Displaying publications 221 - 240 of 1136 in total

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  1. Fulltext COVID-19 transmission through host cell directed network of GPCR
    Singh Y, Gupta G, Satija S, Pabreja K, Chellappan DK, Dua K
    Drug Dev Res, 2020 09;81(6):647-649.
    PMID: 32329083 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21674
    Matched MeSH terms: Pneumonia, Viral/transmission*; Coronavirus Infections/transmission*
  2. Aptamers isolated against mosquito-borne pathogens
    Navien TN, Yeoh TS, Anna A, Tang TH, Citartan M
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2021 Jul 09;37(8):131.
    PMID: 34240263 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03097-0
    Mosquito-borne diseases are a major threat to public health. The shortcomings of diagnostic tools, especially those that are antibody-based, have been blamed in part for the rising annual morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases. Antibodies harbor a number of disadvantages that can be clearly addressed by aptamers as the more promising molecular recognition elements. Aptamers are defined as single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides generated by SELEX that exhibit high binding affinity and specificity against a wide variety of target molecules based on their unique structural conformations. A number of aptamers were developed against mosquito-borne pathogens such as Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Plasmodium parasite, Francisella tularensis, Japanese encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Yellow fever virus. Intrigued by these achievements, we carry out a comprehensive overview of the aptamers developed against these mosquito-borne infectious agents. Characteristics of the aptamers and their roles in diagnostic, therapeutic as well as other applications are emphasized.
    Matched MeSH terms: Malaria/transmission; Virus Diseases/transmission
  3. Strategies to counter transmission of "superbugs" by targeting free-living amoebae
    Siddiqui R, Khan NA
    Exp Parasitol, 2017 Dec;183:133-136.
    PMID: 28807757 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.08.006
    Bacterial infections have remained significant despite our advances in the development of a plethora of disinfectants as well as antimicrobial chemotherapy. This is in part due to our incomplete understanding of the prevalence of bacterial pathogens in the environmental and clinical settings. Several lines of evidence suggest that Acanthamoeba is one of the most ubiquitous/resilient protists that also acts as a host/reservoir for pathogenic microbes. Thus targeting the hardy host, which harbour microbial pathogens, offer a potential avenue to counter infection transmission, particularly hospital/community-acquired infections. This will complement existing approach of applying disinfectants that are targeted against bacterial pathogens directly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacterial Infections/transmission*; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
  4. Protection of Military Personnel Against Vector-Borne Diseases: A Review of Collaborative Work of the Australian and US Military Over the Last 30 Years
    Frances SP, Edstein MD, Debboun M, Shanks GD
    US Army Med Dep J, 2016 Oct-Dec.
    PMID: 27613205
    Australian and US military medical services have collaborated since World War II to minimize vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and scrub typhus. In this review, collaboration over the last 30 years is discussed. The collaborative projects and exchange scientist programs have resulted in mutually beneficial outcomes in the fields of drug development and personal protection measures against vector-borne diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dengue/transmission; Malaria/transmission
  5. Blackfly vectors of zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan
    Takaoka H, Fukuda M, Otsuka Y, Aoki C, Uni S, Bain O
    Med Vet Entomol, 2012 Dec;26(4):372-8.
    PMID: 22827756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01023.x
    Studies of blackfly vectors of Onchocerca dewittei japonica Uni, Bain & Takaoka (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), a parasite of wild boar implicated in the aetiology of zoonotic onchocerciasis in Japan, and six other zoonotic Onchocerca species of this country are reviewed. Molecular identification of infective larvae found in wild-caught female blackflies showed that Simulium bidentatum (Shiraki) (Diptera: Simuliidae) is a natural vector of O. dewittei japonica, and also Onchocerca sp. sensu Fukuda et al., another parasite of wild boar. Inoculation experiments demonstrated that Simulium arakawae Matsumura and four other Simulium species are putative vectors. Similarly, S. arakawae, S. bidentatum and Simulium oitanum (Shiraki) are putative vectors of Onchocerca eberhardi Uni & Bain and Onchocerca skrjabini Rukhlyadev, parasites of sika deer. Morphometric studies of infective larvae indicated that Onchocerca lienalis Stiles, a bovine species, is transmitted by S. arakawae, Simulium daisense (Takahasi) and Simulium kyushuense Takaoka, and that Onchocerca sp. sensu Takaoka & Bain, another bovine species, is transmitted by S. arakawae, S. bidentatum, S. daisense and S. oitanum. Prosimulium sp. (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Simulium japonicum Matsumura are suspected vectors of Onchocerca suzukii Yagi, Bain & Shoho and O. skrjabini [Twinnia japonensis Rubtsov (Diptera: Simuliidae) may also transmit the latter], parasites of Japanese serow, following detection of the parasites' DNA genes in wild-caught blackflies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Onchocerciasis/transmission*; Zoonoses/transmission*
  6. Fulltext Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence
    Billah MA, Miah MM, Khan MN
    PLoS One, 2020;15(11):e0242128.
