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Fulltext Determination of radiation dose received by the thyroid and gonads during PET-CT. [Penilaian dos sinaran ke atas gonad dan tiroid semasa prosedur PET-CT]

Rukiah A. Latiff, Akmal Sabaruddin, Norfadilah Mat Nor

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2012;10(2):37-42.
MyJurnal

Thyroid and gonads are radiosensitive organs which requires radiation shield to reduce the dose received. However,
radiation shielding is not widely used in radionuclide imaging because it is heavy, uncomfortable and can cause pain
in the spine. Therefore, a research was carried out to determine the ability of thyroid and gonad radiation shield
which is thinner and lighter in reducing radiation dose. A study was conducted in Hospital Putrajaya to determine
the radiation dose received by the thyroid and gonads during a complete Positron Emission Tomography-Computed
Tomography (PET-CT) procedure with and without radiation shield. A total of six male staffs have been chosen as subject
and data from 33 complete PET-CT procedures have been collected. For every PET-CT procedure, the subject’s thyroid
and gonad were shielded using 0.5-mm thick radiation shielded, model Mavig 615 (USA) and Shielding International
(USA) respectively. Thermal luminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips were used as radiation dose detector. The average 18FFDG radioactivity administered to the patient was 387 MBq and the average scan time is 9.224 ± 1.797 minutes. The
results showed that the mean equivalent dose received by the thyroid with and without shielding were 0.080 ± 0.033
mSv and 0.078 ± 0.039 mSv respectively. The mean equivalent dose received by gonad with and without shielding
were 0.059 ± 0.040 mSv and 0.061 ± 0.030 mSv respectively. Radiation shield with 0.5 mm thickness is unable to
reduce radiation dose received by the thyroid (p = 0.76) and gonads (p = 0.79) because it is too thin to resist the
high-energy radiation during PET-CT procedures. Thyroid receive higher radiation dose of 0.016 m Sv compared to
the gonads (p < 0.05) because the thyroid’s position is more exposed to radiation sources which are 18F-FDG during
radiopharmaceutical preparation and patients after administered with 18F-FDG during PET-CT procedure.
Keywords: equivalent dose, radiation shield, TLD

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext Dimensional accuracy of the skull models produced by rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus

Nizam, A., Gopal, R.N., Naing, L., Hakim, A.B., Samsudin, A.R.

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2006;1(1):60-66.
MyJurnal

The purpose of this study was to determine the dimensional accuracy of the skull models produced by Rapid prototyping technology using stereolithography apparatus. Computed tomography images were captured from four dry normal adult human skulls. The resultant 2-D images were stored in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. The segmentation of the images was prepared in MIMICS software. The slice files were then exported to a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) to produce the replica of each skull. Eight linear measurements were repeatedly made between identified landmarks on each of the original skull and its replica model using an electronic digital calliper. Each of the linear measurements was repeated 5 times and the average was taken to determine the absolute difference and percent difference between the original skull and its replica model. The overall absolute difference between the four human adult skulls and its replica models was 0.23 mm with a standard deviation of 1.37 mm. The percent difference was 0.08% with a standard deviation of 1.25%. The degree of error established by this system seems affordable in clinical applications when these models are used in the field of dental surgery for surgical treatment planning.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Right Iliac Fossa Pain

Abu Hassan H, Suppiah S

Ann Acad Med Singap, 2016 Dec;45(12):567-568.
PMID: 28062887
Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext Incidental finding of co -existing life-threatening pathology during facial trauma assessment

Juanna Bahadun, Abou-Hamden, Amal, Anderson, Peter J.

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2014;9(1):1-3.
MyJurnal

Paediatric facial traumas are often accompanied by other intracranial and non-head injuries. Use of
Computed Tomography (CT) has increased diagnostic accuracy when compared to plain radiographs alone. Coexisting anomalies can sometimes be a chance finding from the imagings and this highlights the need of a formalreporting by a radiologist. We report a case of a traumatic unilateral condylar fracture with a coexisting life-threatening abnormality detected from careful assessment of the imagings.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Case-control comparison brain lesion segmentation for early infarct detection

Ting FF, Sim KS, Lim CP

Comput Med Imaging Graph, 2018 11;69:82-95.
PMID: 30219737 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2018.08.011

