Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 211 in total

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  1. Review on demulsification techniques for oil/water emulsion: Comparison of recyclable and irretrievable approaches
    Low JY, Khe CS, Usman F, Hassan YM, Lai CW, You KY, et al.
    Environ Res, 2024 Feb 15;243:117840.
    PMID: 38081342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117840
    Since the establishment of the first global refinery in 1856, crude oil has remained one of the most lucrative natural resources worldwide. However, during the extraction process from reservoirs, crude oil gets contaminated with sediments, water, and other impurities. The presence of pressure, shear forces, and surface-active compounds in crude oil leads to the formation of unwanted oil/water emulsions. These emulsions can take the form of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, where water droplets disperse continuously in crude oil, or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, where crude oil droplets are suspended in water. To prevent the spread of water and inorganic salts, these emulsions need to be treated and eliminated. In existing literature, different demulsification procedures have shown varying outcomes in effectively treating oil/water emulsions. The observed discrepancies have been attributed to various factors such as temperature, salinity, pH, droplet size, and emulsifier concentrations. It is crucial to identify the most effective demulsification approach for oil/water separation while adhering to environmental regulations and minimizing costs for the petroleum sector. Therefore, this study aims to explore and review recent advancements in two popular demulsification techniques: chemical demulsification and magnetic nanoparticles-based (MNP) demulsification. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are assessed, with the magnetic approach emerging as the most promising due to its desirable efficiency and compliance with environmental and economic concerns. The findings of this report are expected to have a significant impact on the overall process of separating oil and water, benefiting the oil and gas industry, as well as other relevant sectors in achieving the circular economy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  2. Evaluation of factors causing lateral migration of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) in onshore oil spill accidents
    Waqar A
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Feb;31(7):10853-10873.
    PMID: 38214856 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31844-x
    Contamination of groundwater by harmful substances poses significant risks to both drinking water sources and aquatic ecosystems, making it a critical environmental concern. Most on-land spill events release organic molecules known as light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs), which then seep into the ground. Due to their low density and organic composition, they tend to float as they reach the water table. LNAPLs encompass a wide range of non-aqueous phase liquids, including various petroleum products, and can, over time, develop carcinogenic chemicals in water. However, due to frequent changes in hydraulic head, the confinement may fail to contain them, causing them to extend outward. When it contaminates water wells, people cannot reliably consume the water. The removal of dangerous contaminants from groundwater aquifers is made more challenging by LNAPLs. It is imperative to analyze the mechanisms governing LNAPL migration. As a response to this need and the associated dispersion of contaminants into adjacent aquifers, we have conducted a comprehensive qualitative literature review encompassing the years 2000-2022. Groundwater variability, soil structure, and precipitation have been identified as the three primary influential factors, ranked in the following order of significance. The rate of migration is shown to rise dramatically in response to changes in groundwater levels. Different saturation zones and confinement have a major effect on the lateral migration velocity. When the various saturation zones reach a balance, LNAPLs will stop moving. Although higher confinement slows the rate of lateral migration, it speeds up vertical migration. Beyond this, the lateral or vertical movement is also influenced by differences in the permeability of soil strata. Reduced mobility and tighter containment are the outcomes of migrating through fine-grained, low-porosity sand. The gaseous and liquid phases of LNAPLs move more quickly through coarse-grained soils. Due to the complexities and uncertainties associated with LNAPL behavior, accurately foreseeing the future spread of LNAPLs can be challenging. Although studies have utilized modeling techniques to simulate and predict LNAPL migration, the inherent complexities and uncertainties in the subsurface environment make it difficult to precisely predict the extent of LNAPL spread in the future. The granular soil structure considerably affects the porosity and pore pressure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum Pollution*
  3. Investigation of ethyl lactate as a green solvent for desorption of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from contaminated soil
    Jalilian Ahmadkalaei SP, Gan S, Ng HK, Abdul Talib S
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016 Nov;23(21):22008-22018.