    PMID: 33175914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242128
    BACKGROUND: The coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is now a global concern because of its higher transmission capacity and associated adverse consequences including death. The reproductive number of coronavirus provides an estimate of the possible extent of the transmission. This study aims to provide a summary reproductive number of coronavirus based on available global level evidence.

    METHODS: A total of three databases were searched on September 15, 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The searches were conducted using a pre-specified search strategy to record studies reported the reproductive number of coronavirus from its inception in December 2019. It includes keywords of coronavirus and its reproductive number, which were combined using the Boolean operators (AND, OR). Based on the included studies, we estimated a summary reproductive number by using the meta-analysis. We used narrative synthesis to explain the results of the studies where the reproductive number was reported, however, were not possible to include in the meta-analysis because of the lack of data (mostly due to confidence interval was not reported).

    RESULTS: Total of 42 studies included in this review whereas 29 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated summary reproductive number was 2.87 (95% CI, 2.39-3.44). We found evidence of very high heterogeneity (99.5%) of the reproductive number reported in the included studies. Our sub-group analysis was found the significant variations of reproductive number across the country for which it was estimated, method and model that were used to estimate the reproductive number, number of case that was considered to estimate the reproductive number, and the type of reproductive number that was estimated. The highest reproductive number was reported for the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship in Japan (14.8). In the country-level, the higher reproductive number was reported for France (R, 6.32, 95% CI, 5.72-6.99) following Germany (R, 6.07, 95% CI, 5.51-6.69) and Spain (R, 3.56, 95% CI, 1.62-7.82). The higher reproductive number was reported if it was estimated by using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) method and the Epidemic curve model. We also reported significant heterogeneity of the type of reproductive number- a high-value reported if it was the time-dependent reproductive number.

    CONCLUSION: The estimated summary reproductive number indicates an exponential increase of coronavirus infection in the coming days. Comprehensive policies and programs are important to reduce new infections as well as the associated adverse consequences including death.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pneumonia, Viral/transmission; Coronavirus Infections/transmission
  7. Fulltext Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics' Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor-Strain-Outcome Perspective
    Shahzad F, Du J, Khan I, Fateh A, Shahbaz M, Abbas A, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 Jul 15;17(14).
    PMID: 32679748 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145102
    Historically, infectious diseases have been the leading cause of human psychosomatic strain and death tolls. This research investigated the recent threat of COVID-19 contagion, especially its impact among frontline paramedics treating patients with COVID-19, and their perception of self-infection, which ultimately increases their agonistic behaviour. Based on the stressor-strain-outcome paradigm, a research model was proposed and investigated using survey-based data through a structured questionnaire. The results found that the perceived threat of COVID-19 contagion (emotional and cognitive threat) was positively correlated with physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion, which led toward agonistic behaviour. Further, perceived social support was a key moderator that negatively affected the relationships between agonistic behaviour and physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion. These findings significantly contributed to the current literature concerning COVID-19 and pandemic-related effects on human behaviour. This study also theorized the concept of human agonistic behaviour, which has key implications for future researchers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pneumonia, Viral/transmission*; Coronavirus Infections/transmission*
  8. Fulltext Current vector research challenges in the greater Mekong subregion for dengue, Malaria, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases: A report from a multisectoral workshop March 2019
    Christofferson RC, Parker DM, Overgaard HJ, Hii J, Devine G, Wilcox BA, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020 Jul;14(7):e0008302.
    PMID: 32730249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008302
    Matched MeSH terms: Dengue/transmission*; Malaria/transmission*
  9. The transmission of an avian filarioid Cardiofilaria nilesi to the jird, Meriones unguiculatus
    Chiang GL, Cheong WH, Eng KL, Samarawickrema WA
    J Helminthol, 1987 Dec;61(4):349-53.