Computed Tomography (CT) images are widely used for the identification of abnormal brain tissues following infarct and hemorrhage of a stroke. The treatment of this medical condition mainly depends on doctors' experience. While manual lesion delineation by medical doctors is currently considered as the standard approach, it is time-consuming and dependent on each doctor's expertise and experience. In this study, a case-control comparison brain lesion segmentation (CCBLS) method is proposed to segment the region pertaining to brain injury by comparing the voxel intensity of CT images between control subjects and stroke patients. The method is able to segment the brain lesion from the stacked CT images automatically without prior knowledge of the location or the presence of the lesion. The aim is to reduce medical doctors' burden and assist them in making an accurate diagnosis. A case study with 300 sets of CT images from control subjects and stroke patients is conducted. Comparing with other existing methods, the outcome ascertains the effectiveness of the proposed method in detecting brain infarct of stroke patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext Application of active contours driven by local Gaussian distribution fitting energy to the computed tomography images

Nurwahidah, M., Wan, E.Z.W.A.R., Shaharuddin, C.S.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2018;26(1):309-316.
MyJurnal

This paper presents the application of active contours region-based method of image segmentation to Computed Tomography (CT) images. Previous researchers applied this region based method on Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), in vivo images and synthetic images which contain intensity inhomogeneities. In this paper, a different modality known as Computed Tomography (CT) scan was applied. CT scan also produces images containing intensity inhomogeneity, and it is predicted that this method provide good segmentation results. The main objective of applying this method is to check its applicability on CT images. The segmentation process begins by finding the area of interest (black region). Results from this experiment are then used in estimating time of death. Experimental results show that this method has successfully segmented the black region when some parameters changed, provided that the regions are closed to each other. If the black regions are located far from each other, then this method will only segment certain areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext Emphysematous aortitis: report of two cases and CT imaging findings

Md Noh MSF, Abdul Rashid AM, Ar A, B N, Mohammed Y, A R E

BJR Case Rep, 2017;3(3):20170006.
PMID: 30363220 DOI: 10.1259/bjrcr.20170006

Emphysematous aortitis is a rare condition that manifests through the presence of air within or surrounding the inflamed aorta. Aortic inflammation may result from either an infective or a non-infective cause. Recognition of this rare condition is important as the resultant clinical deterioration may be rapid and lead to inevitable death. Cross-sectional imaging, with its relatively wide availability, proves an important tool in the diagnosis and subsequent management of this condition. We report two such cases encountered in our centre, with particular focus on the imaging findings on CT.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Validity of Ultrasound Imaging in Measuring Quadriceps Muscle Thickness and Cross-Sectional Area in Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis

Sahathevan S, Khor BH, Yeong CH, Tan TH, Meera Mohaideen AK, Ng HM, et al.

JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2021 02;45(2):422-426.
PMID: 32384179 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1867

BACKGROUND: Muscle wasting, prevalent in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients diagnosed with protein-energy wasting, represents an assessment challenge in the outpatient HD setting. Quadriceps muscle thickness (QMT) and cross-sectional area (CSA) assessment by ultrasound (US) is a potential surrogate measure for muscle wasting. We aimed to determine the validity of US to measure QMT and CSA against the gold standard-computed tomography (CT).
METHODS: Twenty-six patients on HD underwent US and CT scans on the same day, postdialysis session. QMT for rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI) muscles was taken at the midpoint (MID) and two-thirds (2/3) of both thighs and CSA of the RF muscle (RFCSA ), respectively. Correlation between US and CT measurements was determined by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot.
RESULTS: ICC (95% CI) computed between US and CT was 0.94 (0.87-0.97), 0.97 (0.93-0.99), 0.94 (0.87-0.97), 0.94 (0.86-0.97), and 0.92 (0.83-0.97) for RFMID , VIMID, RF2/3, VI2/3 , and RFCSA , respectively (all P < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis indicated no bias in agreement between both methods.
CONCLUSION: The US imaging offers a valid and quick bedside assessment approach to assess muscle wasting in HD patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
A new algorithm for improving the low contrast of computed tomography images using tuned brightness controlled single-scale Retinex

Al-Ameen Z, Sulong G

Scanning, 2015 Mar-Apr;37(2):116-25.
PMID: 25663630 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21187

