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Fulltext It is strongly recommended to not conduct, fund, or publish research studies that use spot urine samples with estimating equations to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes: a policy statement of the World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension and Resolve to Save Lives

Campbell NRC, Whelton PK, Orias M, Cobb LL, Jones ESW, Garg R, et al.

J Hypertens, 2023 May 01;41(5):683-686.
PMID: 36723484 DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003385

Spot urine samples with estimating equations have been used to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes. There is large random and systematic error in estimating sodium intake using this method and spurious health outcome associations. Substantial controversy has resulted from false claims the method is valid. Hence, the World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension and Resolve to Save Lives, supported by 21 other health organizations, have issued this policy statement that strongly recommends that research using spot urine samples with estimating equations to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes should not be conducted, funded or published. Literature reviews on the health impacts of reducing dietary sodium that include studies that have used spot and short duration timed urine samples with estimating equations need to explicitly acknowledge that the method is not recommended to be used and is associated with spurious health outcome associations.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/urine
Using Fish Sauce as a Substitute for Sodium Chloride in Culinary Sauces and Effects on Sensory Properties

Huynh HL, Danhi R, Yan SW

J Food Sci, 2016 Jan;81(1):S150-5.
PMID: 26613570 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13171

Historically, fish sauce has been a standard condiment and ingredient in various Southeast Asian cuisines. Moreover, fish sauce imparts umami taste, which may enhance perceived saltiness in food. This quality suggests that fish sauce may be used as a partial substitute for sodium chloride (NaCl) in food preparation, which may present a valuable option for health-conscious and salt-restricted consumers. However, the degree to which NaCl can be decreased in food products without compromising taste and consumer acceptance has not been determined. We hypothesized that NaCl content in food may be reduced by partial replacement with fish sauce without diminishing palatability and consumer acceptance. Preparations of 3 types of food were assessed to test this hypothesis: chicken broth (n = 72); tomato sauce (n = 73); and coconut curry (n = 70). In the first session, the percentage of NaCl that could be replaced with fish sauce without a significant change in overall taste intensity was determined for each type of food using the 2-Alternative Forced Choice method. In the second session, subjects rated 5 samples for each food with varying NaCl and/or fish sauce content on 3 sensory attributes: deliciousness; taste intensity; and saltiness. Our results demonstrate that NaCl reduction was possible in chicken broth, tomato sauce, and coconut curry at 25%, 16%, and 10%, respectively, without a significant loss (P < 0.05) in deliciousness and overall taste intensity. These results suggest that it is possible to replace NaCl in foods with fish sauce without reducing overall taste intensity and consumer acceptance.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext Effect of frozen storage on the characteristics of a developed and commercial fish sausages

Al-Bulushi IM, Kasapis S, Dykes GA, Al-Waili H, Guizani N, Al-Oufi H

J Food Sci Technol, 2013 Dec;50(6):1158-64.
PMID: 24426029 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0441-x

The effect of frozen storage on the physiochemical, chemical and microbial characteristics of two types of fish sausages was studied. Fish sausages developed (DFS) with a spice-sugar formulation and commercial fish sausages (CFS) were stored at -20 °C for 3 months. Fresh DFS contained 12.22% lipids and had a 3.53 cfu/g total bacteria count (TBC) whereas, CFS contained 5.5% lipids and had a 4.81 cfu/g TBC. During storage, TBC decreased significantly (p 0.05) in CFS. A peroxide value (PV) was not detectable until week four and eight of storage in CFS and DFS, respectively. The salt-soluble proteins (SSP) level was stable in DFS but in CFS it declined significantly (p 0.05) in both sausage types. This study showed that the effect of storage at -20 °C on fish sausages characteristics varied between formulations and depended on the ingredients of fish sausages.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Primary recovery of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance derived from Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10 by an aqueous two-phase system

Abbasiliasi S, Tan JS, Ibrahim TA, Kadkhodaei S, Ng HS, Vakhshiteh F, et al.