    PMID: 27539472
    Treatment of oil-contaminated soil is a major environmental concern worldwide. The aim of this study is to examine the applicability of a green solvent, ethyl lactate (EL), in desorption of diesel aliphatic fraction within total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soil and to determine the associated desorption kinetics. Batch desorption experiments were carried out on artificially contaminated soil at different EL solvent percentages (%). In analysing the diesel range of TPH, TPH was divided into three fractions and the effect of solvent extraction on each fraction was examined. The experimental results demonstrated that EL has a high and fast desorbing power. Pseudo-second order rate equation described the experimental desorption kinetics data well with correlation coefficient values, R (2), between 0.9219 and 0.9999. The effects of EL percentage, initial contamination level of soil and liquid to solid ratio (L/S (v/w)) on initial desorption rate have also been evaluated. The effective desorption performance of ethyl lactate shows its potential as a removal agent for remediation of TPH-contaminated soil worldwide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum; Petroleum Pollution/prevention & control*
  4. Growth enhancement of effective microorganisms for bioremediation of crude oil contaminated waters
    Mukred AM, Abd-Hamid A, Hamzah A, Yusoff WM
    Pak J Biol Sci, 2008 Jul 01;11(13):1708-12.
    PMID: 18819623
    The bioremediation of polluted groundwater, wastewater aeration pond and biopond sites was investigated using bacteria isolated from these sites located at the oil refinery Terengganu Malaysia. Out of 62 isolates, only 16 isolates from groundwater (8) and wastewater aeration pond (3) and biopond (5) were chosen based on growth medium containing 1% (v/v) Tapis crude oil. Only four isolates; Acinetobacter faecalis, Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas putida and Neisseria elongata showed percentage biodegradation of crude oil more than 50% after 5 days using Mineral Salts Medium (MSM). The effect of physical parameters (temperature, pH and agitation) on growth by all four strains showed a maximum growth in MSM medium with 1% Tapis crude oil at 37 degrees C with pH 7 and agitation of 130 rpm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum/metabolism*; Petroleum/microbiology*
  5. Fulltext Crude oil price forecasting based on hybridizing wavelet multiple linear regression model, particle swarm optimization techniques, and principal component analysis
    Shabri A, Samsudin R
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:854520.
    PMID: 24895666 DOI: 10.1155/2014/854520
    Crude oil prices do play significant role in the global economy and are a key input into option pricing formulas, portfolio allocation, and risk measurement. In this paper, a hybrid model integrating wavelet and multiple linear regressions (MLR) is proposed for crude oil price forecasting. In this model, Mallat wavelet transform is first selected to decompose an original time series into several subseries with different scale. Then, the principal component analysis (PCA) is used in processing subseries data in MLR for crude oil price forecasting. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to adopt the optimal parameters of the MLR model. To assess the effectiveness of this model, daily crude oil market, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), has been used as the case study. Time series prediction capability performance of the WMLR model is compared with the MLR, ARIMA, and GARCH models using various statistics measures. The experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the individual models in forecasting of the crude oil prices series.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum/economics*
  6. Fulltext A preliminary study of biodegradable waste as sorbent material for oil-spill cleanup
    Idris J, Eyu GD, Mansor AM, Ahmad Z, Chukwuekezie CS
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:638687.
    PMID: 24693241 DOI: 10.1155/2014/638687
    Oil spill constitutes a major source of fresh and seawater pollution as a result of accidental discharge from tankers, marine engines, and underwater pipes. Therefore, the need for cost-effective and environmental friendly sorbent materials for oil spill cleanup cannot be overemphasized. The present work focuses on the preliminary study of empty palm fruit bunch fibre as a promising sorbent material. The morphology of the unmodified empty palm fruit bunch, EPFB fibre, was examined using an optical microcopy, scanning electron microcopy coupled with EDX and X-ray diffraction. The effects of oil volume, fibre weight, and time on oil absorption of EPFB fibre were evaluated with new engine oil from the model oil. The results show that EPFB fibre consists of numerous micro pores, hydrophobic, and partially crystalline and amorphous with approximately 13.5% carbon. The oil absorbency of the fibre increased with the increase in oil volume, immersion time, and fibre weight. However, sorption capacity decreased beyond 3 g in 100 mL. Additionally unmodified EPFB fibre showed optimum oil sorption efficiency of approximately 2.8 g/g within three days of immersion time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum Pollution*
  7. Fulltext Global Warming: Predicting OPEC Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Petroleum Consumption Using Neural Network and Hybrid Cuckoo Search Algorithm
    Chiroma H, Abdul-kareem S, Khan A, Nawi NM, Gital AY, Shuib L, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(8):e0136140.
