Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 75 in total

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  1. Fulltext Role of parents in motorcycle riding practices among teenagers. [Peranan ibu bapa dalam amalan remaja menunggang motosikal]
    Norliza Ahmad, Hanafiah Mohd Salleh
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2002;2(2):47-51.
    MyJurnal
    This study was designed to examine the role of parents and family in motorcycle riding practices among teenagers and motorcycle accident in FELDA Trolak Utara, Perak. This was a cross sectional study using universal sampling that involved 309 teenage riders aging from 11 to 19 years old. Only 6.1% respondents that rode motorcycle had a valid driving licenses. Mean age of starting to ride was 11.46 ± 1.75 years old. Mean years of riding motorcycle was 3.66 ± 1.95 years. The major buyer of motorcycles for the teenagers were father (78.3%) and other family members (13.7%). About 42.7% of teenagers learnt riding by themselves and in 51.8%, family members taught teenagers to ride motorcycle. The main purpose for riding motorcycle were to go to shop (37.2%), to school (32.7%) and for recreation (25.2%). From the perception of teenagers, about 82.2% parents encouraged them to ride. Mean usual riding speed (n = 296) was 58.72 ± 23.97 km/h. The mean maximum riding speed (n = 290) was 89.81 ± 30.70 km/h. There were positive correlation between years of motorcycle riding and usual motorcycle riding speed (r = 0.292, p < 0.05) and maximum motorcycle riding speed (r = 0.371, p < 0.05). The usual motorcycle riding speed was predictor factor for motorcycle accident. Parents, families and communities should play their role to make sure that their teenage children do not ride at a very young age and ride without a valid license. Reducing years of motorcycle riding among teenagers may reduce usual riding speed and consecutively reducing teenagers’ involvement in motorcycle accidents.
    Key words : role of parents, teenagers’ riding practice, motorcycle
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  2. Fulltext Preventing Car Traffic Accidents By Developing An Effective Car Safety Media Campaigns
    Kulanthayan, S., Musa Abu Hassan, Radin Umar Radin Sohadi
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2007;6(1):1-18.
    MyJurnal
    The road safety campaign among car drivers is an ongoing program of the road safety campaigns which is aimed at decreasing the number of accidents involving car drivers and lowering the risks that they might face on the road. It is also aimed at creating good manners among car drivers and at discarding bad habits during driving to avoid accidents. A pre-test was carried out in the early stage of this campaign to assist in the identification of the most effective messages to be advertised in the media. It was carried out in Selangor on 493 respondents randomly chosen to answer the questionnaire provided. Only car drivers were chosen as respondents. The results show that the majority of respondents understood the messages given in the advertisements and fulfilled the requirements of the targeted group. In addition, the respondents said that these advertisements are sufficiently effective to create awareness on road safety through right driving behaviour.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  3. Development of a statistical model for predicting seat pressure felt level in simulated condition based on direct and anthropometric measurement
    Khamis NK, Deros BM
    J Phys Ther Sci, 2018 Jun;30(6):764-769.
    PMID: 29950761 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.764
    [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of seat pressure distribution measurements based on a specific posture to predict the pressure felt level when seated. [Subjects and Methods] To examine the relationship between body pressure data and the driver's perception, eleven subjects were selected to participate in a simulated driving experiment using a pressure mat as a direct measurement method to measure the seat pan's pressure distribution. The buttock-popliteal length was measured using an anthropometer, and the pressure felt ratings evaluated after the body pressure measurements were recorded. Accordingly, this was then followed by performing statistical analysis using seat pressure measurements, and the buttock-popliteal length as independent variables along with subjective ratings selected of the pressure felt by the drivers' as dependent variables. [Results] The findings of this study suggest that the direct measurements and anthropometric body data are positively correlated with the predictive model thereby confirming the validity of the model with an R2 value of 0.952. [Conclusion] The proposed model is expected to provide a useful reference value for new vehicle drivers by providing the pressure felt level based on direct and body measurements in a specific posture.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  4. Fulltext The study of seating pressure on car seat between two national cars
    Mohd Hidayat, A.R., Nurul Ain, M., Mohd Nazri, A., Mohd Hairizal, O., Mohammad Khalid, W., Tan, W.H., et al.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2018;18(102):135-141.
