Consequently, DSC coupled with PCA is one of the techniques that might use to monitor and differentiate the minimum adulteration levels caused by LD in different animal fats.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Stearic acids at sn-1, 3 positions of TAG are more efficient at limiting fat deposition than palmitic and oleic acids in C57BL/6 mice

Gouk SW, Cheng SF, Ong AS, Chuah CH

Br J Nutr, 2014 Apr 14;111(7):1174-80.
PMID: 24286356 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513003668

In the present study, we investigated the effect of long-acyl chain SFA, namely palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0), at sn-1, 3 positions of TAG on obesity. Throughout the 15 weeks of the experimental period, C57BL/6 mice were fed diets fortified with cocoa butter, sal stearin (SAL), palm mid fraction (PMF) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOS). The sn-1, 3 positions were varied by 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1, whilst the sn-2 position was preserved with 18:1. The HOS-enriched diet was found to lead to the highest fat deposition. This was in accordance with our previous postulation. Upon normalisation of total fat deposited with food intake to obtain the fat:feed ratio, interestingly, mice fed the SAL-enriched diet exhibited significantly lower visceral fat/feed and total fat/feed compared with those fed the PMF-enriched diet, despite their similarity in SFA-unsaturated fatty acid-SFA profile. That long-chain SFA at sn-1, 3 positions concomitantly with an unsaturated FA at the sn-2 position exert an obesity-reducing effect was further validated. The present study is the first of its kind to demonstrate that SFA of different chain lengths at sn-1, 3 positions exert profound effects on fat accretion.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides/adverse effects*; Triglycerides/analysis; Triglycerides/metabolism
Herbal delivery system for treatment of obesity administration of encapsulated khat-extracts on body weight of rats

Aziz HA, Peh KK, Tan YT

Obes Res Clin Pract, 2011 Oct-Dec;5(4):e267-360.
PMID: 24331133 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.03.008

Obesity is one of the most important problems worldwide. Khat (Catha edulis), an evergreen shrub, is thought to reduce body-weight. Its effect is more prominent when khat leaves are chewed. Thus, anti-obesity effects of khat and its associated side effects may depend on the release rate of its active constituents. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a selected low dose of dried-khat, extracted, formulated as controlled release delivery systems on the body weight (BW), food intake (FI), cholesterol (CS) and triglyceride (TG) levels in rats. Khat extract (KE) was microencapsulated (KE235) and formulated into a parenteral implant (InjKE235). The effects of KE, KE235 and InjKE235 on BW, FI, CS and TG in rats were investigated. The results showed that microcapsules sustained the khat alkaloid release with T50% 1.58 h for KE235 and 14.41 days for InjKE235. KE and KE235 caused maximum reduction in BW, FI, CS and TG during the first to third weeks but rebound gradually thereafter. On the contrary, InjKE235 exhibited a sustained reduction in BW, FI, CS and TG levels for 2 months. The T50% of KE, KE235 and InjKE235 correlated with the reduction in BW, CS and TG but not with FI. In conclusion, the subcutaneous injection and sustained release rate of khat extract play an important role in enhancing the anti-obesity effect in SD rats.:

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Optimization of the enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of amino acid-based surfactants from palm oil fractions

Soo EL, Salleh AB, Basri M, Zaliha Raja Abdul Rahman RN, Kamaruddin K

J Biosci Bioeng, 2003;95(4):361-7.
PMID: 16233420

The feasibility of using palm oil fractions as cheap and abundant sources of raw material for the synthesis of amino acid surfactants was investigated. Of a number of enzymes screened, the best results were obtained with the immobilized enzyme, Lipozyme. The effects of temperature, solvent, incubation period, fatty substrate/amino acid molar ratio, enzyme amount, and water removal on the reactions were analyzed and compared to those on reactions with free fatty acids and pure triglycerides as fatty substrates. All reactions were most efficient when carried out at high temperatures (70-80 degrees C) in hexane as a solvent. However, while reactions with free fatty acids proceeded better when a slight excess of the free fatty acids over the amino acids was used, reactions with triglycerides and palm oil fractions were best performed at equimolar ratios. Also, the addition of molecular sieves slightly enhanced reactions with free fatty acids but adversely affected reactions with triglycerides and palm oil fractions. Although reactions with palm oil fractions took longer (6 d) to reach equilibrium compared to reactions with free fatty acids (4 d) and pure triglycerides (4 d), better yields were obtained. Such lipase-catalyzed transacylation of palm oil fractions with amino acids is potentially useful in the production of mixed medium- to long-chain surfactants for specific applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Serum Ischemia-Modified Albumin, Fibrinogen, High Sensitivity C- Reactive Proteins in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus without Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus with Hypertension: A Case-Control Study

Sushith S, Krishnamurthy HN, Reshma S, Janice D, Madan G, Ashok KJ, et al.