Contrast is a distinctive visual attribute that indicates the quality of an image. Computed Tomography (CT) images are often characterized as poor quality due to their low-contrast nature. Although many innovative ideas have been proposed to overcome this problem, the outcomes, especially in terms of accuracy, visual quality and speed, are falling short and there remains considerable room for improvement. Therefore, an improved version of the single-scale Retinex algorithm is proposed to enhance the contrast while preserving the standard brightness and natural appearance, with low implementation time and without accentuating the noise for CT images. The novelties of the proposed algorithm consist of tuning the standard single-scale Retinex, adding a normalized-ameliorated Sigmoid function and adapting some parameters to improve its enhancement ability. The proposed algorithm is tested with synthetically and naturally degraded low-contrast CT images, and its performance is also verified with contemporary enhancement techniques using two prevalent quality evaluation metrics-SSIM and UIQI. The results obtained from intensive experiments exhibited significant improvement not only in enhancing the contrast but also in increasing the visual quality of the processed images. Finally, the proposed low-complexity algorithm provided satisfactory results with no apparent errors and outperformed all the comparative methods.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
The prevalence of frontal cell variants according to the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification and their associations with frontal sinusitis

Fawzi NEA, Lazim NM, Aziz ME, Mohammad ZW, Abdullah B

Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2022 Feb;279(2):765-771.
PMID: 33914150 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06843-0

BACKGROUND: The International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) is introduced to simplify the classification of different frontal cell variants based on their topographical structures. The objectives of our study were to determine the prevalence of the frontal cell variants according to IFAC and their association with the development of frontal sinusitis.
METHODOLOGY: A retrospective chart review on computed tomography paranasal sinus (CTPNS) was conducted. A total of 200 patients who had clinical and endoscopic findings of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and undergone CTPNS were reviewed. The CTPNS was evaluated for the presence of frontal cell variants according to IFAC and mucosal changes consistent with frontal sinus involvement.
RESULT: A total of 400 sides of the CTPNS were analyzed. The agger nasi cells (ANCs) were the most common (95.5%) followed by supra bulla cells (SBCs) (60.8%), supra bulla frontal cells (SBFCs) (53.0%), supra agger cells (SACs) (50.0%), supra agger frontal cells (SAFCs) (36.0%), frontal septal cells (FSCs) (8.3%), and supraorbital ethmoidal cells SOECs (5.5%). There was significant association between SOEC (p = 0.001) and FSC (p = 0.044) with the development of frontal sinusitis.
CONCLUSIONS: Apart from ANCs, the posterior-based cells (SBCs and SBFCs) have higher prevalence than the anterior-based cells (SACs and SAFCs). Despite being the least, both SOECs and FSCs are significantly associated with frontal sinusitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Traumatic Neck Injury: An Accidental Impalement by a Needlefish

Ali AA, Gurung R, Hayati F, Zakaria AD, Mohamad I, Ching FF

Wilderness Environ Med, 2021 Dec;32(4):517-521.
PMID: 34479771 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.07.006

Encounters between marine animals and humans can result in critical injury and fatal complications. We highlight a 20-y-old male who sustained a penetrating injury to the neck as a result of impalement by needlefish (Tylosurus sp) while snorkeling. He sustained a penetrating injury in the posterior triangle of the neck. On presentation, he was stabilized and received empirical antibiotics, analgesia, and antitetanus toxoid injection before being transferred to a tertiary center. On presentation to the tertiary hospital, the patient was hemodynamically stable with no clinical evidence of injury to surrounding neck structures, and this was confirmed using computed tomography. The patient underwent local wound exploration and retrieval of the needlefish beak under general anesthesia. The wound was left open to heal by secondary intention. The patient was discharged with oral antibiotics and went on to make a complete recovery.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Efficient Semipolar (11-22) 550 nm Yellow/Green InGaN Light-Emitting Diodes on Low Defect Density (11-22) GaN/Sapphire Templates

Li H, Khoury M, Bonef B, Alhassan AI, Mughal AJ, Azimah E, et al.

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2017 Oct 18;9(41):36417-36422.
PMID: 28960058 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11718

We demonstrate efficient semipolar (11-22) 550 nm yellow/green InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with In0.03Ga0.97N barriers on low defect density (11-22) GaN/patterned sapphire templates. The In0.03Ga0.97N barriers were clearly identified, and no InGaN clusters were observed by atom probe tomography measurements. The semipolar (11-22) 550 nm InGaN LEDs (0.1 mm2 size) show an output power of 2.4 mW at 100 mA and a peak external quantum efficiency of 1.3% with a low efficiency drop. In addition, the LEDs exhibit a small blue-shift of only 11 nm as injection current increases from 5 to 100 mA. These results suggest the potential to produce high efficiency semipolar InGaN LEDs with long emission wavelength on large-area sapphire substrates with economical feasibility.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Acute pancreatitis: is early CT necessary?