    MyJurnal
    The main objective of this research is to compare the seating pressure during the driving session between two
    different types of national cars. The objective of this research is to conduct object pressure distribution study on
    two different types of car seat using CONFORMat (model 5330) with system model CER2, compare and analyse the
    results based on object pressure between both car seat. Twelve respondents participated a driving session with
    TekscanCONFORMat (model 5330) setup using the same route for both national car. We select two types of national
    cars equipped with automatic transmission for this research. The seat pressure on the subject along the journey is
    recorded using TekscanCONFORMat Research 7.60 software. Later, comparison made with respect to the seat
    pressure experiencedby twelve respondents. The results shows different values of backand seat pressure recorded
    among the twelve subjects. Lastly, the results are analysedand discussed at the end of this paper. Model B seat
    design has better ability to distribute evenly the pressure to both seat and back. However, results for Model A
    showed the pressure is more concentrated on the seat area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  5. The use of warning lights and siren by the ambulance crew in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre
    Ismail AK, Mohd Salleh NI, Hamdan NA, Mohd Jawi MI, Abdul Razak SN, Md Jamal S, et al.
    Eur J Emerg Med, 2012 Dec;19(6):408-9.
    PMID: 22343753 DOI: 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e328351e62e
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving*
  6. Fulltext Modelling the Relationship between the Nature of Work Factors and Driving Performance Mediating by Role of Fatigue
    Al-Mekhlafi AA, Isha ASN, Chileshe N, Abdulrab M, Saeed AAH, Kineber AF
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 06 23;18(13).
    PMID: 34201674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136752
    Driving fatigue is a serious issue for the transportation sector, decreasing the driver's performance and increasing accident risk. This study aims to investigate how fatigue mediates the relationship between the nature of work factors and driving performance. The approach included a review of the previous studies to select the dimensional items for the data collection instrument. A pilot test to identify potential modification to the questionnaire was conducted, then structural equation modelling (SEM) was performed on a stratified sample of 307 drivers, to test the suggested hypotheses. Based on the results, five hypotheses have indirect relationships, four of which have a significant effect. Besides, the results show that driving fatigue partially mediates the relationship between the work schedule and driving performance and fully mediates in the relationship between work activities and driving performance. The nature of work and human factors is the most common reason related to road accidents. Therefore, the emphasis on driving performance and fatigue factors would thereby lead to preventing fatal crashes and life loss.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving*
  7. Fulltext The effect of lighting conditions and use of headlights on drivers' perception and appraisal of approaching vehicles at junctions
    Lee YM, Sheppard E
    Ergonomics, 2018 Mar;61(3):444-455.
    PMID: 28782425 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1364790
    Use of Daytime Running Lights (DRL) is mandatory in many countries for motorcycles, and in some for cars. However, in developing countries, DRLs may be optional or compliance low. The effect of car or motorcycle headlights and lighting conditions on Malaysian drivers' ability to perceive and judge the safety of pulling out was investigated. Stimuli were photographs depicting either daytime or nighttime taken at a T-junction with approaching vehicles with headlights on or off. Headlights improved drivers' ability to perceive cars and motorcycles in the nighttime photographs but not the daytime photographs, although this could be due to the bright weather in the photographs. Drivers judged it less safe to pull out when approaching motorcycles had headlights on than off, regardless of the lighting conditions, supporting the utility of DRL for motorcycles. Headlights did not affect judgements for cars, questioning the utility of DRL for cars. Practitioner Summary: The effect of headlights and lighting conditions on drivers' ability to perceive and make judgements about the safety of pulling out was investigated. Daytime Running Lights influenced drivers' decision-making about the safety of pulling out in front of motorcycles, illustrating the importance of having automatic headlights equipped.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving*
  8. Reliability and validity of the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire: a pilot study amongst older car drivers and motorcycle riders
    Ang BH, Chen WS, Ngin CK, Oxley JA, Lee SWH
    Public Health, 2018 Feb;155:8-16.