    PMID: 26305483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136140
    Global warming is attracting attention from policy makers due to its impacts such as floods, extreme weather, increases in temperature by 0.7°C, heat waves, storms, etc. These disasters result in loss of human life and billions of dollars in property. Global warming is believed to be caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities including the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from petroleum consumption. Limitations of the previous methods of predicting CO2 emissions and lack of work on the prediction of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) CO2 emissions from petroleum consumption have motivated this research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  8. A comprehensive guide of remediation technologies for oil contaminated soil - Present works and future directions
    Lim MW, Lau EV, Poh PE
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2016 Aug 15;109(1):14-45.
    PMID: 27267117 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.023
    Oil spills result in negative impacts on the environment, economy and society. Due to tidal and waves actions, the oil spillage affects the shorelines by adhering to the soil, making it difficult for immediate cleaning of the soil. As shoreline clean-up is the most costly component of a response operation, there is a need for effective oil remediation technologies. This paper provides a review on the remediation technologies for soil contaminated with various types of oil, including diesel, crude oil, petroleum, lubricating oil, bitumen and bunker oil. The methods discussed include solvent extraction, bioremediation, phytoremediation, chemical oxidation, electrokinetic remediation, thermal technologies, ultrasonication, flotation and integrated remediation technologies. Each of these technologies was discussed, and associated with their advantages, disadvantages, advancements and future work in detail. Nonetheless, it is important to note that no single remediation technology is considered the best solution for the remediation of oil contaminated soil.

    CAPSULE: This review provides a comprehensive literature on the various remediation technologies studied in the removal of different oil types from soil.

    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  9. Fulltext Removal of toxic mercury from petroleum oil by newly synthesized molecularly-imprinted polymer
    Khairi NA, Yusof NA, Abdullah AH, Mohammad F
    Int J Mol Sci, 2015;16(5):10562-77.
    PMID: 26006226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510562
    In recent years, molecularly-imprinted polymers (MIPs) have attracted the attention of several researchers due to their capability for molecular recognition, easiness of preparation, stability and cost-effective production. By taking advantage of these facts, Hg(II) imprinted and non-imprinted copolymers were prepared by polymerizing mercury nitrate stock solution (or without it) with methacrylic acid (MAA), 2-hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methanol and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the monomer, co-monomer solvent (porogen) and cross-linker, respectively. Thus, the formed Hg(II) imprinted polymer was characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The separation and preconcentration characteristics of Hg(II) imprinted polymer were investigated by solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures, and an optimal pH of 7 was investigated as ideal. The specific surface area of the Hg(II) imprinted polymer was found to be 19.45 m2/g with a size range from 100 to 140 µm in diameter. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed to be 1.11 mg/g of Hg(II) imprinted beads with 87.54% removal of Hg(II) ions within the first 5 min. The results of the study therefore confirm that the Hg(II) imprinted polymer can be used multiple times without significantly losing its adsorption capacity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum/analysis*
  10. Improving oil classification quality from oil spill fingerprint beyond six sigma approach
    Juahir H, Ismail A, Mohamed SB, Toriman ME, Kassim AM, Zain SM, et al.
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2017 Jul 15;120(1-2):322-332.
    PMID: 28535957 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.032
    This study involves the use of quality engineering in oil spill classification based on oil spill fingerprinting from GC-FID and GC-MS employing the six-sigma approach. The oil spills are recovered from various water areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (East Malaysia). The study approach used six sigma methodologies that effectively serve as the problem solving in oil classification extracted from the complex mixtures of oil spilled dataset. The analysis of six sigma link with the quality engineering improved the organizational performance to achieve its objectivity of the environmental forensics. The study reveals that oil spills are discriminated into four groups' viz. diesel, hydrocarbon fuel oil (HFO), mixture oil lubricant and fuel oil (MOLFO) and waste oil (WO) according to the similarity of the intrinsic chemical properties. Through the validation, it confirmed that four discriminant component, diesel, hydrocarbon fuel oil (HFO), mixture oil lubricant and fuel oil (MOLFO) and waste oil (WO) dominate the oil types with a total variance of 99.51% with ANOVA giving Fstat>Fcritical at 95% confidence level and a Chi Square goodness test of 74.87. Results obtained from this study reveals that by employing six-sigma approach in a data-driven problem such as in the case of oil spill classification, good decision making can be expedited.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum Pollution/analysis*
  11. Fulltext Ce-Loaded HZSM-5 Composite for Catalytic Deoxygenation of Algal Hydrolyzed Oil into Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Compounds
    Nuhma MJ, Alias H, Tahir M, Jazie AA
    Molecules, 2022 Oct 25;27(21).
