The a.c. electrical response of a polycrystalline Li0.25Ni0.2Zn0.3Fe2.25O4 ferrite is studied by means of impedance spectroscopy. The impedance measurement was performed at different input voltage amplitudes in ten decades of frequency (1 mHz - 10 MHz). Two overlapping semicircles with negative capacitance phenomenon below 1 Hz are observed at all amplitudes. The two semicircles are mainly attributed to the grain and grain boundary processes at high and low frequencies respectively. The grain boundary impedance shows a non-linear dependence on the input voltage, where the corresponding impedance semicircle is smaller for larger amplitude. However, a linear response is observed for the grain component. The dependence of the a.c. electrical properties of the grain and grain boundary components on the amplitude of the input voltage is discussed.
Ransangan elektrik a.u. daripada ferit Li0.25Ni0.2Zn0.3Fe2.25O4 berpolihablur dikaji dengan menggunakan spektroskopi impedans. Pengukuran impedans dilakukan pada beberapa amplitud voltan masukan dalam julat sepuluh dekad frekuensi (1 mHz - 10 MHz). Dua lengkung separuh bulatan yang bertindih dengan fenomena kapasitans negatif di bawah frekuensi 1 Hz dapat diperhatikan pada setiap nilai amplitud. Kedua-dua lengkung separuh bulatan tersebut berpunca daripada proses-proses butiran dan sempadan butiran masing-masing pada frekuensi tinggi dan rendah. Impedans sempadan butiran menunjukkan persandaran tak-linear ke atas voltan masukan, dengan separuh bulatan impedans yang berpadanan yang mengecil dengan peningkatan amplitud. Akan tetapi, suatu ransangan linear dapat diperhatikan bagi komponen butiran. Kebergantungan sifat elektrik a.u. bagi komponen-Âkomponen butiran dan sempadan butiran kepada amplitud voltan masukan dibincangkan.
Potensi larutan reagen fenilfluoron untuk digunakan sebagai bahan reagen bagi pembangunan sensor optik pH dibincangkan dalam kajian ini. Reagen ini dipilih kerana ia belum pernah dilaporkan sebelum ini untuk digunakan sebagai bahan reagen bagi pembangunan sensor optik pH. Berdasarkan kajian larutan yang telah dijalankan, julat rangsangan linear pH bagi reagen fenilfluoron ialah antara pH 4–11. Perubahan warna dapat diperhatikan, iaitu warna kuning dalam asid kuat, warna oren dalam asid lemah serta bes lemah dan warna ungu dalam bes kuat. Perubahan warna yang berlaku adalah lebih kurang 5 saat. Reagen fenilfluoron mempunyai kestabilan foto yang baik dengan nilai RSD 0.33% untuk tempoh kajian selama 95 hari. Nilai RSD bagi kebolehulangan pada pH 2, pH 7 dan pH 12 adalah masing-masingnya sebanyak 2.6%, 0.9% dan 1.4%. Pemerhatian ini menunjukkan fenilfluoron mempunyai potensi yang baik untuk digunakan sebagai bahan reagen bagi pembangunan sensor optik pH.
The aim of this study is to measure the validity and reliability standard of Basic Needs questionnaire designed by William Glasser. This study also attempts to determine if the Basic Needs questionnaire has the high validity and reliability criteria suitable to be applied in Malaysia. Five expert panels from the counseling discipline and 119 students from two different schools were chosen for group sampling. The instrument used in this study was the questionnaire with 85 items among 5 subscale category. The data was analyzed using cronbach alpha and test-retest analysis. The result showed that half of the items in this instrument were of significantly higher quality. In the first phase, the needs coefficient scores .885. and the second phase the coefficient scored is .899. In general, the result proves that this instrument possesses a high validity and reliability standard for application in Malaysia. Several implications and suggestions are also proposed.
