Displaying publications 1041 - 1060 of 1298 in total

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  1. The anthelmintic efficacy of natural plant cysteine proteinases against two rodent cestodes Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis microstoma in vitro
    Mansur F, Luoga W, Buttle DJ, Duce IR, Lowe A, Behnke JM
    Vet Parasitol, 2014 Mar 17;201(1-2):48-58.
    PMID: 24462509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.018
    Little is known about the efficacy of cysteine proteinases (CP) as anthelmintics for cestode infections. We examined the effects of CPs on two rodent cestodes, Hymenolepis diminuta and H. microstoma in vitro. Our data showed that naturally occurring mixtures of CPs, such as those found in papaya latex, and relatively pure preparations of fruit bromelain, papain and stem bromelain, were active in vitro against both juvenile, artificially excysted scoleces, as well as against adult worms of both rodent cestodes. Significant dose-dependent reduction in motility, ultimately leading to death of the worms, was observed with both species, and against both freshly excysted scoleces and 14-day old pre-adult worms. The most effective was fruit bromelain (after 30 min of incubation of juvenile H. diminuta and H. microstoma IC50=63 and 74 μM, respectively, and for pre-adult worms=199 and 260 μM, respectively). The least effective was stem bromelain (after 30 min of incubation of juvenile H. diminuta and H. microstoma IC50=2855 and 2772 μM, respectively, and for pre-adult worms=1374 and 1332 μM, respectively) and the efficacies of papaya latex supernatant and papain were between these extremes. In all cases these values are higher than those reported previously for efficacy of CPs against intestinal nematodes, and in contrast to nematodes, all CPs were effective against cestodes in the absence of exogenous cysteine in incubation media. The CPs appeared to attack the tegument resulting in generalised erosion mainly on the strobila. The scolex was more resistant to CP attack but nevertheless some damage to the tegument on the scolex was detected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  2. Effect of experimental silane-based primers with various contents of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate on the bond strength of orthodontic adhesives
    Mustafa AA, Matinlinna JP, Razak AA, Hussin AS
    J Investig Clin Dent, 2015 Aug;6(3):161-9.
    PMID: 24415731 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12083
    AIM: To evaluate in vitro the effect of different concentrations of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in experimental silane-based primers on shear bond strength of orthodontic adhesives.

    METHODS: Different volume percentages of HEMA were tested in four experimental silane-based primer solutions (additions of HEMA: 0, 5.0 vol%, 25.0 vol% and 50.0 vol%). An experimental silane blend (primer) of 1.0 vol% 3-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane (ICMS) + 0.5% bis-1,2-(triethoxysilyl) ethane (BTSE) was prepared and used. The experimental primers together with the control group were applied onto acid-etched premolars for attachment of orthodontic brackets. After artificial aging by thermocycling the shear-bond strength was measured. The fractured surfaces of all specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the failure mode on the enamel surface.

    RESULTS: The experimental primers showed the highest shear-bond strength of 21.15 MPa (SD ± 2.70 MPa) and with 25 vol% showed a highly significant increase (P < 0.05) in bond strength. The SEM images showed full penetration of adhesive agents when using silane-based primers. In addition, the SEM images suggested that the predominant failure type was not necessarily the same as for the failure propagation.

    CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study suggested that nonacidic silane-based primers with HEMA addition might be an alternative to for use as adhesion promoting primers.

    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  3. Treatment and decolorization of biologically treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using banana peel as novel biosorbent
    Mohammed RR, Chong MF
    J Environ Manage, 2014 Jan;132:237-49.