    PMID: 29274898 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.11.003
    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire.

    STUDY DESIGN: An observational study with a mix-method approach by utilising both questionnaire and short debriefing interviews.

    METHODS: Forward and backward translations of the original questionnaire were performed. The translated questionnaire was assessed for clarity by a multidisciplinary research team, translators, and several Malay native speakers. A total of 24 subjects participated in the pilot study. Reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and validity (content validity) of the original and translated questionnaires were examined.

    RESULTS: The English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire were found to be reliable tools in measuring driving behaviours amongst older drivers and riders, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.9158 and 0.8919, respectively. For content validity, the questionnaires were critically reviewed in terms of relevance, clarity, simplicity, and ambiguity. The feedback obtained from participants addressed various aspects of the questionnaire related to the improvement of wordings used and inclusion of visual guide to enhance the understanding of the items in the questionnaire. This feedback was incorporated into the final versions of the English and Malay questionnaires.

    CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrated both the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire to be valid and reliable.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving/psychology*
  9. Fulltext Model-based test case prioritization using selective and even-spread count-based methods with scrutinized ordering criterion
    Mohd-Shafie ML, Wan-Kadir WMN, Khatibsyarbini M, Isa MA
    PLoS One, 2020;15(2):e0229312.
    PMID: 32084232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229312
    Regression testing is crucial in ensuring that modifications made did not introduce any adverse effect on the software being modified. However, regression testing suffers from execution cost and time consumption problems. Test case prioritization (TCP) is one of the techniques used to overcome these issues by re-ordering test cases based on their priorities. Model-based TCP (MB-TCP) is an approach in TCP where the software models are manipulated to perform prioritization. The issue with MB-TCP is that most of the existing approaches do not provide satisfactory faults detection capability. Besides, their granularity of test selection criteria is not very good and this can affect prioritization effectiveness. This study proposes an MB-TCP approach that can improve the faults detection performance of regression testing. It combines the implementation of two existing approaches from the literature while incorporating an additional ordering criterion to boost prioritization efficacy. A detailed empirical study is conducted with the aim to evaluate and compare the performance of the proposed approach with the selected existing approaches from the literature using the average of the percentage of faults detected (APFD) metric. Three web applications were used as the objects of study to obtain the required test suites that contained the tests to be prioritized. From the result obtained, the proposed approach yields the highest APFD values over other existing approaches which are 91%, 86% and 91% respectively for the three web applications. These higher APFD values signify that the proposed approach is very effective in revealing faults early during testing. They also show that the proposed approach can improve the faults detection performance of regression testing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving/standards*
  10. Fulltext Illumination Intelligent Adaptation and Analysis Framework: A comprehensive solution for enhancing nighttime driving fatigue monitoring
    Tian Z, Albakry NS, Du Y
    PLoS One, 2024;19(8):e0308201.