Rep Biochem Mol Biol, 2020 Jul;9(2):241-249.
PMID: 33178875 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.2.241

Background: The objective of this study was to determine the levels of serum ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), fibrinogen (FIB) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with hypertension (HT) (DMT2HTN) and without HT (DMT2). Also, their association with certain biochemical and physical factors were studied to identify possible risk factors that lead to cardiovascular complications.
Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected from 35 DMT2 or DMT2HTN patients each to analyze differences in serum and plasma levels of IMA, hs-CRP, FIB, total cholesterol (TC), high and low density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL), triglyceride (TG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), glycated hemoglobin and creatinine.
Results: In DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients, IMA, hs-CRP, FIB, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, glycated hemoglobin and creatinine levels, including body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), were significantly higher relative to healthy controls. In addition, the levels of IMA, hs-CRP and FIB levels showed a strong link to BMI, WHR, TC, TG, LDL and glycated hemoglobin. Lastly, both DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients demonstrated a significant reduction in HDL.
Conclusion: DMT2 and DMT2HTN patients have a greater risk of developing cardiovascular related complications. This study suggests that quantifying hs-CRP, IMA and FIB levels can help diagnose the risk of developing complications during the early stages of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Overall, the specific risk factors may be used for early identification of cardiovascular complications to decrease mortality and morbidity in T2DM patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Field evaluation of newly-developed controlled release fertilizer on rice production and nitrogen uptake

Mohammad Mu'az Hashim, Mohd Khanif Yusop, Radziah Othman, Samsuri Abd. Wahid

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:925-932.

Implementation of sound fertilizer management in rice cultivation is essential in optimizing productivity and profitability. The use of controlled release fertilizer (CRF) to improve crop production in various cropping systems has been widely explored, with new approaches and materials continually being studied to produce new CRF. A field study was carried out to determine the efficiency of local CRFs on rice production and N uptake using MR220 CL1 rice variety. Ten different types of CRFs consisting of two groups namely biochar impregnated urea (BIU 300-5, BIU 300-10, BIU 700-5 and BIU 700-10) and palm stearin (PS) coated urea with nitrification inhibitors (PS, PS+DMPP-100, PS+DMPP-50, PS+DMPP-150, PS+Cu and PS+Zn) were used as treatments. Plant height, SPAD reading, 1000-grain weight and harvest index (HI) showed significant improvement in rice treated with both biochar impregnated and palm stearin coated urea. With respect to grain yield, BIU 300-10, BIU 700-5, BIU 700-10, PS+DMPP-100, PS+DMPP-50, PS+DMPP-150 and PS+Cu treatments significantly increased rice yield. The CRFs mostly showed significantly higher N uptake in rice, especially in rice grains, however, there was no significant difference among treatments in soil residual ammonium (NH4+-N). The newly-developed CRFs showed huge potential as an alternative for common urea, especially BIU 700-5, BIU 700-10, PS+DMPP-100 and PS+DMPP-50, in increasing rice grain yield. With proper approaches, these CRFs can contribute in improving rice production to provide sufficient food for ever increasing population.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Randomized control trial study on the effect of wet cupping on lipid profile

Suhaily, M.H., Ismail, A.A., Najib, M.Y.

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(2):11-17.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Dyslipidaemia is one of the risk factors contributing to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular
diseases (CVDs). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of wet cupping on lipid profile.

Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2012 at the School of Medical Sciences,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. Sixty-two healthy volunteers ranging from 30 to 60 years old were
randomized into control and intervention groups. Subjects in the intervention group were assigned to two
sessions of wet cupping at the beginning of the study and at the third month; individuals in the control group
did not undergo any cupping procedure. Venous blood sample was collected for serum lipid profile: Total
Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C),
and triglycerides; measured at baseline, first, third and fourth month.