    PMID: 3437114
    This paper reports the experimental transmission of a bird parasite into jirds. Infective larvae of Cardiofilaria nilesi obtained from laboratory colonized Coquillettidia crassipes mosquitoes which had fed on an infected chicken were inoculated subcutaneously into jirds. The number of larvae per jird varied from 10 to 228. Microfilaraemia appeared 22 to 89 days after inoculation of the infective larvae. Experiments were carried out with 24 jirds through six generations extending over a period of 22 months and 17 produced patent infections. At present 8 infected jirds are being maintained in the laboratory; their patent periods ranging from 6 to 13 months. However, the longest patent period observed was about thirteen months. The percentage of adults recovered in autopsied jirds ranged from 0 to 40 with an average of 16. The chicken showed a microfilarial periodicity with the peak microfilarial density around 2200 hours. However, in jirds there was a change in sub-periodicity. This model in the jird may be very useful for the screening of filaricides and in immunological work.
    Matched MeSH terms: Filariasis/transmission; Poultry Diseases/transmission*
  10. Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in the Asia-Pacific region
    Dore GJ, Kaldor JM, Ungchusak K, Mertens TE
    Med J Aust, 1996 Nov 4;165(9):494-8.
    PMID: 8937371
    The incidence of new HIV infections in Asia and the Pacific will soon pass that in Africa and is projected to increase into the next century. The AIDS epidemic arising from these infections will have enormous consequences for the health and socioeconomic development of a region encompassing more than half the world's population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission*; HIV Infections/transmission*
  11. Prevalence of coronavirus
    Wiwanitkit V
    J Feline Med Surg, 2010 Apr;12(4):359; author reply 360.
    PMID: 20005142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.11.002
    Matched MeSH terms: Cat Diseases/transmission; Coronavirus Infections/transmission
  12. Mosquito fauna of the Bengkoka Peninsula, Sabah, Malaysia
    Cheong WH, Loong KP, Mahadevan S, Mak JW, Kan SK
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1984 Mar;15(1):19-26.
    PMID: 6146203
    A total of 37 species of mosquitoes from seven genera were collected in six villages in the Bengkoka Peninsula, Sabah State, during two visits in 1981 in connection with studies on malaria and filariasis. Fifty-five per cent of the total mosquitoes collected were Mansonia. An. collessi constituted a new record of the species from Sabah. An. balabacensis was found to be naturally infected with sporozoites. Ma. bonneae was found to be naturally infected with Brugia, probably B. malayi. Parous rates of An. balabacensis and Ma. bonneae were very high with consequent high probability of survival ideally suiting transmission of malaria and filariasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Filariasis/transmission; Malaria/transmission
  13. Occurrence of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in the Temuan Orang Asli (aborigine) River System
    Lim YA, Aahmad RA
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2004 Dec;35(4):801-10.
    PMID: 15916072
    A survey of the river water frequently used by the Temuan Orang Asli (aborigine) indicated that 66.7% of the river water samples were Giardia cyst positive and 5.6% were Cryptosporidium oocyst positive. Although Giardia cysts were detected in samples from all the sites (e.g. upstream, midstream, and downstream), Cryptosporidium was only present in one river water sample taken from downstream from a village. The only sample of upstream water which contained Giardia cysts had a concentration of 0.7 cysts/l. All samples taken from midstream contained cysts with a mean concentration of 9.8 +/- 6.6 cysts/l (range = 1-20 cysts/l). Eighty-three point three percent of the samples collected from downstream contained cysts and 16.7% had oocysts. The average concentration of cysts was 12.9 +/- 16.4 cysts/l (range = 0-44 cysts/l), whereas the oocyst concentration was 0.4 oocysts/l. All river samples tested positive for the presence of E. coli, indicating fecal contamination. The results of this study imply that the river system is contaminated with fecal-oral transmitted parasites. The river water, used by the Orang Asli, is a probable route for Giardia and Cryptosporidium transmission in this community. Long term strategies, incorporating health education regarding personal hygiene, and provision of toilets and the importance of their proper usage, need to be embraced by this community in order to control the spread of these parasites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coccidiosis/transmission*; Giardiasis/transmission*
  14. Assessment of Nipah virus transmission among pork sellers in Seremban, Malaysia
    Premalatha GD, Lye MS, Ariokasamy J, Parashar UD, Rahmat R, Lee BY, et al.
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2000 Jun;31(2):307-9.
