Two independent mol-ecules comprise the asymmetric unit of the title cholestane derivative, C(29)H(49)NO(3) {systematic name: (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(1R)-1,5-dimethyl-hex-yl]-6-hy-droxy-imino-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetra-deca-hydro-1H-cyclo-penta-[a]phenanthren-3-yl ace-tate}. The major differences between the mol-ecules relate to the relative orientations of the terminal acetyl [C-C-O-C torsion angles = -158.8 (3) and -81.7 (3)°] and alkyl groups [C-C-C-C = 168.9 (3) and 65.8 (4)°]. In the crystal, the independent mol-ecules associate via pairs of O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming dimeric aggregates. Supra-molecular layers in the ab plane are mediated by C-H⋯O inter-actions.
The objective of this study was to assess and compare the knowledge and perception of breast cancer among women of various ethnic groups in the state of Penang.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women of all ethnic and age groups in Malaysia.
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms and methods of screening among female university students and their perception towards the disease treatment outcomes.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to March 2008 at Universiti Sains Malaysia. Two hundred participants from 10 randomly selected faculties were interviewed face to face by a trained pharmacist using a validated questionnaire. In addition to their demographic characteristics, participants were required to answer 22 questions concerning knowledge of breast cancer and five questions related to their perception of breast cancer management and treatment outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.
RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 26.7 (SD=1.9) years. The results showed that the vast majority of the female university students had inadequate knowledge of breast cancer. The mean total knowledge score of the students was 60.7%. Indian students had significantly less knowledge of breast cancer compared to their Chinese and Malay counterparts (p<0.05). However, more than two third of the students were aware of breast self examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) recommendations. Furthermore, the students had positive perceptions towards the treatment outcomes of breast cancer.
CONCLUSION: This study has highlighted the need of a breast cancer awareness campaign, which should also stress the importance of early detection and reporting of breast cancer.
In the title cholestane derivative, C(28)H(48) [systematic name: (1S,2S,7R,10R,11R,14R,15R)-2,5,10,15-tetra-methyl-14-[(2R)-6-methyl-heptan-2-yl]tetra-cyclo-[8.7.0.0(2,7).0(11,15)]hepta-dec-4-ene], the cyclo-hexene ring adopts a half-chair conformation. The parent 5α-cholest-2-ene and the equivalent fragment of the title compound are almost superimposable (r.m.s. deviation = 0.033 Å).
The asymmetric unit of the title compound {systematic name: (3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(E,2R,5S)-5-ethyl-6-methyl-hept-3-en-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodeca-hydro-1H-cyclo-penta-[a]phenanthren-3-yl p-toluene-sulfonate}, C(36)H(54)O(3)S, comprises two independent mol-ecules that differ significantly in terms of the relative orientations of the peripheral groups; the conformation about the C=C bond of the side chain is E. In the crystal, mol-ecules associate into linear supra-molecular chains aligned along the a axis via C-H⋯O inter-actions.
In the title anhydro-scymnol tetra-acetate, C(35)H(54)O(9), the fused chair conformation of the cyclo-hexane A/B ring junction is cis with a 5β-H configuration. The compound has a trimethyl-ene oxide ring at position 24,26 and four acetate groups at the 3α,7α,12α,27 positions.
In the title steroid derivative, C(23)H(37)IO, the fused cyclo-propane unit that comprises part of the A ring has a β-configuration, and the associated cyclo-pentane ring has an envelope conformation.
In the title compound (5S,8R,9R,10R,13S,14S,17R,20R)-24-bromo-5β-cholane, C(24)H(41)Br, the fused-chair conformation of the cyclo-hexane A/B ring junction is cis with a 5β-H configuration.
In the title steroid derivative, C(25)H(40)O(3), the fused cyclo-propane unit that corresponds to a part of the A ring has a β-configuration and the associated cyclo-pentane ring an envelope-shaped conformation.
In the crystal structure of 2-bromo-beclometasone dipropionate [systematic name: (8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16S,17R)-2-bromo-9α-chloro-11-hydr-oxy-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-17-[2-(propion-yloxy)acet-yl]-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodeca-hydro-3H-cyclo-penta-[a]phenanthren-17-yl propionate], C(28)H(36)BrClO(7), the six-membered ring with the 1,4-diene-3-one composition is planar (r.m.s. deviations = 0.03 and 0.04 Å for the two independent mol-ecules), whereas the remaining six-membered rings have chair conformations. Each of the independent mol-ecules self-associates via O-H⋯O(propionate) hydrogen bonding, generating a supra-molecular chain running along the b axis. The crystal is twinned, with the monoclinic unit cell emulating an orthorhomic crystal system; the major twin component constitutes approximately 60%.
In the crystal structure of (8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16S,17R)-9α-bromo-11-hydr-oxy-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-17-[2-(propion-yloxy)acet-yl]-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodeca-hydro-3H-cyclo-penta-[a]phenanthren-17-yl propionate monohydrate, C(28)H(37)BrO(7)·H(2)O, which has a 9α-Br atom in place of the 9α-Cl atom of monohydrated beclometasone dipropionate, one six-membered ring is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.02 Å) owing to its 1,4-diene-3-one composition, whereas the two other six-membered rings each have a chair conformation. The organic mol-ecule and water mol-ecules engage in hydrogen-bonding inter-actions, generating a helical chain running along the c axis of the ortho-rhom-bic unit cell.
The title compound, C(28)H(34)Cl(2)O(7), is a derivative of the glucocorticoid steroid beclomethasone dipropionate. It features an expoxide linkage [angle at oxygen = 96.6 (2)°]. The dichlorocyclohexenone ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the C atom bearing the two Cl substituents representing the flap. The dichloro-methyl C atom deviates by 0.471 (4) Å from the plane defined by the other five atoms, whose maximum r.m.s. deviation is 0.04 Å.