Results: Subjects in the cupping
group had significant improvements from baseline to third and fourth month for TC (MD=-0.56, P=0.004),
HDL-C (MD=-0.22, P

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Medium chain triglyceride and medium-and long chain triglyceride: metabolism, production, health impacts and its applications - a review

Lee YY, Tang TK, Chan ES, Phuah ET, Lai OM, Tan CP, et al.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 2021 Jan 22.
PMID: 33480262 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873729

Structured lipid is a type of modified form of lipid that is "fabricated" with the purpose to improve the nutritional and functional properties of conventional fats and oils derived from animal and plant sources. Such healthier choice of lipid received escalating attention from the public for its capability to manage the rising prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Of which, medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) and medium-and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) are the few examples of the "new generation" custom-made healthful lipids which are mainly composed of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA). MCT is made up exclusively of MCFA whereas MLCT contains a mixture of MCFA and long chain fatty acid (LCFA), respectively. Attributed by the unique metabolism of MCFA which is rapidly metabolized by the body, MCFA and MCT showed to acquire multiple physiological and functional properties in managing and reversing certain health disorders. Several chemically or enzymatically oils and fats modification processes catalyzed by a biological or chemical catalyst such as acidolysis, interesterification and esterification are adopted to synthesis MCT and MLCT. With their purported health benefits, MCT and MLCT are widely being used as nutraceutical in food and pharmaceutical sectors. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on MCT and MLCT, with an emphasis on the basic understanding of its structures, properties, unique metabolism; the current status of the touted health benefits; latest routes of production; its up-to-date applications in the different food systems; relevant patents filed and its drawbacks.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
The Effects of Palm Oil on Plasma and Serum Lipid Parameters: A Systematic Review on Animal Intervention Studies

Syarifah-Noratiqah SB, Fairus S, Zulfarina MS, Nasrullah Z, Qodriyah HMS, Naina-Mohamed I

Front Vet Sci, 2020;7:303.
PMID: 32775343 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00303

Background: Accumulative evidences on the beneficial effects of palm oil are progressively reported; however, there are still several controversies related to their effects on the risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review explores the effects of palm oil and its liquid fraction namely palm olein, which is commonly used as cooking oil on four lipid parameters; total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), which play an important role as CVD-related biomarkers. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify the relevant studies on palm oil and the lipid parameters specifically focusing on the in-vivo animal model. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in Medline via EBSCOhost, Medline via OVID and Scopus. Studies were limited to the English language published between the years of 2000 and 2019. The main inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Study with in-vivo animal experiments [the animal should be limited to mammals] (2) Study should have evaluated the effects of palm oil or palm olein on plasma or serum lipid parameter (3) Study should have used palm oil or palm olein in the form of pure or refined oil (4) The treatment of palm oil or palm olein was assessed using the following outcomes: plasma or serum TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentration (5) Study should have control group and (6) studies on specific fatty acid, fraction enriched tocotrienol and tocopherol, crude palm oil, kernel oil, red palm oil, thermally oxidized palm oil, hydrogenated palm oil, and palm oil or palm olein based products namely margarine, palm milk, butter and cream were excluded. The quality and the risk of bias on the selected studies were assessed using the ARRIVE Guideline and SYRCLE's Risk of Bias tools, respectively. Results: The literature search successfully identified 17 potentially relevant articles, whereby nine of them met the inclusion criteria. All research articles included in this review were in vivo studies comprising seven rats, one hamster and one mice model. Conclusion: Significant positive outcomes were observed in several lipid parameters such as TC and LDL-C. The evidence from this review supported that palm oil and palm olein possess high potential as lipid-lowering agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Effects of Inclusion of Different Doses of Persicaria odorata Leaf Meal (POLM) in Broiler Chicken Feed on Biochemical and Haematological Blood Indicators and Liver Histomorphological Changes

Abdul Basit M, Abdul Kadir A, Loh TC, Abdul Aziz S, Salleh A, Kaka U, et al.