    PMID: 24321284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.031
    Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) treatment has always been a topic of research in Malaysia. This effluent that is extremely rich in organic content needs to be properly treated to minimize environmental hazards before it is released into watercourses. The main aim of this work is to evaluate the potential of applying natural, chemically and thermally modified banana peel as sorbent for the treatment of biologically treated POME. Characteristics of these sorbents were analyzed with BET surface area and SEM. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to remove color, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), tannin and lignin, and biological oxygen demand (BOD) onto natural banana peel (NBP), methylated banana peel (MBP), and banana peel activated carbon (BPAC) respectively. The variables of pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time were investigated in this study. Maximum percentage removal of color, TSS, COD, BOD, and tannin and lignin (95.96%, 100%, 100%, 97.41%, and 76.74% respectively) on BPAC were obtained at optimized pH of 2, contact time of 30 h and adsorbent dosage of 30 g/100 ml. The isotherm data were well described by the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model with correlation coefficient of more than 0.99. Kinetic of adsorption was examined by Langergren pseudo first order, pseudo second order, and second order. The pseudo second order was identified to be the governing mechanism with high correlation coefficient of more than 0.99.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  4. Effect of curcumin on aortic changes in ovariectomized rats fed with repeatedly heated soy oil: a preliminary electron microscopic study
    Rashid Jusoh A, Das S, Kamsiah J, Qodriyah HM, Faizah O
    Clin Ter, 2013;164(4):307-13.
    PMID: 24045513 DOI: 10.7417/CT.2013.1578
    Consumption of repeatedly heated soy oil has been linked with incidence of atherosclerosis particularly in oestrogen deficient states. In the present study, effect of curcumin extract on the prevention of atherosclerosis was evaluated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron
  5. Evidence of sibling species between two host-associated populations of brown planthopper, N. lugens (stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidea) complex based on morphology and host-plant relationship studies
    Latif MA, Omar MY, Rafii MY, Malek MA, Tan SG
    C. R. Biol., 2013 Jul;336(7):354-63.
    PMID: 23932255 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.06.006
    Morphological and host-plant relationship studies were conducted to differentiate two sympatric populations of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, one from rice (Oryza sativa) and the other from Leersia hexandra, a weed grass. In morphometric studies based on esterase activities, an UPGMA dendrogram using 17 quantitative morphological characters, including stridulatory organs (courtship signal-producing organs) between two sympatric populations of N. lugens, one from rice and the other from L. hexandra, a weed grass revealed that both populations were separated from each other. An out-group, N. bakeri, was found to be completely different from the two sympatric populations of N. lugens. Rice plants were best suited for the establishment of the rice-infesting population, and L. hexandra was a favourable host for the Leersia-infesting population. The individuals derived from one host did not thrive on the other host, as shown by a significant reduction in survival and nymphal development, ovipositional preferences, ovipositional response, and egg hatchability. Therefore, morphological and host-plant relationship studies indicate that rice-associated population with high esterase activities and L. heaxandra-associated population with low esterase activities are two closely related sibling species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  6. Comparative efficiency of different pretreatment methods on enzymatic digestibility of Parthenium sp
    Pandiyan K, Tiwari R, Rana S, Arora A, Singh S, Saxena AK, et al.
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014 Jan;30(1):55-64.
    PMID: 23824667 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1422-1
    The potential of Parthenium sp. as a feedstock for enzymatic saccharification was investigated by using chemical and biological pretreatment methods. Mainly chemical pretreatments (acid and alkali) were compared with biological pretreatment with lignolytic fungi Marasmiellus palmivorus PK-27. Structural and chemical changes as well as crystallinity of cellulose were examined through scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infra red and X-ray diffraction analysis, respectively after pretreatment. Total reducing sugar released during enzymatic saccharification of pretreated substrates was also evaluated. Among the pretreatment methods, alkali (1% NaOH) treated substrate showed high recovery of acid perceptible polymerised lignin (7.53 ± 0.5 mg/g) and significantly higher amount of reducing sugar (513.1 ± 41.0 mg/gds) compared to uninoculated Parthenium (163.4 ± 21.2) after 48 h of hydrolysis. This is the first report of lignolytic enzyme production from M. palmivorus, prevalent in oil palm plantations in Malaysia and its application in biological delignification of Parthenium sp. Alkali (1% NaOH) treatment proves to be the suitable method of pretreatment for lignin recovery and enhanced yield of reducing sugar which may be used for bioethanol production from Parthenium sp.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  7. Evaluation of the effect of Cassia surattensis Burm. f., flower methanolic extract on the growth and morphology of Aspergillus niger
    Sumathy V, Zakaria Z, Chen Y, Latha LY, Jothy SL, Vijayarathna S, et al.