    PMID: 39141655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308201
    Nighttime driving presents a critical challenge to road safety due to insufficient lighting and increased risk of driver fatigue. Existing methods for monitoring driver fatigue, mainly focusing on behavioral analysis and biometric monitoring, face significant challenges under low-light conditions. Their effectiveness, especially in dynamic lighting environments, is limited by their dependency on specific environmental conditions and active driver participation, leading to reduced accuracy and practicality in real-world scenarios. This study introduces a novel 'Illumination Intelligent Adaptation and Analysis Framework (IIAAF)', aimed at addressing these limitations and enhancing the accuracy and practicality of driver fatigue monitoring under nighttime low-light conditions. The IIAAF framework employs a multidimensional technology integration, including comprehensive body posture analysis and facial fatigue feature detection, per-pixel dynamic illumination adjustment technology, and a light variation feature learning system based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and time-series analysis. Through this integrated approach, the framework is capable of accurately capturing subtle fatigue signals in nighttime driving environments and adapting in real-time to rapid changes in lighting conditions. Experimental results on two independent datasets indicate that the IIAAF framework significantly improves the accuracy of fatigue detection under nighttime low-light conditions. This breakthrough not only enhances the effectiveness of driving assistance systems but also provides reliable scientific support for reducing the risk of accidents caused by fatigued driving. These research findings have significant theoretical and practical implications for advancing intelligent driving assistance technology and improving nighttime road safety.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving*
  11. Fulltext Joint torque reduction of a three dimensional redundant planar manipulator
    Yahya S, Moghavvemi M, Almurib HA
    Sensors (Basel), 2012;12(6):6869-92.
    PMID: 22969326 DOI: 10.3390/s120606869
    Research on joint torque reduction in robot manipulators has received considerable attention in recent years. Minimizing the computational complexity of torque optimization and the ability to calculate the magnitude of the joint torque accurately will result in a safe operation without overloading the joint actuators. This paper presents a mechanical design for a three dimensional planar redundant manipulator with the advantage of the reduction in the number of motors needed to control the joint angle, leading to a decrease in the weight of the manipulator. Many efforts have been focused on decreasing the weight of manipulators, such as using lightweight joints design or setting the actuators at the base of the manipulator and using tendons for the transmission of power to these joints. By using the design of this paper, only three motors are needed to control any n degrees of freedom in a three dimensional planar redundant manipulator instead of n motors. Therefore this design is very effective to decrease the weight of the manipulator as well as the number of motors needed to control the manipulator. In this paper, the torque of all the joints are calculated for the proposed manipulator (with three motors) and the conventional three dimensional planar manipulator (with one motor for each degree of freedom) to show the effectiveness of the proposed manipulator for decreasing the weight of the manipulator and minimizing driving joint torques.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  12. Lamb to Rayleigh Wave Conversion on Superstrates as a Means to Facilitate Disposable Acoustomicrofluidic Applications
    Wong KS, Lee L, Hung YM, Yeo LY, Tan MK
    Anal Chem, 2019 10 01;91(19):12358-12368.
    PMID: 31500406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02850
    Rayleigh surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have been demonstrated as a powerful and effective means for driving a wide range of microfluidic actuation processes. Traditionally, SAWs have been generated on piezoelectric substrates, although the cost of the material and the electrode deposition process makes them less amenable as low-cost and disposable components. As such, a "razor-and-blades" model that couples the acoustic energy of the SAW on the piezoelectric substrate through a fluid coupling layer and into a low-cost and, hence, disposable silicon superstrate on which various microfluidic processes can be conducted has been proposed. Nevertheless, it was shown that only bulk vibration in the form of Lamb waves can be excited in the superstrate, which is considerably less efficient and flexible in terms of microfluidic functionality compared to its surface counterpart, that is, the SAW. Here, we reveal an extremely simple way that quite unexpectedly and rather nonintuitively allows SAWs to be generated on the superstrate-by coating the superstrate with a thin gold layer. In addition to verifying the existence of the SAW on the coated superstrate, we carry out finite-difference time domain numerical simulations that not only confirm the experimental observations but also facilitate an understanding of the surprising difference that the coating makes. Finally, we elucidate the various power-dependent particle concentration phenomena that can be carried out in a sessile droplet atop the superstrate and show the possibility for simply carrying out rapid and effective microcentrifugation-a process that is considerably more difficult with Lamb wave excitation on the superstrate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  13. Fulltext Assessing the reliability of subjective evaluation for comfortable driving postures
    Darliana Mohamad, Dian Darina Indah Daruis, Baba Md Deros, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(20):14-19.