Animals (Basel), 2020 Jul 16;10(7).
PMID: 32708616 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071209

This research was conducted to estimate the effects of Persicaria odorata leaf meal (POLM) on haematological indices, serum biochemical attributes, and internal organs parameters, including histomorphological features of the liver, in broiler chickens. A total of 120 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly allocated into four experimental groups. The dietary treatments were basal diet (BD), which served as the control (C), along with BD + 2 g/kg POLM (Po2), BD + 4 g/kg POLM (Po4), BD + 8 g/kg POLM (Po8), which were the supplemented groups. The body weight gain (BWG) showed a linear increase and feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a linear decrease with increasing POLM dosage at day 42 (p ˂ 0.05) and for the overall growth performance period (p ˂ 0.01). On day 21 and day 42, the values of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) showed linear increases (p ˂0.05) as the dosage of POLM increased in the diet. On day 21, dietary supplementation of POLM linearly decreased (p ˂ 0.05) the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), and serum levels of urea and creatinine. On the other hand, serum levels of total protein (TP), albumin, and globulin showed a linear increase (p ˂ 0.05) as the POLM dosage increased. On day 42, the serum activity of AST and ALT and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine showed linear decreases (p ˂ 0.05) with increased levels of POLM in the diet. However, POLM supplementation linearly increased (p ˂ 0.05) the serum levels of TP and globulin. Dietary inclusion of POLM did not influence the organ parameters and showed no adverse effects on the liver histomorphology. In conclusion, supplementation of POLM increased the growth performance, improving haematological indices and serum biochemistry profiles of broiler chickens without any deleterious effects on the liver histomorphology. The results of the present study provide evidence that POLM can be safely used at a dose rate of 8 g/kg of feed as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs).

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Lactobacillus fermentum FTDC 8312 combats hypercholesterolemia via alteration of gut microbiota

Lye HS, Kato T, Low WY, Taylor TD, Prakash T, Lew LC, et al.

J Biotechnol, 2017 Sep 19.
PMID: 28935567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.09.007

In this study, hypercholesterolemic mice fed with Lactobacillus fermentum FTDC 8312 after a seven-week feeding trial showed a reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC) levels, accompanied by a decrease in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, an increase in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and a decreased ratio of apoB100:apoA1 when compared to those fed with control or a type strain, L. fermentum JCM 1173. These have contributed to a decrease in atherogenic indices (TC/HDL-C) of mice on the FTDC 8312 diet. Serum triglyceride (TG) levels of mice fed with FTDC 8312 and JCM 1173 were comparable to those of the controls. A decreased ratio of cholesterol and phospholipids (C/P) was also observed for mice fed with FTDC 8312, leading to a decreased number of spur red blood cells (RBC) formation in mice. Additionally, there was an increase in fecal TC, TG, and total bile acid levels in mice on FTDC 8312 diet compared to those with JCM 1173 and controls. The administration of FTDC 8312 also altered the gut microbiota population such as an increase in the members of genera Akkermansia and Oscillospira, affecting lipid metabolism and fecal bile excretion in the mice. Overall, we demonstrated that FTDC 8312 exerted a cholesterol lowering effect that may be attributed to gut microbiota modulation.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among breast cancer survivors in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Shahril MR, Amirfaiz S, Lua PL, Nurnazahiah A, Zakarai NS, Kow VL, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2021 01 28;21(1):238.
PMID: 33509143 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10288-9

BACKGROUND: To date, limited data are available on metabolic syndrome prevalence among breast cancer survivors in Malaysia. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and abnormal metabolic syndrome components among breast cancer survivors in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 95 breast cancer survivors (age 53.7 ± 7.6 years) who have completed main cancer treatments for ≥6 months. Cancer survivors were recruited from two main government hospitals in Kelantan and Terengganu using a purposive sampling method.
RESULTS: According to the Harmonized criteria, the metabolic syndrome prevalence was 50.5%. Among those with metabolic syndrome, the most prevalent abnormal metabolic components were triglycerides (91.2%), fasting blood glucose (79.6%) and HDL-c level (78.4%). Except for total cholesterol and LDL-c, all other metabolic syndrome components were significantly different (p

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Palm pressed fibre oil: a new opportunity for premium hardstock?