    PMID: 36364078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217251
    Despite the extensive research into the catalytic uses of zeolite-based catalysts, these catalysts have a limited useful lifetime because of the deactivating effect of coke production. This study looks at the use of Cerium (Ce) loaded HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts in the hydrocarbon and oxygenated chemical conversion from Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae crude oil. Characterization of structure, morphology, and crystallinity was performed after the catalysts were manufactured using the impregnation technique. Soxhlet extraction was carried out to extract the crude oil of microalgae. Transesterification reaction was used to produce algal hydrolyzed oil (HO), and the resulting HO was put to use in a batch reactor at 300 °C, 1000 rpm, 7 bars of nitrogen pressure, a catalyst to the algal HO ratio of 15% (wt. %), and a retention time of 6 h. To determine which Ce-loaded HZSM-5 catalysts would be most effective in converting algal HO into non-oxygenated molecules (hydrocarbons), we conducted a series of tests. Liquid product characteristics were analyzed for elemental composition, higher heating value (HHV), atomic ratios of O/C and H/C, and degree of deoxygenation (DOD%). Results were categorized into three groups: product yield, chemical composition, and carbon number distribution. When Cerium was added to HZSM-5 zeolite at varying loading percentages, the zeolite's acid sites became more effective in facilitating the algal HO conversion. The results showed that 10%Ce/HZSM-5 had the greatest conversion of the algal HO, the yield of hydrocarbons, HHV, and DOD% (98.2%, 30%, 34.05 MJ/Kg, and 51.44%, respectively) among all the synthesized catalysts in this research. In conclusion, the physical changes seen in the textural characteristics may be attributed to Cerium-loading on the parent HZSM-5; nevertheless, there is no direct association between the physical features and the hydrocarbons yield (%). The primary impact of Cerium alteration of the parent HZSM-5 zeolite was to change the acidic sites required to boost the conversion (%) of the algal HO in the catalytic deoxygenation process, which in turn increased the hydrocarbons yield (%), which in turn increased the HHV and DOD%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  12. Removal of free fatty acid (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) using potassium oxide/dolomite as an adsorbent: Optimization by Taguchi method
    Nor Shafizah I, Irmawati R, Omar H, Yahaya M, Alia Aina A
    Food Chem, 2022 Mar 30;373(Pt B):131668.
    PMID: 34848088 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131668
    In this study, potassium oxide supported on dolomite adsorbent was used as an adsorbent for free fatty acids (FFAs) treatment in crude palm oil (CPO). The characteristics of the adsorbent were determined by TGA, XRD, SEM, BET and TPD-CO2. Taguchi method was utilized for experimental design and optimum condition determination. There were four parameters and three levels involved in this study: time (30, 60, 90 min), stirring rate (300, 500, 700 rpm), adsorbent dosage (1, 3, 5 wt%) and K2O concentration (5, 10, 15 wt%). The adsorbent had a larger pore size, higher basic strength, and more basic sites in greater efficiency (63%) in FFAs removal from CPO. The optimum conditions were at 30 min time, 700 rpm stirring rate, 5 wt% adsorbent dosage and 15 wt% K2O concentration. Taguchi method simplified determination of experimental parameters and minimized the operating costs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  13. Evaluation of ethyl lactate as solvent in Fenton oxidation for the remediation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)-contaminated soil
    Jalilian Ahmadkalaei SP, Gan S, Ng HK, Abdul Talib S
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017 Jul;24(21):17779-17789.
    PMID: 28602003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9382-x
    Due to the health and environmental risks posed by the presence of petroleum-contaminated areas around the world, remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil has drawn much attention from researchers. Combining Fenton reaction with a solvent has been proposed as a novel way to remediate contaminated soils. In this study, a green solvent, ethyl lactate (EL), has been used in conjunction with Fenton's reagents for the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil. The main aim of this research is to determine how the addition of EL affects Fenton reaction for the destruction of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) within the diesel range. Specifically, the effects of different parameters, including liquid phase volume-to-soil weight (L/S) ratio, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration and EL% on the removal efficiency, have been studied in batch experiments. The results showed that an increase in H2O2 resulted in an increase in removal efficiency of TPH from 68.41% at H2O2 = 0.1 M to 90.21% at H2O2 = 2 M. The lowest L/S, i.e. L/S = 1, had the highest TPH removal efficiency of 85.77%. An increase in EL% up to 10% increased the removal efficiency to 96.74% for TPH, and with further increase in EL%, the removal efficiency of TPH decreased to 89.6%. EL with an optimum value of 10% was found to be best for TPH removal in EL-based Fenton reaction. The power law and pseudo-first order equations fitted well to the experimental kinetic data of Fenton reactions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  14. Investigating the asymmetry effects of crude oil price on renewable energy consumption in the United States
    Sahu PK, Solarin SA, Al-Mulali U, Ozturk I
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Jan;29(1):817-827.