    MyJurnal
    Drivers’ posture is one of the factors that can contribute to driving discomfort. Subjective evaluation is needed in determining the driving discomfort problem. The purpose of this study is to examine the reliability of different driving postures that may lead to drivers’ discomfort. A total of thirty-four healthy Malaysian drivers were involved in this study. Respondents were required to sit on the driver’s seat with the required adjustments of three different postures and fill-in the given subjective evaluation form. The same procedure was repeated for each respondent after three days for purpose of conducting test retest evaluation. The reliability statistical analysis result shows the study was reliable and valid with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient equal to 0.827. The comparison means that ANOVA analysis also shows significance difference between these three groups of postures for all measured parameters. In conclusion, the result from this study shows the subjective evaluation conducted is reliable and can be used for drivers’ posture discomfort study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  14. Fulltext The cross cultural study on driving behaviour of Malaysian ageing automobile drivers
    Nazlin, H.A., Siti Zawiah, M.D.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2016;16(20):121-127.
    MyJurnal
    This study focuses on the application of the Malaysian Driving Behaviour Questionnaire(DBQ). The aim of this study is
    to investigate and analyse the significant driving behaviour of the ageing Malaysian automobile drivers. The sets of
    questionnaire was completed by a total number of 102 ageing drivers consists of 58 males (56.86%) and 44 females
    (43.14%). The age of respondents ranges from 50 to 75 years (M = 57.21) and (SD = 5.60). The DBQ contains 12 items
    of demographic questions and 41 items measuring driving behaviour in traffic. The driving behaviours were classified
    into four factors which are driving distractions, violations, errors and lapses. The most significant correlation
    coefficient is between age and distractions (r = 0.456, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  15. Fulltext Acceptance and use of lane change assistance system among early adopters in Malaysia
    Mohd Hafzi, M.I., Baba, M.D., Mohd Radzi, A.M., Zulhaidi, M.J., Khairil Anwar, A.K.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2018;18(102):18-23.
    MyJurnal
    Lane Change Assistance (LCA) system in cars can potentially mitigate blind spot related crashes; but its effectiveness
    largely depends on driver acceptance and proper use. Although still in early stages, the volume of cars equipped with
    LCA system is expected torise in the near future as the technology has been considered in the New Car Assessment
    Program for Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN NCAP) 2017 Rating Scheme. Therefore, this study is initiated to assess
    user acceptance of and experience with LCA-equipped cars. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to
    owners of LCA-equipped cars at selected service centres in the Klang Valley from November 2016 to February 2017.
    From a total of 276 valid responses, results revealed that most owners greatly considered LCA system when
    purchasing their cars and agreed that the systems had positively altered their driving behaviours i.e. regularly using
    the turn signal and checking the side mirrors. Nevertheless, about 20% of the respondents stated theirannoyance and
    distraction by the LCA systems due to unnecessary warnings from various sources, aside from getting too many
    warnings during traffic congestion. The study findings provide some practical implications that can aid the industry
    and relevant stakeholders in gauging the issue and actual situations concerning the use of LCA system in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  16. Fulltext A Hybrid Approach to Detect Driver Drowsiness Utilizing Physiological Signals to Improve System Performance and Wearability
    Awais M, Badruddin N, Drieberg M
    Sensors (Basel), 2017 Aug 31;17(9).