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2013 Jun;17(12):1648-54.
    PMID: 23832733
    Cassia (C.) surattensis Burm. f. (Leguminosae), a medicinal herb native to tropical equatorial Asia, was commonly used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of methanolic flower extract of C. surattensis against Aspergillus (A.) niger.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  8. Fulltext Effect of supercritical fluid density on nanoencapsulated drug particle size using the supercritical antisolvent method
    Kalani M, Yunus R
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2012;7:2165-72.
    PMID: 22619552 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S29805
    The reported work demonstrates and discusses the effect of supercritical fluid density (pressure and temperature of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide) on particle size and distribution using the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) method in the purpose of drug encapsulation. In this study, paracetamol was encapsulated inside L-polylactic acid, a semicrystalline polymer, with different process parameters, including pressure and temperature, using the SAS process. The morphology and particle size of the prepared nanoparticles were determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that increasing temperature enhanced mean particle size due to the plasticizing effect. Furthermore, increasing pressure enhanced molecular interaction and solubility; thus, particle size was reduced. Transmission electron microscopy images defined the internal structure of nanoparticles. Thermal characteristics of nanoparticles were also investigated via differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the changes in crystallinity structure during the SAS process. In vitro drug release analysis determined the sustained release of paracetamol in over 4 weeks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  9. Anti-amoebic properties of a Malaysian marine sponge Aaptos sp. on Acanthamoeba castellanii
    Nakisah MA, Ida Muryany MY, Fatimah H, Nor Fadilah R, Zalilawati MR, Khamsah S, et al.
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012 Mar;28(3):1237-44.
    PMID: 22805843 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0927-8
    Crude methanol extracts of a marine sponge, Aaptos aaptos, collected from three different localities namely Kapas, Perhentian and Redang Islands, Terengganu, Malaysia, were tested in vitro on a pathogenic Acanthamoeba castellanii (IMR isolate) to examine their anti-amoebic potential. The examination of anti-Acanthamoebic activity of the extracts was conducted in 24 well plates for 72 h at 30 °C. All extracts possessed anti-amoebic activity with their IC(50) values ranging from 0.615 to 0.876 mg/mL. The effect of the methanol extracts on the surface morphology of A. castellanii was analysed under scanning electron microscopy. The ability of the extracts to disrupt the amoeba cell membrane was indicated by extensive cell's blebbing, changes in the surface morphology, reduced in cell size and with cystic appearance of extract-treated Acanthamoeba. Number of acanthapodia and food cup was also reduced in this Acanthamoeba. Morphological criteria of apoptosis in Acanthamoeba following treatment with the sponge's extracts was determined by acridine orange-propidium iodide staining and observed by fluorescence microscopy. By this technique, apoptotic and necrotic cells can be visualized and quantified. The genotoxic potential of the methanol extracts was performed by the alkaline comet assay. All methanol extracts used were significantly induced DNA damage compared to untreated Acanthamoeba by having high percentage of scores 1, 2, and 3 of the DNA damage. Results from cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies carried out in the present study suggest that all methanol extracts of A. aaptos have anti-amoebic properties against A. castellanii.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  10. Isotherm kinetics of Cr(III) removal by non-viable cells of Acinetobacter haemolyticus
    Yahya SK, Zakaria ZA, Samin J, Raj AS, Ahmad WA
    Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2012 Jun 1;94:362-8.
    PMID: 22398363 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.02.016
    The potential use of non-viable biomass of a Gram negative bacterium i.e. Acinetobacter haemolyticus to remove Cr(III) species from aqueous environment was investigated. Highest Cr(III) removal of 198.80 mg g(-1) was obtained at pH 5, biomass dosage of 15 mg cell dry weight, initial Cr(III) of 100 mg L(-1) and 30 min of contact time. The Langmuir and Freundlich models fit the experimental data (R(2)>0.95) while the kinetic data was best described using the pseudo second-order kinetic model (R(2)>0.99). Cr(III) was successfully recovered from the bacterial biomass using either 1M of CH(3)COOH, HNO(3) or H(2)SO(4) with 90% recovery. TEM and FTIR suggested the involvement of amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl and phosphate groups during the biosorption of Cr(III) onto the cell surface of A. haemolyticus. A. haemolyticus was also capable to remove 79.87 mg g(-1) Cr(III) (around 22.75%) from raw leather tanning wastewater. This study demonstrates the potential of using A. haemolyticus as biosorbent to remove Cr(III) from both synthetic and industrial wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
  11. Fulltext Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol mediated silver nanoparticles by the green method
    Shameli K, Ahmad MB, Jazayeri SD, Sedaghat S, Shabanzadeh P, Jahangirian H, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(6):6639-50.