Ariffin AC, Ngadiron H

Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 2017 12;43(6):883-884.
PMID: 28936579 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-017-0843-1
Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext Development of a Tomography Technique for Assessment of the Material Condition of Concrete Using Optimized Elastic Wave Parameters

Chai HK, Liu KF, Behnia A, Yoshikazu K, Shiotani T

Materials (Basel), 2016 Apr 16;9(4).
PMID: 28773416 DOI: 10.3390/ma9040291

Concrete is the most ubiquitous construction material. Apart from the fresh and early age properties of concrete material, its condition during the structure life span affects the overall structural performance. Therefore, development of techniques such as non-destructive testing which enable the investigation of the material condition, are in great demand. Tomography technique has become an increasingly popular non-destructive evaluation technique for civil engineers to assess the condition of concrete structures. In the present study, this technique is investigated by developing reconstruction procedures utilizing different parameters of elastic waves, namely the travel time, wave amplitude, wave frequency, and Q-value. In the development of algorithms, a ray tracing feature was adopted to take into account the actual non-linear propagation of elastic waves in concrete containing defects. Numerical simulation accompanied by experimental verifications of wave motion were conducted to obtain wave propagation profiles in concrete containing honeycomb as a defect and in assessing the tendon duct filling of pre-stressed concrete (PC) elements. The detection of defects by the developed tomography reconstruction procedures was evaluated and discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext Strangulated Morgagni hernia masquerading as an acute coronary syndrome

Ohn MH, Ng JR, Mehan TN, Luen NP

BMJ Case Rep, 2021 Jul 13;14(7).
PMID: 34257130 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244045

Morgagni hernia is the rarest type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which can present late in adulthood. Here, we report a case of Morgagni hernia in an elderly woman who presented as an acute coronary syndrome with raised troponin level. X-ray of the chest (CXR) showed air-fluid level in the right lower hemithorax with loss of right diaphragmatic outline and subsequently confirmed strangulated Morgagni hernia with CT. She was treated with emergency laparotomy to reduce the hernia content and surgical repair with mesh done. In conclusion, Troponin can be falsely positive in Morgagni hernia patients, possibly due to strain on the heart by herniated bowel contents. Basic imaging such as a (CXR) is useful in the case of chest pain to rule out the non-cardiac causes. Although 'time is the myocardium' in the setting of all cases of chest pain with raised troponin, CXR should be done before treatment that poses bleeding risk and unnecessary delay in laparotomy.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Post-mortem pulmonary tuberculosis: comparison of available diagnostic methods

Chainchel Singh MK, Johari B, Naik VR, Lai PS, Siew SF

Trop Biomed, 2023 Jun 01;40(2):165-169.
PMID: 37650402 DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.2.006

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a serious public health threat with the World Health Organisation (WHO) reporting 5.8 million cases and 1.3 million deaths in the year 2020 due to TB. TB can be diagnosed by imaging, histopathological and bacteriological methods with culture remaining the gold standard. This study was performed to look at the sensitivity and specificity of post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) imaging when compared to culture in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis. This was a retrospective comparative study looking at post mortem cases where lung tissue samples sent for TB culture at Hospital Kuala Lumpur were compared against PMCT imaging. Exclusion criteria included contaminated samples, decomposed cases, immunocompromised subjects and those below 18 years of age. Subjects included 80 medico-legal autopsy cases at the National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia who had whole body PMCT done in accordance with the Institute's protocol and tissue samples sent for bacteriology culture for tuberculosis. PMCT findings were positively associated with acid-fast organisms in 23.5 out of 33 cases (71.2%). Our study also showed that PMCT had a sensitivity of 71.3% and specificity of 54.3% (95% CI: 39.5-68.4) in diagnosing TB based on the protocol set in this study. This study showed that there was relatively good agreement between radiological PMCT findings and bacterial culture, suggesting that radiological examination is a relatively reliable tool for preliminary screening and possible diagnosis of TB prior to a postmortem examination which would be beneficial in reducing the risk of transmission of TB to health workers during autopsy.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Multimodality diagnostic imaging for anomalous pulmonary venous connections: a pictorial essay

Lilyasari O, Goo HW, Siripornpitak S, Abdul Latiff H, Ota H, Caro-Dominguez P

Pediatr Radiol, 2023 Sep;53(10):2120-2133.
PMID: 37202498 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05660-3