Neoh, B.K., Thang, Y.M., Zain, M.Z.M., Junaidi, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2011;18(2):769-773.
MyJurnal

Palm pressed fiber (PPF) is a by-product from oil extraction of oil palm fruits. It has unique characteristics resulting from the combination of palm mesocarp fiber, kernel shell and crushed kernel. The present study on different extraction methods for PPF indicated that conventional hexane cold extraction would be the more preferable method compared to soxhlet and reflux method due to the yield recovered (4.35%) and diacylglycerol (19.93% ± 0.07) obtained. Acylglycerol composition using cold extraction gave high Diaclyglycerol and Triacylglycerol (67.04% ± 0.05) with reasonable amount of Monoaclyglycerol / Free Fatty Acid (13.02% ± 0.02). Lauric acid which was not present in crude palm oil were found to be significant in PPF (5.89 to 9.09%), thus making this oil suitable for application in the food industry in products such as shortening and margarine.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Effect of chitosan-palm stearin edible coating on the post harvest life of star fruits (Averrhoa carambola L.) stored at room temperature

Nurul Hanani, M.Z., Halimahton Zahrah, M.S., Zaibunnisa, A.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(4):1433-1438.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to develop an edible coating containing combined hydrophilic (chitosan) and hydrophobic (palm stearin) components which demonstrated gas barrier and moisture barrier properties, respectively, to prolong the post harvest life of star fruits (Averrhoa carambola L.). The emulsions of chitosan (C) and palm stearin (S) were prepared by using different ratios of C:S which were 1:0, 1:1, 1;2, 1:3, 2:1, 3:1 and 0:1. Viscosity of emulsions was studied. The physicochemical properties of coated star fruits were also evaluated in terms of weight loss, firmness, visual appearance, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene concentration during storage at room temperature (26-28˚C) for 18 days. The results obtained showed that coating reduced weight loss, maintained firmness and appearance, slowed down the production of respiratory gases and reduced ethylene production. The most recommended coating for star fruits was C:S of 1:1 ratio as it showed good water barrier and gas barrier properties and could extend the post harvest life of star fruits up to 20 days as compared to the control samples which had a post harvest life of 12 days.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Determination of types of fat ingredient in some commercial biscuit formulations

Yanty, N.A.M., Marikkar, J.M.N., Abdulkarim, S.M.

International Food Research Journal, 2014;21(1):277-282.
MyJurnal

A study was carried out to compare the composition and thermal profiles of the fat component of six brands of commercial biscuits (BA, BB, BC, BD, BE & BF) with those of lard and palm oil. Extraction of fat from biscuit samples was done using petroleum ether according to the soxhlet extraction procedure. The isolated fat samples along with lard and palm oil were analyzed using gas liquid chromatography (GLC), reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). According to GLC analysis, palm oil, lard and all six biscuit brands had either palmitic or oleic acid as major fatty acids. Sn-2 positional analysis of fatty acids showed that oleic (> 60%) as the most dominant fatty acid of palm oil and biscuit brands BA, BB, BC, and BD while palmitic (> 60%) as the most dominant fatty acid of lard and biscuit brands BE and BF. RP-HPLC analysis showed that the triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of lard and biscuit brands BE and BF were closely similar while those of brands BA, BB, BC, and BD and palm oil were similar. DSC analysis showed that the cooling and heating profiles of lard and brands BE and BF were similar, while those of palm oil and brands BA, BB, BC, and BD were similar. Hence, this study concluded that biscuit brands BE and BF are not suitable for consumers whose religious restriction prohibit the use of lard as food ingredient.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Differences in chemical components and antioxidant-related substances in virgin coconut oil from coconut hybrids and their parents

Arlee, R., Suanphairoch, S., Pakdeechanuan, P.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):0-0.
MyJurnal

Chumphon Horticultural Research Centre (CHRC) is Thailand’s main coconut research unit. CHRC has developed three coconut cultivars: Sawi Hybrid No. 1 (Malayan Yellow Dwarf x West African Tall: MYD x WAT), Chumphon Hybrid No. 60 (Thai Tall: THT x WAT) and Chumphon Hybrid No. 2 (MYD x THT). This study compared some chemical components in virgin coconut oil (VCO) from coconut hybrids with their parents. The VCO was extracted by cold pressing and fermentation methods, and was analyzed for fatty acid profiles, triacylglycerol profile, acid value, tocopherol content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity against DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals. The findings showed that hybrids contained lauric acid ranging from 46.63 to 48.34% of total fatty acid. Chumphon 60 had the highest lauric acid content, 48.34% of total fatty acids, which was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from that of the parents. In contrast, the cultivars from MYD, Sawi 1 and Chumphon 2, had significantly greater lauric acid content than the parent MYD (p ≤ 0.05). Cold pressing and fermentation provided an oil extraction yield of 25 and 20%, respectively. The proportions of lauric acid in VCO from these two methods were not significantly different (p > 0.05), but the cold pressing method resulted in higher tocopherol content (p ≤ 0.05). The VCO of Chumphon 60 from the cold pressed method had tocopherol content close to that of the parent WAT (p > 0.05) but significantly higher than that of the other parent THT (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, it contained the highest total phenolic contents among the three cultivars, 57.89 mg GAE/100 g oil, leading to antioxidant activity with a low EC50 of 0.53 mg GAE/ml. Overall, the hybrid of WAT x THT, Chumphon 60, was outstanding among the cultivars; it had the highest levels of lauric acid, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Synthesis of jatropha curcas-based methyl ester and ethyl ester as biodiesel feedstocks