    PMID: 22837654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13066639
    The roles of green chemistry in nanotechnology and nanoscience fields are very significant in the synthesis of diverse nanomaterials. Herein, we report a green chemistry method for synthesized colloidal silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in polymeric media. The colloidal Ag NPs were synthesized in an aqueous solution using silver nitrate, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and β-D-glucose as a silver precursor, stabilizer, and reducing agent, respectively. The properties of synthesized colloidal Ag NPs were studied at different reaction times. The ultraviolet-visible spectra were in excellent agreement with the obtained nanostructure studies performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and their size distributions. The Ag NPs were characterized by utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The use of green chemistry reagents, such as glucose, provides green and economic features to this work.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
  12. Investigating membrane morphology and quantity of immobilized protein for the development of lateral flow immunoassay
    Ahmad AL, Low SC, Shukor SR, Ismail A
    J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2012 Jan;33(1):48-58.
    PMID: 22181820 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2011.591479
    This study was aimed at gaining a quantitative understanding of the effect of protein quantity and membrane pore structure on protein immobilization. The concentration of immobilized protein was measured by staining with Ponceau S and measuring its color intensity. In this study, both membrane morphology and the quantity of deposited protein significantly influenced the quantity of protein immobilization on the membrane surface. The sharpness and intensity of the red protein spots varied depending on the membrane pore structure, indicating a dependence of protein immobilization on this factor. Membranes with smaller pores resulted in a higher color density, corresponding to enhanced protein immobilization and an increased assay sensitivity level. An increased of immobilized volume has a significant jagged outline on the protein spot but, conversely, no difference in binding capacity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  13. Fulltext Fabrication and characterization of gelatin stabilized silver nanoparticles under UV-light
    Darroudi M, Ahmad MB, Zak AK, Zamiri R, Hakimi M
    Int J Mol Sci, 2011;12(9):6346-56.
    PMID: 22016663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12096346
    Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were successfully synthesized using the UV irradiation of aqueous solutions containing AgNO(3) and gelatin as a silver source and stabilizer, respectively. The UV irradiation times influence the particles' diameter of the Ag-NPs, as evidenced from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. When the UV irradiation time was increased, the mean size of particles continuously decreased as a result of photoinduced Ag-NPs fragmentation. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), the UV-irradiated Ag-NPs were a face-centered cubic (fcc) single crystal without any impurity. This study reveals that the UV irradiation-mediated method is a green chemistry and promising route for the synthesis of stable Ag-NPs for several applications (e.g., medical and surgical devices). The important advantages of this method are that it is cheap, easy, and free of toxic materials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
  14. Fulltext Conventional study on novel dicationic ionic liquid inclusion with β-cyclodextrin
    Mohamad S, Surikumaran H, Raoov M, Marimuthu T, Chandrasekaram K, Subramaniam P
    Int J Mol Sci, 2011;12(9):6329-45.
    PMID: 22016662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12096329
    This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the inclusion complex of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) with dicationic ionic liquid, 3,3'-(1,4-Phenylenebis [methylene]) bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) di(bromide) (PhenmimBr). The inclusion complex was prepared at room temperature utilizing conventional kneading technique. Proton ((1)H) NMR and 2D ((1)H-(1)H) COSY NMR were the primary characterization tools employed to verify the formation of the inclusion complex. COSY spectra showed strong correlations between protons of imidazolium and protons of β-CD which indicates that the imidazolium ring of PhenmimBr has entered the cavity of β-CD. UV absorption indicated that β-CD reacts with PhenmimBr to form a 2:1 β-CD-PhenmimBr complex with an apparent formation constant of 2.61 × 10(5) mol&(-2) L(2). Other characterization studies such as UV, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, DSC and SEM studies were also used to further support the formation of the β-CD-PhenmimBr inclusion complex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  15. Fulltext The effect of bur preparation on the surface roughness and reline bond strength of urethane dimethacrylate denture base resin
    Baig MR, Ariff FT, Yunus N
    Indian J Dent Res, 2011 Mar-Apr;22(2):210-2.