Anomalous pulmonary venous connections represent a heterogeneous group of congenital heart diseases in which a part or all pulmonary venous flow drains directly or indirectly into the right atrium. Clinically, anomalous pulmonary venous connections may be silent or have variable consequences, including neonatal cyanosis, volume overload and pulmonary arterial hypertension due to the left-to-right shunt. Anomalous pulmonary venous connections are frequently associated with other congenital cardiac defects and their accurate diagnosis is crucial for treatment planning. Therefore, multimodality diagnostic imaging, comprising a combination (but not all) of echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, cardiothoracic computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, helps identify potential blind spots relevant to each imaging modality before treatment and achieve optimal management and monitoring. For the same reasons, diagnostic imaging evaluation using a multimodality fashion should be used after treatment. Finally, those interpreting the images should be familiar with the various surgical approaches used to repair anomalous pulmonary venous connections and the common postoperative complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext 3D CNN with Visual Insights for Early Detection of Lung Cancer Using Gradient-Weighted Class Activation

Neal Joshua ES, Bhattacharyya D, Chakkravarthy M, Byun YC

J Healthc Eng, 2021;2021:6695518.
PMID: 33777347 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695518

The 3D convolutional neural network is able to make use of the full nonlinear 3D context information of lung nodule detection from the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) images, and the Gradient Class Activation has shown to be useful for tailoring classification tasks and localization interpretation for fine-grained features and visual explanation for the internal working. Gradient-weighted class activation plays a crucial role for clinicians and radiologists in terms of trusting and adopting the model. Practitioners not only rely on a model that can provide high precision but also really want to gain the respect of radiologists. So, in this paper, we explored the lung nodule classification using the improvised 3D AlexNet with lightweight architecture. Our network employed the full nature of the multiview network strategy. We have conducted the binary classification (benign and malignant) on computed tomography (CT) images from the LUNA 16 database conglomerate and database image resource initiative. The results obtained are through the 10-fold cross-validation. Experimental results have shown that the proposed lightweight architecture achieved a superior classification accuracy of 97.17% on LUNA 16 dataset when compared with existing classification algorithms and low-dose CT scan images as well.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Giant Urinary Bladder in a Woman with Down Syndrome: A Case Report

Padzel S, Ariffin F, Mohd Yusuf SY, Mohamad Ali ND

Am J Case Rep, 2024 Jul 24;25:e944260.
PMID: 39044396 DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.944260

BACKGROUND Non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder involves fluctuating flow rates due to involuntary muscle contractions during voiding in those with normal neurological function. The diagnostic challenge lies in distinguishing between massive urinary bladder distension and ovarian tumors. While various pathologies mimicking ovarian tumors are documented, cases of a massively distended urinary bladder, known as giant urinary bladder, posing as such are notably scarce. CASE REPORT This case report presents the unique clinical scenario of a 31-year-old woman with Down syndrome who was initially misdiagnosed with an ovarian tumor due to progressive abdominal distention, reduced appetite, and weight loss. On presentation, she appeared dehydrated, with an abnormal renal profile. Despite hydration, the renal profile worsened. Initial ultrasound showed a large, uniloculated cystic lesion measuring 11×15 cm in the pelvis. Due to the size of the cyst, which appeared to be ovarian in origin, ovarian tumor was suspected. However, tumor markers were normal. A computed tomography scan subsequently showed a massively distended urinary bladder measuring 11.6×13.6×17.6 cm causing bilateral obstructive uropathy, with moderate hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Needing intermittent catheterization at first, the patient subsequently passed urine on her own following behavioral modification. CONCLUSIONS This rare case of non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder causing a giant urinary bladder in a patient with Down syndrome highlights the importance of an awareness of this condition for effective assessment and patient treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Fulltext Role of Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Detection

Gudigar A, Raghavendra U, Nayak S, Ooi CP, Chan WY, Gangavarapu MR, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2021 Dec 01;21(23).
PMID: 34884045 DOI: 10.3390/s21238045

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused millions of deaths and affected the livelihood of many more people. Early and rapid detection of COVID-19 is a challenging task for the medical community, but it is also crucial in stopping the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Prior substantiation of artificial intelligence (AI) in various fields of science has encouraged researchers to further address this problem. Various medical imaging modalities including X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) using AI techniques have greatly helped to curb the COVID-19 outbreak by assisting with early diagnosis. We carried out a systematic review on state-of-the-art AI techniques applied with X-ray, CT, and US images to detect COVID-19. In this paper, we discuss approaches used by various authors and the significance of these research efforts, the potential challenges, and future trends related to the implementation of an AI system for disease detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Tomography, X-Ray Computed

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