This study aimed to investigate the usage of behavioural cognitive approach in group counselling on social anxiety among adolescents in Malaysia. This study also identified social anxiety sympthoms and social situations that cause anxiety among them. A total of 72 secondary school students of one of the secondary schools in Terengganu participated in this experiment study. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA test. Results revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean score of Social Anxiety Scale for Adolesence – SAS-A in the post test between the control and treatment group, F(1,70) =1.068, p
This study aimed to investigate the usage of Behavioural Cognitive approach in group counselling on social anxiety among adolescents. This study also identified social anxiety sympthoms and social situations that cause anxiety among them. A total of 72 secondary school students from one particular school in Terengganu participated in this experimental study. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA test. Results revealed that there was a significant difference in the mean score of Social Anxiety Scale for Adolesence – SASA in the post test between the control and treatment group, F(1,70) =1.068, p<0.05. This indicates that the Cognitive Behavioural approach in group counselling was found to be effective in reducing social anxiety among adolescents in group counselling. It was also found that the sympthoms that caused social anxiety included having rapid heart beat, difficulty in giving attention, experincing chills, and empty thoughts. The social situations that were found to be significant in increasing social anxiety were when they felt being observed by others, doing something in public, talking or giving a speech infront of a big or small audience, facing a stranger,and being the main attraction in any social context.
Polis Diraja Raja Malaysia (PDRM) is the biggest law enforcement organization in the nation. Therefore, professionalism characteristics are emphasized in job tasks. However, since the year 2005 to 2011 SUHAKAM received 569 reports related to civil non-compliance among PDRM officers that affected PDRM’s professionalism. In relation to that, this study aimed to identify the validity of the claim that civil non-compliance factor affects the professionalism of PDRM’s officers. A total of 223 respondents were selected purposively around the area of Ibu Pejabat Polis Daerah Kajang, Selangor administration. Civil non-compliance questionnaire and professionalism questionnaire were established by the reserchers based on community’s reports to SUHAKAM, Smith’s (2004) theory of civil non-compiance, Nayman’s (1973) professionalism model and PDRM’s codes of ethics. Regression analysis results showed that delay in action and power abuse, except excessive brutality subfactor, are the two civil non-compliance subfactors that influence four subfactors of PDRM professionalism. They are expertise, commitment, autonomy and responsibility. Outcome of this study indicates that delay in action factor and power abuse are the main factors that have to be focused by PDRM to change the negative perception of society towards PDRM professionalism. This study gives an impact that society’s belief towards PDRM professionalism can be improved through institutional reinforcement, positive relationship with the community and honesty such as those outlined in the institutional theory. Police officers’ communication skill aspect with youth must also be refined. Future research needs to re-examine professionalism and civil non-compliance concepts from the perspective of PDRM officers and its comparison with the youth group.
Anger is a natural human emotion experienced by everyone at one time or another. It is said to be the most talk about but least studied emotion. When experienced, it involves a combination of cognitive, physiological, behavioral and social components. This preliminary study is aimed to test the reliability of the instruments and to examine the effect of Anger Management Module using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on anger expression among the adolescents in secondary school. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gather data. Adolescents with high T-score value of anger level in Adolescent Anger Rating Scale (AARS) were selected to the study through purposive sampling. There are four main interventions in this module such as self-administered cognitive restructuring; relaxation; communication skills and problem solving routine were taught throughout the 10-weekly group counseling sessions. The module internal consistency was obtained using the content reliability questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.883 had shown that the module commands high internal reliability. Whereas the effect of the anger management using CBT interventions was determined by comparing the scores in pretest, post-test and a retention test obtained from the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale (AARS) instrument. Finally, the qualitative data were obtained through interview and feedback questionnaire where the data were analyzed using the descriptive method. Both the analysis revealed that all the interventions in this module are effective to help the adolescents manage their anger problem.
Kajian pemegunan enzim peroksidase dalam membran hibrid sol-gel-kitosan untuk penyediaan transduser optik hidrogen peroksida telah dilakukan dalam pembinaan biosensor. Kajian ini merangkumi pengoptimuman nisbah sol-gel-kitosan, pencirian enzim dalam larutan bebas dan pemegunan enzim dalam hibrid sol-gel-kitosan serta penciriannya. Spektrum serapan bagi setiap pencirian ditentukan menggunakan Spektrofotometer uL-Nampak. Hasil kajian menunjukkan aktiviti enzim tidak berubah selepas pemegunan. Nisbah optimum hibrid sol-gel-kitosan adalah 4:6. Nilai sisihan piawai relatif (RSD) untuk kebolehulangan kaedah ini adalah 2.71% dan 3.76%, masing-masingnya untuk enzim bebas dan enzim terpegun.