In the title compound, C(18)H(21)IO, the cyclo-hexane ring adopts a chair conformation, whereas the cyclo-pentane ring and the ten-membered tetra-line portions each adopt an envelope conformation. For the five-membered ring, the methine C atom deviates by 0.638 (4) Å (r.m.s. of the four other atoms is 0.005 Å) and for the ten-membered ring, the methine C atom constituting the flap deviates by 0.671 (3) Å (r.m.s. of the other nine atoms is 0.066 Å).
The success of major surgery depends partly on providing effective post-operative pain relief, which can be commonly achieved by morphine administration via patient- controlled analgesic (PCA) system. Alternatively, tramadol which is a weak opioid analgesic, can be used for post operative pain relief. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous PCA tramadol in comparison with PCA morphine in term of analgesic properties, sedation and side effects. A randomized, double-blinded study was conducted on 160 ASA I and II patients who underwent major operations. Eighty of them received a loading dose of intravenous morphine 0.1 mg/kg followed by PCA morphine bolus of 1 mg (1 mg/ml) as required, while the other 80 patients received a loading dose of 2.5 mg/kg of intravenous tramadol followed by PCA infusion of 10 mg (10 mg/ml) as required. Patients were monitored for pain, sedation and side effects as well as respiratory rate, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, blood pressure and pulse rate. Patients were evaluated 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation. There were no differences in the demographic data between the two groups (p > 0.05). The overall mean pain score in tramadol group was 0.70 +/- 0.60 as compared to 0.75 +/- 0.67 for morphine group. The mean pain score for tramadol and morphine groups at 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation were 1.32 +/- 0.79, 104 +/- 0.79, 0.35 +/- 0.48, 0.09 +/- 0.33 and 1.35 +/- 0.99, 1.14 +/- 0.81, 0.40 +/- 0.54, 0.10 +/- 0.34 respectively. The overall mean sedation score in tramadol and morphine group was 0.39 +/- 0.44 as compared to 0.35 +/- 0.43 for morphine group. The mean sedation score for tramadol and morphine group at 30 minutes, 4 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post operation were 0.90 +/- 0.74, 0.56 +/- 0.59, 0.075 +/- 0.27, 0.025 +/- 0.16 and 0.84 +/- 0.70, 0.46 +/- 0.64, 0.08 +/- 0.27, 0.01 +/- 0.11 respectively. There was no significant difference in the overall mean pain and sedation score between the two groups as well as for each duration assessed (p > 0.05). There were also no significant differences between the two groups with regard to the blood pressure and heart rate. The incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritus were the same in the two groups. This study indicates that PCA tramadol is as equally effective as PCA morphine control following major surgery. The incidences of sedation, nausea or pruritus were the same in the two groups.
The title compound, C(30)H(34)O(5), crystallizes with two symmetry-independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal structure, the two independent mol-ecules are disposed about a pseudo-center of inversion. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed in each independent mol-ecule. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
We report a case of a previously healthy 53-year-old man who developed an intra-operative catastrophic event occurring in association with the use of hydrogen peroxide for wound irrigation following surgical debridement of a chronic osteomyelitis lesion of the humerus. It is our intention to highlight this potentially fatal consequence of hydrogen peroxide irrigation as part of bone debridement procedure. This case will serve as a reminder to orthopaedic surgeons who frequently use hydrogen peroxide in their surgical practice.
Five morphinoid alkaloids have been isolated from Dehaasia longipedicellata, namely (-) pallidine, a new alkaloid (+) pallidinine (1), (+)-milonine, (-) 8,14-dehydrosalutaridine and (-) sinoacutine.
Microtubule disassembly inhibitory properties have been established for the known polyisoprenylated benzophenones xanthochymol (1a) and guttiferone E (1b). The compounds were isolated from the fruits of Garcinia pyrifera collected in Malaysia. A structure-activity relationship study, including natural and semisynthetic derivatives, delineated some structural features necessary for the interaction with tubulin within this compound class.
Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethyl acetate extract of Fissistigma lanuginosum led to the isolation of the known chalcone pedicin [1], which inhibited tubulin assembly into microtubules (IC50 value of 300 microM). From the same EtOAc fraction, two new condensed chalcones, fissistin [2] and isofissistin [3], which showed cytotoxicity against KB cells, were also obtained, together with the inactive dihydropedicin [4] and 6,7-dimethoxy-5,8-dihydroxyflavone [5]. In addition, the aminoquinones 6, 8, and 9 were isolated from the alkaloid extract. These compounds were artifacts, prepared by treatment of 1, 4, and 2, respectively, with NH4OH. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral methods, especially 2D nmr.
Several new concepts are used to describe contraceptive use histories for nearly 1200 women in Peninsular Malaysia. These histories are summarized by 81 episode histories. Transition matrices provide useful summaries of the changes women make in their contraceptive practice from one pregnancy interval to the next. Data from the mid-1940s to mid-1970s, during which period there was a dramatic increase in contraceptive use, reveal considerable inertia in individual couples' contraceptive practice. Persistence with a method was greater the less effective the method: while 86% of couples using no method in one interval used no method in the next, only 56% of couples using the pill in one interval also used it in the next. Virtually all transitions are of three types: continuation with the same method, a change from no method to some method, or a change from some method to no method. For only 1% of all pregnancies did couples use one contraceptive method before a pregnancy and a different method after the pregnancy. Differences are examined by calendar year and education.