Food Chem, 2014 May 15;151:93-100.
PMID: 24423507 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.019

A polymer-salt aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) consisting of polyethylene-glycol (PEG) with sodium citrate was developed for direct recovery of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) from a culture of Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10. The influences of phase composition, tie-line length (TLL), volume ratio (VR), crude sample loading, pH and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the partition behaviour of BLIS was investigated. Under optimum conditions of ATPS, the purification of BLIS was achieved at 26.5% PEG (8000)/11% sodium citrate with a TLL of 46.38% (w/w), VR of 1.8, and 1.8% crude load at pH 7 without the presence of NaCl. BLIS from P. acidilactici Kp10 was successfully purified by the ATPS up to 8.43-fold with a yield of 81.18%. Given that the operation of ATPS is simple, environmentally friendly and cost-effective, as it requires only salts and PEG, it may have potential for industrial applications in the recovery of BLIS from fermentation broth.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride/chemistry
Fulltext Synthesis and characterization of novel dimeric ionic liquids by conventional approaches

Ganesan K, Alias Y

Int J Mol Sci, 2008 Jun;9(7):1207-13.
PMID: 19325800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9071207

The (1)H-NMR shifts of the imidazolium protons of some novel dimeric ionic liquids were examined in various deuterated solvents. Interactions between the solvent and the imidazolium salt of butyl substituted ionic liquids were observed to give higher chemical shifts than methyl substitution.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext Survey of availability of iodine-enriched salt in Sarawak

Taha AM, Zainab T, Lau D, Yeo P

Med J Malaysia, 1995 Dec;50(4):391-5.
PMID: 8668062

Three hundred and forty five salt samples were randomly taken from 106 sources where iodised salts were supplied or put for sale in all areas gazetted as endemic goitre areas in Sarawak. The samples were analysed for the presence of iodine. In areas in Sibu, Sarikei and Kapit Divisions, 53-70% of salt put for sale were iodised while in the other 6 Divisions, it was less than 27%. As iodisation of salt is an interventive measure in addressing the goitre problem in the State, regular monitoring of iodisation facilities and iodine content of iodised salt in the affected areas is important to ensure the effectiveness of the programme.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride, Dietary/administration & dosage*
Fulltext Hydrazinium 2-amino-4-nitro-benzoate dihydrate: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis

Wardell JL, Jotani MM, Tiekink ERT

Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2017 Apr 01;73(Pt 4):579-585.
PMID: 28435725 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989017004352

In the anion of the title salt hydrate, H5N2(+)·C7H5N2O4(-)·2H2O, the carboxyl-ate and nitro groups lie out of the plane of the benzene ring to which they are bound [dihedral angles = 18.80 (10) and 8.04 (9)°, respectively], and as these groups are conrotatory, the dihedral angle between them is 26.73 (15)°. An intra-molecular amino-N-H⋯O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bond is noted. The main feature of the crystal packing is the formation of a supra-molecular chain along the b axis, with a zigzag topology, sustained by charge-assisted water-O-H⋯O(carboxyl-ate) hydrogen bonds and comprising alternating twelve-membered {⋯OCO⋯HOH}2 and eight-membered {⋯O⋯HOH}2 synthons. Each ammonium-N-H atom forms a charge-assisted hydrogen bond to a water mol-ecule and, in addition, one of these forms a hydrogen bond with a nitro-O atom. The amine-N-H atoms form hydrogen bonds to carboxyl-ate-O and water-O atoms, and the amine N atom accepts a hydrogen bond from an amino-H atom. The hydrogen bonds lead to a three-dimensional architecture. An analysis of the Hirshfeld surface highlights the major contribution of O⋯H/H⋯O hydrogen bonding to the overall surface, i.e. 46.8%, compared with H⋯H contacts (32.4%).

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext Effect of sulfurization time on the properties of copper zinc tin sulfide thin films grown by electrochemical deposition

Aldalbahi A, Mkawi EM, Ibrahim K, Farrukh MA

Sci Rep, 2016;6:32431.
PMID: 27600023 DOI: 10.1038/srep32431

We report growth of quaternary Cu2 ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films prepared by the electrochemical deposition from salt precursors containing Cu (II), Zn (II) and Sn (IV) metals. The influence of different sulfurization times t (t = 75, 90, 105, and 120 min) on the structural, compositional, morphological, and optical properties, as well as on the electrical properties is studied. The films sulfurized 2 hours showed a prominent kesterite phase with a nearly stoichiometric composition. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Raman and UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer at different stages of work. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analyses confirmed the formation of phase-pure CZTS films. (FESEM) shows that compact and dense morphology and enhanced photo-sensitivity. STEM - EDS elemental map of CZTS cross-section confirms homogeneous distribution. From optical study, energy gap was enlarged with a changed sulfurization times in the range of 1.37-1.47 eV.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext Short communication : microbiological, histamine and 3-MCPD contents of Malaysian unprocessed ‘budu’

Rosma, A., Afiza, T. S., Wan Nadiah, W. A., Liong, M. T., Gulam, R. R. A.