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on acrylate monomer was prepared at 80°C for 5 hours using p-xylene and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a template and crosslinking agent respectively. The polymer obtained was washed with a mixture of acetic acid and methanol (1:4) and dried in the vacuum oven at 80°C. FTIR spectrum showed that all the templates were leached out from polymer during excessive washing and drying stage. The rebinding test result showed that the MIP was bonded with the analyte in the presence of organic solvents as shown by FTIR spectroscopy. The SEM micrograph showed that non-imprinted polymer (NIP) had no cavity as compared to MIP.
Halangan utama untuk mengkomersialkan mikro sel fuel metanol langsung (μSFML) sebagai sumber kuasa bagi peralatan mudah alih adalah prestasi sel fuel itu sendiri. Dalam kajian ini, didapati penghasilan keluaran kuasa yang tinggi oleh μSFML iaitu 14.10 mW pada 4 cm2 keluasan kawasan aktif dengan menggunakan muatan mangkin yang rendah, 0.5 mg cm-2 pada bahagian katod telah diperolehi. Penentuan parameter-parameter reka bentuk yang optimum juga telah dikenal pasti. Di samping itu, pengujian ke atas prestasi, jangka hayat dan voltan arus terbuka (OCV) turut dilakukan.
The effect of different plasticizers on the properties of PAN–LiCF3SO3 polymer electrolytes has been studied. Propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) having different values of donor numbers, dielectric constant and viscosity have been used as plasticizers. The highest room temperature conductivity for the film in the PAN–LiCF3SO3 system was 3.04 × 10-4 S cm-1. The highest room temperature conductivity for the films in the PAN–EC–LiCF3SO3 system and the PAN–PC–LiCF3SO3 system was 1.32 × 10-3 and 8.64 × 10-4 S cm-1. The addition of plasticizers has been found to enhance the conductivity of polymer electrolytes by increasing the amorphous content as well as by dissociating the ion aggregates present in polymer electrolyte. Conductivity temperature-dependence studies of these plasticized PAN-salt systems were carried out in the temperature range of 303 to 373 K. The conductivity versus temperature plots obeyed an Arrhenius type variation. The structural and complex formations were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
Copolymers from different feed compositions of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA) were synthesized using free radical polymerization in toluene solution at 70±1°C using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The polymers were characterized by 1 H NMR,13C NMR and DEPT spectroscopic techniques. The copolymer compositions were determined using 1H NMR analysis. Reactivity ratios for GMA and THFA were determined by the Kelen-Tudos, TidwellMortimer and error-in-variables model methods. The results showed that all these copolymerizations were strictly linear systems describable by the Mayo-Lewis equation based on the terminal model and that accurate reactivity ratio data can be obtained.
The purpose of rehydration is to replace fluid and electrolyte losses. Carbohydrates and sodium are the main nutrient sources for rehydration. The presence of protein aids the rehydration process and thereby promoting muscle synthesis. Zea mays had been identified as one of the potential food sources that could be an alternative recovery beverage. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of Zea mays (ZM) juice as an alternative rehydration beverage. A total of 15 male participants were involved in this study. They were required to cycle to 70-80% of their age predicted maximum heart rate until they were dehydrated (1.8-2% body weight loss). Then they were given either ZM juice or CE drink in an amount representing 150% of their initial body weight loss. After 4-hours of rest with no other food allowed, their USG and percentage of fluid retention were calculated. Results showed that ZM juice had better retention and demonstrated well hydrated USG readings compared to CE drink. Therefore, ZM juice has the potential to be an alternative rehydration beverage.
Stingless bee is a diverse group of highly eusocial bees (meliponines) comprising the Meliponini subfamily of the Apidae family. Throughout the tropics, various kinds of stingless bee have been reared by beekeepers for their products (honey, propolis and bee bread) and pollination services for fruits and vegetables. This meliponiculture in logs or hives is considered safe due to the bee’s inability to sting, with the latter being more preferable for monitoring and managing the colonies and harvesting the products. The source of stingless bee colonies is depending on efficient hunting of feral colonies, which might affect the ecosystem. Following to the growing trend of bee rearing in Malaysia, mainly due to the smart branding strategy of the government through research institutes and universities, e.g. Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Universiti Sains Malaysia, it is crucial to increase the number of honey-producing hives by colony splitting. The basis of colony splitting includes provision oviposition (POP), swarming and antennation. Colony splitting is necessary due to deforestation, to expand income generation and for entomological study purposes. A more advanced approach in colony splitting is to prepare and rear the virgin queen bee in vitro, resulting in more queens per one single colony. With the advancement in stingless bee rearing techniques, people may apply the colony splitting strategy to maximise stingless bee products and enhance crop production.