Azhari Muhammad Syam, Robiah Yunus, Tinia Idaty Mohd. Ghazi, Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2012;20(1):165-173.
MyJurnal

Research on the use of Jatropha curcas triglycerides as biodiesel feedstock has received worldwide attention due to its inherent characteristics. Unlike palm oil, J. curcas oil is not edible, and thus, it will not disturb the food supply. However, to the researchers' experiences with the synthesis of J. curcas, oil-based biodiesel has shown that the fuel characteristics depend largely on the type of alcohol used as the excess reactants. Transesterification reaction is chosen for this process with sodium methoxide as the catalyst. Comparison studies on the yield of esters using methanol and ethanol, as well as the impacts on the reaction rate are discussed. The effects of reaction time and molar ratio on the reaction conversion are also examined. The determination of reaction yield is based on the conversion of triglycerides into alkyl esters as the main product. The findings are described as follows: the highest percentage yield of product is attained at 96% for methanol as an excess reactant, and this is 90% when ethanol is used. The optimum conditions of parameters are achieved at 6:1 molar ratio of alcohol to triglycerides, 50 min of reaction time and reaction temperature of 65°C for methanol and 75°C for ethanol. The biodiesel properties of both ester fuels were determined according to the existing standards for biodiesel and compared to the characteristics of diesel fuel.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fatty acid preference of mycelium-bound lipase from a locally isolated strain of Geotrichum candidum

Loo JL, Lai OM, Long K, Ghazali HM

World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2007 Dec;23(12):1771-8.
PMID: 27517833 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9427-2

Mycelium-bound lipase (MBL) was prepared using a strain of Geotrichum candidum isolated from local soil. At the time of maximum lipase activity (54 h), the mycelia to which the lipase was bound were harvested by filtration and centrifugation. Dry MBL was prepared by lyophilizing the mycelia obtained. The yield of MBL was 3.66 g/l with a protein content of 44.11 mg/g. The lipase activity and specific lipase activity were 22.59 and 510 U/g protein, respectively. The moisture content of the MBL was 3.85%. The activity of free (extracellular) lipase in the culture supernatant (after removal of mycelia) was less than 0.2 U/ml. The MBL showed selectivity for oleic acid over palmitic acid during hydrolysis of palm olein, indicating that the lipase from G. candidum displayed high substrate selectivity for unsaturated fatty acid containing a cis-9 double bond, even in crude form. This unique specificity of MBL could be a direct, simple and inexpensive way in the fats and oil industry for the selective hydrolysis or transesterification of cis-9 fatty acid residues in natural triacylglycerols.

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides
Fulltext Oily fish, liquid wax esters and keriorrhoea – a review

Barling, Peter Micheal, YI, Huan Foong

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2015;9(1):21-25.
MyJurnal

Keriorrhoea is the involuntarily passing of orange oil per rectum. One of us (PMB) had the misfortune to experience this symptom, together with considerable gastrointestinal disturbances for a prolonged period of time after consumption of a deep sea fish, orange roughy, which is rich in liquid wax esters (LWEs). This paper presents a summary of available evidence concerned with the physiology and pathology of ingestion of LWEs, which can enter the human diet in substantial amounts from consumption of several species of deep-sea fish. LWEs are poorly digested and absorbed by the human body. They generally cause keriorrhoea when ingested deliberately or accidentally. Jojoba oil, which is a plant LWE, together with certain nutritional products (e.g. olestra) and medical (e.g. Orlistat) which are not LWEs may mimic the effects of LWEs, and cause similar gastrointestinal disturbances. This paper discusses the potential effects of LWEs as components of gastrointestinal micelles, and predicts that the orange oil which is leaked from a bout of keriorrhoea may contain considerable volumes of triacylglycerols (TAGs).

Matched MeSH terms: Triglycerides

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