International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(4):589-594.
MyJurnal

Unprocessed ‘budu’ is a mixture of anchovies and salt that has been fermented for a period of time, and has not been heat-treated nor formulated with additional ingredients. This study analyzed Malaysian
unprocessed ‘budu’ from 12 producers for microbiological, salt, protein, histamine and 3-MCPD contents.
The results demonstrated that Malaysian unprocessed ‘budu’ were free from pathogenic Coliform, E. coli,
V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae contaminations. Carcinogenic 3-MCPD was below detection level of 2 ppb for all 12 samples tested. However, 58% of the unprocessed ‘budu’ had histamine content greater than the hazardous levels of 50 mg/100 g sample.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Effects of salt and heat pre-treatment factors on efficient regeneration in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Haque M, Islam SMS, Subramaniam S

3 Biotech, 2017 May;7(1):63.
PMID: 28452013 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0675-z

An efficient callus induction and plant regeneration system has been developed using salt and heat as pre-treatment factors for three barley genotypes viz. BB-3, BB-6 and BHL-18. Different concentrations of NaCl (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 g/L) were used and its effects were determined on the basis of the viability of callus (CV), plant regeneration (PR), relative growth rate (RGR) and tolerance index (TI). The BB-6 showed highest performance on tolerance based on CV (14.72%), PR (7.69%), RGR (0.91%) and TI (0.42%) at 6.5 g/L NaCl. Various NaCl concentrations displayed significantly differences at P

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext Thyroid disorders in the aged

Peter Michael Barling

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2013;7(2):4-7.
MyJurnal

A review of current information related to the likely incidences of thyroid diseases in the aged population of Malaysia, raising issues such as the need for further epidemiological studies of iodine intake in relation to thyroid diseases within different geographical regions and population subtypes, the need for general country-wide iodization of salt, and the screening of elderly Malaysians for so-called “occult” thyroid diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext Effect of abiotic stress on carotenoids accumulation in pumpkin plants under light and dark conditions

Norshazila, S., Othman, R., Jaswir, I., Yumi Zuhanis, H.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(101):0-0.
MyJurnal

In nature, environmental factors highly influence the carotenoid composition in pumpkin plants and these factors were difficult to control; thus, carotenoid content is varied quantitatively and qualitatively. However, certain parameters can be controlled and this can be conducted in the laboratory through biogenesis manipulation. This approach uses environmental stress as a tool to alter the carotenoid pathway in the plants. The main objective of this study was to observe the inhibiting and enhancing effect of abiotic stress on individual carotenoid accumulation in pumpkin plants under light and dark conditions. The abiotic stresses used were plant elicitors which consisted of Ultra Violet light exposure, Polyethylene Glycol 4000, Salicylic Acid, and half strength nutrients using Murashige and Skoog Salt. After two weeks of treatments, the pumpkin leaves and stems were harvested, freeze dried and extracted to determine the carotenoids compound using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that there was a significant difference (p

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext The effect of Saccharin concentration on the electrochemical behaviour of electrodeposited Nanocrystalline Cobalt-Iron coating

Nik Rozlin Nik Masdek, Wan Muhammad Aniq Aiman, Mardziah Che Murad, Zuraidah Salleh, Koay Mei Hyie

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(103):191-200.
MyJurnal

In the electrodeposition system, adding saccharin alters the properties of the metal deposits by changing the electrode kinetics of the deposited surface. In this study, nanocrystalline cobalt-iron (CoFe) coating was synthesised using the electrodeposition technique with different saccharin concentrations. The results obtained showed that the coating thickness increased while the grain size decreased from 51 nm to 40 nm when the saccharin concentration increased from 0 to 2 g/L. The nanocrystalline CoFe coating produced with 2 g/L of saccharin concentration resulted in the smallest particle size of 71.22 nm and the highest microhardness of 251.86 HV. From the salt spray test (24 and 48 hours) it was found that the use of saccharin at higher concentration of 2 g/L improves the corrosion resistance of the nanocrystalline CoFe coating significantly due to the change of surface morphology as well as the decrease in grain size.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Properties of ENR-50 based electrolyte system

Zainal N, Mohamed N, Idris R

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:481-485.

In this work, epoxidized natural rubber 50 (ENR-50) has been used as a host polymer for the preparation of electrolyte system. Attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses showed the presence of lithium saltENR interactions. The glass transition temperature displayed an increasing trend with the increase in salt concentration indicating that the ionic conductivity was not influenced by segmental motion of the ENR-50 chains. The increase in
glass transition temperature with the addition of salt was due to the formation of transient cross-linking between ENR-50 chains via the coordinated interaction between ENR-50 chains and salt. The highest room temperature ionic conductivity obtained was in the order of 10-5 S cm-1 for the film containing 50 wt% of lithium salt. The ionic conductivity of this electrolyte system increased with increasing temperature and obeyed the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher behavior. The increase in ionic conductivity of the electrolyte system with salt concentration could also be correlated to the charge carriers concentration and/or migration rate of charge carriers.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Internal characteristics of loose solid source of debris flow in Zhouqu

Shufang Fan

Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:2179-2186.