    PMID: 34345984 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15577-9
    The reduction in oil prices might make crude oil a cheaper alternative to renewable energy (RE). Given this, the present paper examines the effect of fluctuation of oil prices on the use of RE in the United States (US) during the period 1970 to 2018. We constructed two nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models to examine the effect of the positive and negative oil price shocks on the use of RE in the US. The RE consumption is taken as the dependent variable and the gross domestic product (GDP), Brent crude prices, population density, trade openness, and price index as independent variables. The result revealed that the rise in crude oil price, GDP, and population density will increase RE use in the short run and in the long run as well. Moreover, the study finds that any decrease in oil prices will decrease RE use in the short run and its effect will eventually diminish in the long run. On the policy front, it is suggested that US should raise its energy security by reducing its dependency on imported crude oil and increase the role of RE through the imposition of taxes on oil and increase the base of production and consumption through a series of measures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  15. Modelling the role of energy price movements toward economic stability in Malaysia: new evidence from wavelet-based analysis
    Afshan S, Cheong CWH, Sharif A
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Aug;30(38):88861-88875.
    PMID: 37440132 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28660-0
    Energy is one of the prime factors in influencing the sustainable development of a country. Different energy sources play important roles in driving the income growth of different economic sectors such as industrial, agricultural, and services. Fossil fuels, however, have come under strong criticism for actively accelerating climate change. As such, it is imperative to investigate the contributions of various energy sources toward sustainable growth. With Malaysia as the test-bed, the present study analyzes the impact of energy prices on economic stability using the novel wavelet-based analysis. Specifically, the study analyzed the impact of crude oil, natural gas, and gasoline prices on the economic (brown) and green growth from 1995 to 2020. The results show that in continuous wavelet transform, the cone of influence of all five factors exhibits strong short-run variance and fluctuations from 2005 to 2013. However, the intensity of brown growth is more influential than green growth. Similarly, in wavelet coherence graphs, the downward right arrows indicate positively significant associations between crude oil prices, natural gas prices, and gasoline prices with brown and green growth. Additionally, wavelet-based Granger causality reveals a bidirectional causal relationship between all variables. The results thus strongly suggest that energy prices predominantly affect the economic (brown) and green growth progression of the Malaysian economy. The study concludes with some suggested implications to augment the country's sustainable growth.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  16. Mapping pollution dynamics: utilizing GNOME to model oil spill trajectories in tanker terminals
    Farzingohar M, Bagheri M, Gholami I, Ibrahim ZZ, Akhir MF
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 May;31(25):37404-37427.
    PMID: 38777973 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33506-4
    The aim of this study is to uncover the multifaceted environmental threats posed by Oil Spill Water Pollution (OSWP) originating from tanker terminals situated in the Qeshm and Hormozgan regions of Iran. In this region, water pollution arises from diverse sources, mostly from ruptured pipelines, corroded valves, unforeseen accidents, and aging facilities. The Qeshm Canal and Qeshm Tanker Terminal emerged as pivotal sites for investigation within this study. The focus is directed towards pinpointing vulnerable areas at risk of water contamination and delving into the intricate pathways and impacts associated with oil spills. Utilizing the sophisticated modeling capabilities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) GNOME model, the research explores various scenarios extrapolated from seasonal atmospheric and oceanic data through 2022. The findings show the OSWP hazard zones located northeast of Qeshm. Notably, the wind and currents greatly affect how OSWPs are destined and dispersed. This underscores the intricate interplay between environmental factors and spill dynamics. In essence, this study not only sheds light on the imminent environmental threats posed by OSWP but also underscores the critical need for proactive measures and comprehensive strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts on marine ecosystems and coastal communities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum Pollution*
  17. Fulltext Towards an alcohol-free process for the production of palm phytonutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis of crude palm oil using liquid lipases
    Adiiba SH, Chan ES, Lee YY, Amelia, Chang MY, Song CP
    J Sci Food Agric, 2022 Dec;102(15):6921-6929.