    PMID: 21891887 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.84288
    BACKGROUND: The clinical success of relining depends on the ability of reline resin to bond to denture base. Surface preparations may influence reline bond strength of urethane-based dimethacrylate denture base resin.
    AIM: To investigate the effect of bur preparation on the surface roughness (R a ) of eclipse denture base resin and its shear bond strength (SBS) to an intra-oral self-curing reline material. The mode of reline bonding failure was also examined.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four cylindrical Eclipse™ specimens were prepared and separated into three groups of eight specimens each. Two groups were subjected to mechanical preparation using standard and fine tungsten carbide (TC) burs and the third group (control) was left unprepared. The R a of all specimens was measured using a contact stylus profilometer. Subsequently, relining was done on the prepared surface and SBS testing was carried out a day later using a universal testing machine.
    RESULTS: One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in R a and SBS values for all the groups. Post-hoc Tukey's HSD test showed significant differences (P<0.05) between all the groups in the R a values. For SBS also there were significant differences (P<0.05), except between standard bur and control.
    CONCLUSIONS: 1) There was a statistically significant difference in the R a of Eclipse™ specimens prepared using different carbide burs (P<0.05). 2) There was a statistically significant difference in the relined SBS (P<0.05) when prepared using different burs, but the difference between the standard bur and the control group was not statistically significant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  16. Opacification of AcriFlex 50CSE hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses
    Lim AK, Goh PP, Azura R, Mariam I
    J Cataract Refract Surg, 2011 Apr;37(4):655-9.
    PMID: 21420589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.10.050
    PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for AcriFlex 50CSE hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) opacification approximately 3 years after implantation.
    SETTING: Selayang Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia.
    DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
    METHODS: Patients who had AcriFlex 50CSE IOL implantation in 2005 and 2006 were identified from operating logbooks and recalled via telephone and letters. Opaque IOLs were explanted and sent for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
    RESULTS: The review showed that 18 patients had died and 67 had declined examination or could not be contacted, leaving 239 eyes for evaluation. The age of the patients ranged from 25 to 85 years. Of the patients, 83 (34.7%) were Malay, 127 (53.1%) Chinese, and 29 (12.1%) East Indian. The male:female ratio was 1:1. Fourteen eyes of 13 patients (5.4%) had IOL opacification; 1 had bilateral opacification. Five eyes had fine deposits, and 9 eyes had dense opaque deposits. Seven opaque IOLs required explantation. There was no correlation between age (P=.645), sex (P=.319), or race (P=.860) and IOL opacification. Pearson chi-square analysis showed a strong association between diabetes mellitus and IOL opacification (P=.019). Nine (69.2%) of the 13 patients with opacification had diabetes. Scanning electron microscopy and EDS showed calcium and phosphate deposits on the optic surface and intralenticularly near the anterior surface of the optic.
    CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for AcriFlex hydrophilic acrylic IOL opacification. In some cases, opacification affected vision, necessitating explantation. The pathophysiology of this complication is unknown.
    FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  17. Cryopreservation of Garcinia cowa shoot tips by vitrification: the effects of sucrose preculture and loading treatment on ultrastructural changes in meristematic cells
    Yap LV, Noor NM, Clyde MM, Chin HF
    Cryo Letters, 2011 May-Jun;32(3):188-96.