In this paper, with debris flow in Zhouqu as the research object, combined with experiments such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), mineral chemical composition and water quality analysis, relation between water and salt in solid source forming debris flow was studied via soil column leaching test and soluble salt analysis, and internal characteristics of debris flow was accordingly showed. It was found that, the soil was loose, and the content of gravel and sand was high, and the content of fine particle was low. The soluble contents at the slope of the accumulation body were described as, collapsed accumulation body > landslide accumulation body, slope toe > slope top, gentle slope > steep slope, also related to length of the slope. The results indicated that accumulations released a large number of base ion after intense weathering, which migrated with water, concentrated and enriched at the slope toe. Saline soil with high salt content collapsed when encountering water and then formed mudflow, thus becoming the internal power to trigger and initiate debris flow to some extent.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Prediction of single salt rejection in PES/CMS based membranes

Qadir D, Idris A, Nasir R, Abdul Mannan H, Sharif R, Mukhtar H

Chemosphere, 2023 Jan;311(Pt 1):136987.
PMID: 36306961 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136987

This study explains the modeling of synthesized membranes using the Donnan Steric Pore model (DSPM) based on the Extended Nernst Planck Equation (ENP). Conventionally, structural parameters required to predict the performance of the membranes were determined through tedious experimentation, which in this study are found using a new MATLAB technique. A MATLAB program is used to determine the unknown structural parameters such as effective charge density (Xd), effective pore radius (rp), and effective membrane thickness to porosity ratio (Δx/Ak) by using the single solute rejection and permeation data. It was found that the model predicted the rejection of studied membranes accurately, with the E5C1 membrane exceeding the others (E5, E5C5) for rejection of single and divalent salt's aqueous solutions. The rejection of 100 ppm aqueous solution of NaCl for E5C1 was around 60%, whereas, for an aqueous solution of 100 ppm, CaCl2 rejection reached up to 80% at 10 bar feed pressure. The trend of salt rejection for all three membranes was found to be in the following order: E5C1 > E5C5 > E5, confirming that their structural parameters-controlled ion transport in these membranes. The structural parameters, such as effective pore radius, effective membrane thickness to porosity ratio, and effective charge density for the best performing membrane, i.e., E5C1, were determined to be 0.5 nm, 16 μm, and -6.04 mol/m3,respectively. Finally, it can be asserted that this method can be used to predict the real performance of membranes by significantly reducing the number of experiments previously required for the predictive modeling of nanofiltration-type membranes.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride*
The Effect of Topical Agents on the Tensile Strength of Absorbable and Non-absorbable Suture Materials-An in Vitro Study

Alnaqi A, Burhamah W, Al-Sultan AT, Taqi E

World J Surg, 2023 Feb;47(2):448-454.
PMID: 36316513 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-022-06788-3

INTRODUCTION: Topical agents are sometimes applied to surgical wounds after closure; these may include antiseptics or antibiotics. Minimal research has been undertaken to investigate the effect of topical regimens on the tensile strength of suture materials.
AIM: To investigate the effect of four commonly used wound care regimens on the tensile strength of suture materials.
METHODS: The failure load of 9 different suture materials was tested using the Instron Electroplus E3000 tensile testing machine (Instron Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts). Tensile strength was represented as the failure load, measured in Newtons (N), and defined as the maximal load that could be applied across the suture prior to failure. Each suture was tested dry and after immersion in one of 4 products for 7 days and tested on day 7. The immersion agents tested were: sodium chloride 0.9%, MicroSafe® (Sonoma Pharmaceuticals, Petaluma, CA), Aqueous Povidone-iodine 10% solution (Betadine-Mundipharma), and Fucidin ointment.
RESULTS: Sodium chloride 0.9%, MicroSafe®, Aqueous Povidone-iodine 10%, and Fucidin seem to increase the failure load of most absorbable and non-absorbable sutures. However, the failure load of Polyglactin 910 suture (Surgilactin, coated, violet-Ethicon) is reduced by long-term exposure to either sodium chloride 0.9% or MicroSafe®, while the failure load of the Polydioxanone suture (PDS Plus-Ethicon) is reduced by long-term exposure to MicroSafe® only.
CONCLUSION: In our experiment, the commonly used wound care products have been shown to alter the tensile strength of suture materials. Further human studies are required to ascertain the clinical validity and applicability of our findings.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride*
Physicochemical approaches reveal the impact of electrolytes and hydrotropic salt on micellization and phase separation behavior of polymer polyvinyl alcohol and surfactant mixture