    PMID: 28858220 DOI: 10.3390/s17091991
    Driver drowsiness is a major cause of fatal accidents, injury, and property damage, and has become an area of substantial research attention in recent years. The present study proposes a method to detect drowsiness in drivers which integrates features of electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to improve detection performance. The study measures differences between the alert and drowsy states from physiological data collected from 22 healthy subjects in a driving simulator-based study. A monotonous driving environment is used to induce drowsiness in the participants. Various time and frequency domain feature were extracted from EEG including time domain statistical descriptors, complexity measures and power spectral measures. Features extracted from the ECG signal included heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), including low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio. Furthermore, subjective sleepiness scale is also assessed to study its relationship with drowsiness. We used paired t-tests to select only statistically significant features (p < 0.05), that can differentiate between the alert and drowsy states effectively. Significant features of both modalities (EEG and ECG) are then combined to investigate the improvement in performance using support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The other main contribution of this paper is the study on channel reduction and its impact to the performance of detection. The proposed method demonstrated that combining EEG and ECG has improved the system's performance in discriminating between alert and drowsy states, instead of using them alone. Our channel reduction analysis revealed that an acceptable level of accuracy (80%) could be achieved by combining just two electrodes (one EEG and one ECG), indicating the feasibility of a system with improved wearability compared with existing systems involving many electrodes. Overall, our results demonstrate that the proposed method can be a viable solution for a practical driver drowsiness system that is both accurate and comfortable to wear.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  17. The Relationship between Norms and Risky Driving Behavior: A Systematic Review
    Harith SH, Mahmud N
    Iran J Public Health, 2020 Feb;49(2):211-220.
    PMID: 32461928
    Background: Road accident statistics has been seen increasing over the years despite numerous efforts made by the authorities. Human factors have contributed 90% of accident occurrence with risky driving behavior being one of the significant human factors that can be further explained through norms. This review paper aimed to investigate the relationship between norms and drivers' risky driving behavior.

    Methods: A systematic review process was conducted through four academic databases namely Scopus, Wiley Online Library, Emerald and Web of Science of no limitation for date. Overall, 3443 titles were identified and after several screening and reviewing processes, only 27 studies were included.

    Results: The results of the review demonstrated mixed findings between subjective norm and risky driving behavior, whereas the relationship between group norm, moral norm, injunctive norm, descriptive norm and risky driving behavior were observed significant.

    Conclusion: Appropriate educational awareness is required to educate the society in practicing good norms for mutual benefit of the society. Parents also need to set a good example for their children by abiding the traffic rules and regulation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving
  18. Effects of familial climate on the adolescents' driving habits: a recent literature
    Foo KY
    Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 2015;22(2):127-35.
    PMID: 24328944 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2013.855795
    Driving is a functional task that requires a complex interaction of visual perception, cognitive and motor skills. Next to circulatory diseases and cancer, road accidents remain the third epidemic cause of death internationally, with approximately half a million teen drivers killed annually. Driver behaviour has been cited as the pervasive marker of automotive crashes. A reliable and firm relationship between the positive parental model, message, and communication has been established. Specifically, the familial climate is proposed to be an important element of reinforcement, modelling, support and environmental determinant in interpreting personal perceptions, habits, values, and belief system. Confirming the assertion, this bibliographic review presents the most recent research findings on the contributions of families to the driving habits of teens. The emphasis is speculated on parental alcohol use, aggressiveness, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, relationship, and intergenerational transmission of driving styles. Besides, the effects of familial supervision, monitoring, education and awareness, and genders, partners, and demographic influence on the driving habits are discussed and outlined.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving/education; Automobile Driving/psychology*
  19. Role of sensory and cognitive conspicuity in the prevention of collisions between motorcycles and trucks at T-intersections
    Law TH, Ghanbari M, Hamid H, Abdul-Halin A, Ng CP
    Accid Anal Prev, 2016 Nov;96:64-70.