The hotel industry has long struggled to establish what truly makes hotel employees motivated and satisfied with their jobs. Thus, to effectively address this problem, the leader can use punishment behavior as to motivated employee in order to increase their job satisfaction and the organization’s commitment. This study examined the attributes of leaders that influenced their use of contingent and non-contingent punishment and the results of using punishment on employees’ job satisfaction and the organization’s commitment. Therefore, the data of this study were collected from F&B employees in five-star hotels, Kuala Lumpur Golden Triangle. The data collection was conducted by using drop-off and pick-up method (DOPU). Multiple regression analysis was employed according to respective objectives in this study. The results revealed that leader punishment behavior which consisted of two dimensions, namely contingent punishment and non-contingent punishment, were significantly related to employees’ job satisfaction and commitment towards the organization. This study also found that contingent punishment positively influence on employees’ job satisfaction and the organization’s commitment while non-contingent punishment negatively impacted employees’ job satisfaction and commitment to the organization.
In this paper, the differential transformation method (DTM) is employed to find the semi-analytical solutions of SIS and SI
epidemic models for constant population. Firstly, the theoretical background of DTM is studied and followed by constructing
the solutions of SIS and SI epidemic models. Furthermore, the convergence analysis of DTM is proven by proposing two
theorems. Finally, numerical computations are made and compared with the exact solutions. From the numerical results,
the solutions produced by DTM approach the exact solutions which agreed with the proposed theorems. It can be seen that
the DTM is an alternative technique to be considered in solving many practical problems involving differential equations.
Masalah pencemaran sumber air tawar dan kesan ketoksikan logam telah mendapat perhatian di serata negara. Dua
spesies organisma air tawar daripada filum moluska Filopaludina sumatrensis dan Corbicula fluminea didedahkan
kepada tiga logam terpilih iaitu arsenik (As) kromium (Cr) dan selenium (Se) pada kepekatan berbeza selama 96 jam di
dalam makmal terkawal. Kadar kematian dinilai serta kepekatan kematian median (LC50) dan masa kematian median
(LT50) dihitung. Nilai LC50 dan LT50 didapati menurun dengan pertambahan masa dan kepekatan pendedahan bagi
kedua-dua spesies dan kesemua logam. Keputusan daripada kajian ini memperlihatkan ketoksikan logam As, Cr dan Se
semakin meningkat dengan peningkatan kepekatan dan masa pendedahan logam kepada F. sumatrensis dan C. fluminea.
Nilai LC50 96 jam As, Cr dan Se bagi F. sumatrensis adalah 4.22, 3.78 dan 45.92 mg/L dan 11.84, 2.23 dan 35.63 mg/L
masing-masing bagi C. fluminea. Keputusan menunjukkan Cr adalah logam paling toksik terhadap F. sumatrensis dan
C. fluminea. Trend ketoksikan logam bagi kedua-dua moluska ini adalah sama iaitu Cr > As > Se.
Malaysian Household Income Survey data provided by the Malaysian Department of Statistics is used to provide evidence
that the upper tails of the household income distribution follows a fractal based distribution known as power-law.
Inequality measures are then applied to ascertain the levels of inequality based on this distribution. In addition to that,
we analyzed the data in terms of different classes of occupation, obtained power-law exponents for each class and then
highlighted the inequality between these classes.
Work-related upper-extremity disorders (WRUEDs) are frequently occurring among workers in general. Various researches support the empirical results of the Autogenic factors related to such problems of health and safety. Research shows the association of different aspects of work organization strengthen the possibilities of work-related stress and other psychosocial factors, which may lead towards adverse health conditions. To review the previous work done for finding the association between psychosocial factors and upper extremity disorders. Findings from different studies have been reviewed to examine the psychosocial factors association in developing WRUEDs. Published studies, which were primarily focused on WRUEDs and psychosocial factors association, were reviewed. Various studies have shown the relationship between psychosocial factors and UEDs. Due to the different nature of epidemiology of the disorder and variable differences, findings from different studies contradicts. Finally, this review presents the limitations in existing studies, and further research has been proposed for future.