Rather SU, Rahman MH, Bamufleh HS, Alhumade H, Taimoor AA, Saeed U, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Apr 30;235:123761.
PMID: 36812977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123761

The polymer-surfactant mixture has usages in numerous industries mainly in the production of daily used materials. Herein, the micellization and phase separation nature of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and TX-100 along with a synthetic water-soluble polymer-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been conducted using conductivity and cloud point (CP) measurement tools. In the case of micellization study of SDS + PVA mixture by conductivity method, the CMC values were obtained to be dependent on the categories and extent of additives as well as temperature variation. Both categories of studies were performed in aq. solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (NaOAc), and sodium benzoate (NaBenz) media. The CP values of TX 100 + PVA were decreased and enhanced in simple electrolytes and sodium benzoate media respectively. In all cases, the free energy changes of micellization (∆Gm0) and clouding (∆Gc0) were obtained as negative and positive respectively. The enthalpy (∆Hm0) and entropy (∆Sm0) changes for SDS + PVA system micellization was negative and positive respectively in aq. NaCl and NaBenz media, and in aq. NaOAc medium the ∆Hm0 values were found negative while ∆Sm0 were found negative except at the highest studied temperature (323.15 K). The enthalpy-entropy compensation of both processes was also assessed and described clearly.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride*
Effects of limited enzymatic hydrolysis and polysaccharide addition on the physicochemical properties of emulsions stabilized with duck myofibrillar protein under low-salt conditions

He S, Li M, Sun Y, Pan D, Zhou C, Lan H

Food Chem, 2024 Jan 01;430:137053.
PMID: 37549626 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137053

This study aimed to investigate the role of hydrolysis and guar gum (GG) participation on the emulsification of the duck myofibrillar protein (MP) and the related stability of oil-in-water emulsion in low-salt condition. Emulsions were prepared using one of each or both treatments, and that prepared with trypsin hydrolysis and GG (T-GG) exhibited the highest stability. FTIR analysis confirmed the hydrogen bond interactions between the system components. T-GG treatment improved emulsion properties and decreased oil droplet size. Moreover, CLSM indicated that aggregation of T-GG oil droplets was prevented. Physical stability was assessed such as Turbiscan stability index, creaming index, and rheological properties. The adsorbed percentage for T-GG was the lowest. However, interfacial tension, droplet size, stability, and peroxide value analyses indicated that a denser interfacial membrane structure is formed with T-GG. Thus, T-GG treatment could be applied in the food industry, such as in nutrient delivery systems and fat mimetics.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
Fulltext Knowledge, perception, and practice related to sodium intake among Malaysian adults: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS)

Cheong SM, Ambak R, Othman F, He FJ, Salleh R, Mohd Sallehudin S, et al.

J Health Popul Nutr, 2021 05 31;40(Suppl 1):5.
PMID: 34059162 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00231-4

BACKGROUND: Excessive intake of sodium is a major public health concern. Information on knowledge, perception, and practice (KPP) related to sodium intake in Malaysia is important for the development of an effective salt reduction strategy. This study aimed to investigate the KPP related to sodium intake among Malaysian adults and to determine associations between KPP and dietary sodium intake.
METHODS: Data were obtained from Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS) which is a nationally representative survey with proportionate stratified cluster sampling design. A pre-tested face-to-face questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic background, and questions from the World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization were adapted to assess the KPP related to sodium intake. Dietary sodium intake was determined using single 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Respondents were categorized into two categories: normal dietary sodium intake (< 2000 mg) and excessive dietary sodium intake (≥ 2000 mg). Out of 1440 respondents that were selected to participate, 1047 respondents completed the questionnaire and 798 of them provided valid urine samples. Factors associated with excessive dietary sodium intake were analyzed using complex sample logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS: Majority of the respondents knew that excessive sodium intake could cause health problems (86.2%) and more than half of them (61.8%) perceived that they consume just the right amount of sodium. Overall, complex sample logistic regression analysis revealed that excessive dietary sodium intake was not significantly associated with KPP related to sodium intake among respondents (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The absence of significant associations between KPP and excessive dietary sodium intake suggests that salt reduction strategies should focus on sodium reduction education includes measuring actual dietary sodium intake and educating the public about the source of sodium. In addition, the relationship between the authority and food industry in food reformulation needs to be strengthened for effective dietary sodium reduction in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride, Dietary*

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