    PMID: 27505097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.04.013
    Motorcyclists are particularly vulnerable to injury in crashes with heavy vehicles due to substantial differences in vehicle mass, the degree of protection and speed. There is a considerable difference in height between motorcycles and trucks; motorcycles are viewed by truck drivers from downward angles, and shorter distances between them mean steeper downward angles. Hence, we anticipated that the effects of motorcycle conspicuity treatments would be different for truck drivers. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of motorcycle conspicuity treatments on the identification and detection of motorcycles by truck drivers. Two complementary experiments were performed; the first experiment assessed the impact of motorcycle sensory conspicuity on the ability of un-alerted truck drivers to detect motorcycles, and the second experiment assessed the motorcycle cognitive conspicuity to alerted truck drivers. The sensory conspicuity was measured in terms of motorcycle detection rates by un-alerted truck drivers when they were not anticipating a motorcycle within a realistic driving scene, while the cognitive conspicuity was determined by the time taken by alerted truck drivers to actively search for a motorcycle. In the first experiment, the participants were presented with 10 pictures and were instructed to report the kinds of vehicles that were presented in the pictures. Each picture was shown to the participants for 600ms. In the second experiment, the participants were presented with the same set of pictures and were instructed to respond by clicking the right button on a mouse as soon as they detected a motorcycle in the picture. The results indicate that the motorcycle detection rate increases, and the response time to search for a motorcycle decreases, as the distance between the targeted motorcycle and the viewer decreases. This is true regardless of the type of conspicuity treatment used. The use of daytime running headlights (DRH) was found to increase the detection rate and the identification of a motorcycle by a truck driver at a farther distance, but effect deteriorates as the distance decreases. The results show that the detection rate and the identification of a motorcyclist wearing a black helmet with a reflective sticker increases as the distance between the motorcycle and the truck decreases. We also found that a motorcyclist wearing a white helmet and a white outfit is more identifiable and detectable at both shorter and longer distances. In conclusion, although this study provides evidence that the use of appropriate conspicuity treatments enhances motorcycle conspicuity to truck drivers, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the effect of background environment on motorcycle conspicuity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving/psychology; Automobile Driving/statistics & numerical data*
  20. Are sociodemographic characteristics and attitude good predictors of speeding behavior among drivers on Malaysia federal roads?
    Mohamad FF, Abdullah AS, Mohamad J
    Traffic Inj Prev, 2019;20(5):478-483.
    PMID: 31188019 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1612057
    Objective: The increasing number of road crashes and fatalities on Malaysian federal roads is a cause for concern. The main causes of road crashes and fatalities on federal roads have been attributed to the speeding behavior among drivers. As such, this research investigates the possible predictors from sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes in predicting speeding behavior among drivers on Malaysia federal roads. Methods: A face-to-face survey was conducted via purposive sampling on 300 drivers at rest areas at 6 crash hotspots on Malaysian federal roads. A set of questions related to speeding behavior was developed. The questionnaire consisted of 10 questions related to sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, 37 questions regarding attitudes toward speeding, and 1 question regarding speeding behavior. Subsequently, the sociodemographics were analyzed using binary logistic regression and the attitude variable was analyzed using factor analysis and binary logistic regression. Results: The findings from the sociodemographic data revealed that male gender, single/separated status, broad driving experience, crash experience, and leisure/vacation trip purposes emerged as significant predictors for speeding behavior. Additionally, the results of factor analysis for the attitude variable revealed 3 components: Affective, behavioral, and cognitive. These 3 components are originally derived from the ABC model of attitude (affective, behavioral, and cognitive) that was adapted in this study. Furthermore, the findings from binary logistic regression appeared consistent with the model assumption, signifying that behavioral aspects significantly influenced speeding behavior among drivers. Nevertheless, affective and cognitive components were insignificant predictors. Furthermore, strong agreement with speeding countermeasures was observed among the participants. Conclusion: In conclusion, sociodemographic characteristics and attitude have been proven to affect speeding behavior among drivers on Malaysian federal roads. The findings have important implications in designing driver risk profiles on federal roads to develop suitable countermeasures based on the 4E approach (engagement, education, enforcement, and engineering) to enhance road safety.
    Matched MeSH terms: Automobile Driving/psychology*; Automobile Driving/statistics & numerical data
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