    PMID: 35662022 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12053
    BACKGROUND: Crude palm oil (CPO) is rich with phytonutrients such as carotenoids and tocols which possesses many health benefits. The aim of this research was to develop a methanol-free process to produce palm phytonutrients via enzymatic hydrolysis. In this work, triacylglycerol was hydrolyzed into free fatty acids (FFAs) using three different types of liquid lipases derived from Aspergillus oryzae (ET 2.0), Aspergillus niger (Habio) and Candida antartica (CALB).

    RESULTS: ET 2.0 was found to be the best enzyme for hydrolysis. Under the optimum condition, the FFA content achievable was 790 g kg-1 after 24 h of reaction with 1:1 water-to-oil mass ratio at 50 °C and stirring speed of 9 × g. Furthermore, with the addition of 2 g kg-1 ascorbic acid, it was found that 98% of carotenoids and 96% of tocols could be retained after hydrolysis.

    CONCLUSION: This work shows that enzymatic hydrolysis, which is inherently safer, cleaner and sustainable is feasible to replace the conventional methanolysis for the production of palm phytonutrients. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum*
  18. Fulltext A high resolution capacitive sensing system for the measurement of water content in crude oil
    Zubair M, Tang TB
    Sensors (Basel), 2014;14(7):11351-61.
    PMID: 24967606 DOI: 10.3390/s140711351
    This paper presents the design of a non-intrusive system to measure ultra-low water content in crude oil. The system is based on a capacitance to phase angle conversion method. Water content is measured with a capacitance sensor comprising two semi-cylindrical electrodes mounted on the outer side of a glass tube. The presence of water induces a capacitance change that in turn converts into a phase angle, with respect to a main oscillator. A differential sensing technique is adopted not only to ensure high immunity against temperature variation and background noise, but also to eliminate phase jitter and amplitude variation of the main oscillator that could destabilize the output. The complete capacitive sensing system was implemented in hardware and experiment results using crude oil samples demonstrated that a resolution of ± 50 ppm of water content in crude oil was achieved by the proposed design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum
  19. Fulltext A Review on Properties and Application of Bio-Based Poly(Butylene Succinate)
    Rafiqah SA, Khalina A, Harmaen AS, Tawakkal IA, Zaman K, Asim M, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Apr 29;13(9).
    PMID: 33946989 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091436
    Researchers and companies have increasingly been drawn to biodegradable polymers and composites because of their environmental resilience, eco-friendliness, and suitability for a range of applications. For various uses, biodegradable fabrics use biodegradable polymers or natural fibers as reinforcement. Many approaches have been taken to achieve better compatibility for tailored and improved material properties. In this article, PBS (polybutylene succinate) was chosen as the main topic due to its excellent properties and intensive interest among industrial and researchers. PBS is an environmentally safe biopolymer that has some special properties, such as good clarity and processability, a shiny look, and flexibility, but it also has some drawbacks, such as brittleness. PBS-based natural fiber composites are completely biodegradable and have strong physical properties. Several research studies on PBS-based composites have been published, including physical, mechanical, and thermal assessments of the properties and its ability to replace petroleum-based materials, but no systematic analysis of up-to-date research evidence is currently available in the literature. The aim of this analysis is to highlight recent developments in PBS research and production, as well as its natural fiber composites. The current research efforts focus on the synthesis, copolymers and biodegradability for its properties, trends, challenges and prospects in the field of PBS and its composites also reviewed in this paper.
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum
  20. Fulltext FACTORS DETERMININGGOLD PRICESIN MALAYSIA
    ANIS MAT DALAM, NOORHASLINDA KULUB ABD RASHID, JAHARUDIN PADLI
    UMT Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2019;1(2):75-82.
    MyJurnal
    Gold is a valuable asset to a country because of itsliquidity.Gold reserve can stabilize the currency in a country.The objectiveof this paper is to identify the factors contributingto the volatility of gold prices, such as Real Malaysia GDP, inflation rates, crude oil pricesand exchange rates. The data was analysed using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approachwith time series data, with 30-year coverage from 1987 to 2016. Findings showed that only Real Malaysia GDP and crudeoil priceswere significantly relatedto gold prices. As a conclusion, this study can beusedas reference byother investors.The author suggests toother researchers to further improve upon this study by adding more variables or diversifying the variables that relate to volatility of gold prices
    Matched MeSH terms: Petroleum
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