    PMID: 21766148
    The effects of sucrose preculture duration and loading treatment on tolerance of Garcinia cowa shoot tips to cryopreservation using the PVS2 vitrification solution were investigated. Ultrastructural changes in meristematic cells at the end of the preculture and loading steps were followed in an attempt to understand the effects of these treatments on structural changes in cell membranes and organelles. Increasing preculture duration on 0.3 M sucrose medium from 0 to 3 days enhanced tolerance to PVS2 solution from 5.6 percent (no preculture) to 49.2 percent (3-day preculture). However, no survival was observed after cryopreservation. Examination of meristematic cells by transmission electron microscopy revealed the progressive accumulation of an electron-dense substance in line with increasing exposure durations to 0.3 M sucrose preculture. Treatment with a loading solution (2 M glycerol + 0.4 M sucrose) decreased tolerance of shoot tips to PVS2 vitrification solution and had a deleterious effect on the ultrastructure of G. cowa meristematic cells. This study suggests that G. cowa meristematic cells may lose their structural integrity due to exposure to glycerol present in the loading solution at a 2 M concentration, either due to its high osmotic potential, or due to its cytotoxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
  18. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of fish scale loaded TiO2 composites under solar light irradiation
    Ho LN, Ong SA, Osman H, Chong FM
    J Environ Sci (China), 2012;24(6):1142-8.
    PMID: 23505883
    Fish scale (FS) loaded TiO2 composites were investigated as photocatalysts in degradation of Methyl Orange under solar light irradiation. Composites were prepared through sol-gel method by varying mass ratio of TiO2/FS at 90:10, 70:30 and 50:50, respectively. The catalysts prepared in this study were characterized by using XRD, SEM, FT-IR and nitrogen sorption. The effects of solar irradiation, mass ratio of TiO2/FS composites, irradiation time and catalyst loadings were studied. Synergistic effect was found in TiO2/FS of 90:10 composite which performed higher photocatalytic degradation than synthesized TiO2 under solar light irradiation. However, further increasing fish scale content in the composites reduced the photocatalytic activity drastically. Under solar light irradiation, all the catalysts in this study exhibited photocatalytic activity, except TiO2/FS of 50:50 composite that only acted as a weak biosorbent without performing any photocatalytic property. Photocatalytic degradation increased with increasing catalyst loading and irradiation time but decreased with increased of initial dye concentration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  19. Microwave modified non-crosslinked pectin films with modulated drug release
    Anuar NK, Wong TW, Taib MN
    Pharm Dev Technol, 2012 Jan-Feb;17(1):110-7.
    PMID: 20958167 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.522584
    The effects of microwave on drug release properties of pectin films carrying sulfanilamide (SN-P), sulfathiazole (ST-P) and sulfamerazine (SM-P) of high to low aqueous solubilities were investigated. These films were prepared by solvent evaporation technique and treated by microwave at 80 W for 5-40 min. Their profiles of drug dissolution, drug content, matrix interaction and matrix crystallinity were determined by drug dissolution testing, drug content assay, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Microwave induced an increase in matrix amorphousness but lower drug release propensity with a greater retardation extent in SN-P films, following a rise in strength of matrix interaction. A gain in amorphous structure does not necessarily increase the drug release of film. Microwave can possibly retard drug release of pectin film carrying water-soluble drug through modulating its state of matrix interaction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  20. Metal ion removal from aqueous solution using physic seed hull
    Mohammad M, Maitra S, Ahmad N, Bustam A, Sen TK, Dutta BK
    J Hazard Mater, 2010 Jul 15;179(1-3):363-72.
    PMID: 20362390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.014
    The potential of physic seed hull (PSH), Jantropha curcas L. as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) metal ions from aqueous solution has been investigated. It has been found that the amount of adsorption for both Cd(2+) and Zn(2+) increased with the increase in initial metal ions concentration, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and the solution pH (in acidic range), but decreased with the increase in the particle size of the adsorbent. The adsorption process for both metal ions on PSH consists of three stages-a rapid initial adsorption followed by a period of slower uptake of metal ions and virtually no uptake at the final stage. The kinetics of metal ions adsorption on PSH followed a pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted in the three adsorption isotherms-Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The data best fit in the Langmuir isotherm indication monolayer chemisorption of the metal ions. The adsorption capacity of PSH for both Zn(2+) and Cd(2+) was found to be comparable with other available adsorbents. About 36-47% of the adsorbed metal could be leached out of the loaded PSH using 0.1M HCl as the eluting medium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
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