    PMID: 11127331
    Between September 1998 and May 1999, 265 cases of encephalitis were reported from among those involved in pig rearing. A few cases were also reported among abattoir workers. This raised questions of the risk of transmission among those who handled raw pork. A serosurvey was conducted among pork sellers in Seremban town, which is about 20 km from one of the pig rearing areas which had reported cases of encephalitis. It was found that out of the 28 pork sellers tested, only one tested positive for Nipah virus antibodies and that this pork seller also worked in an abattoir in the same district, removing the urinary bladders from slaughtered pigs. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the risk of transmission of the virus from handling raw pork appeared to be low.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*; Encephalitis, Viral/transmission*
  15. Risk factors for Nipah virus transmission, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia: results from a hospital-based case-control study
    Amal NM, Lye MS, Ksiazek TG, Kitsutani PD, Hanjeet KS, Kamaluddin MA, et al.
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2000 Jun;31(2):301-6.
    PMID: 11127330
    A hospital-based case-control study of viral encephalitis was carried out at Port Dickson Hospital, in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Between March and May 1999, 69 clinically diagnosed viral encephalitis cases and 31 controls were interviewed. Job histories on pig farming activities were assessed by a group of epidemiologists and veterinary surgeons. Results show that among clinical cases of viral encephalitis, 52 (75.4%) cases were diagnosed to have Nipah virus infection based on positive serology for antibodies to the cross-reacting Hendra virus antigen. The Nipah virus encephalitis was significantly associated with a history of working in pig farms (p < 0.001, OR = 196.0, 95% CI = 20.4-4741.6), history of contact with animals (p < 0.001, OR = 38.3, 95% CI = 8.2-209.0) and with history of direct contact with pigs (p = 0.002, OR = 34.4, 95% CI = 2.6-1,024.4). The Nipah virus infection was also significantly associated with history of feeding/cleaning pigs (p < 0.001, OR = 102, 95% CI = 11.9-2,271.5). These results provide evidence that involvement in pig farming activities is significantly associated with the risk of getting Nipah virus infection. They are potential risk factors for Nipah virus transmission in the major pig-producing area of Bukit Pelandok, Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Paramyxoviridae Infections/transmission*; Encephalitis, Viral/transmission*
  16. A case of human infection with Newcastle disease virus
    Mustaffa-Babjee A, Ibrahim AL, Khim TS
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1976 Dec;7(4):622-4.
    PMID: 1025751
    A case of Newcastle disease virus infection in a female laboratory technician is reported for the first time in Malaysia. Infection was acquired by droplet infection of the eye while grinding infected chicken in the laboratory. The case was confirmed by isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an eye swab taken from the subject on the first day of clinical signs. A four-fold rise of haemagglutination-inhibition titre was shown when sera on the third day of infection and 15 days later were compared.
    Matched MeSH terms: Laboratory Infection/transmission*; Newcastle Disease/transmission*
  17. Australia's vital assistance to Asian nations fighting serious infectious diseases
    Murray G
    Aust Vet J, 1999 May;77(5):339.
    PMID: 10376108
    Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission; Swine Diseases/transmission
  18. Pattern and predictors of soil-transmitted helminth reinfection among aboriginal schoolchildren in rural Peninsular Malaysia
    Hesham Al-Mekhlafi M, Surin J, Atiya AS, Ariffin WA, Mohammed Mahdy AK, Che Abdullah H
    Acta Trop, 2008 Aug;107(2):200-4.
    PMID: 18582430 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.05.022
    Data on soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections and reinfection among Orang Asli (aborigine) schoolchildren and their nutritional and socioeconomic status were analyzed to investigate the pattern and the possible predictors of STH reinfection. In this longitudinal study, 120 (60 males and 60 females) Orang Asli primary schoolchildren aged 7-12 years and living in remote areas in Pos Betau, Kuala Lipis, Pahang were screened for the presence of STH using modified cellophane thick smear and Harada Mori techniques. The overall prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infections were 65.8, 97.5 and 10.8%, respectively. After complete deworming with a 3-day course of 400mg/daily of albendazole tablets, children were re-examined at 3 and 6 months from baseline. The reinfection rate, by one or more of STH species, at 3 months after deworming was high (49.5%) while 79.6% of the children were reinfected at 6 months after deworming. Logistic regression analyses showed that females, stunted children and those living in houses without toilets had significantly higher reinfection rates than others at 3 months (P<0.05). At 6 months, maternal employment status emerged as another predictor where children of working mothers had significantly higher reinfection rates (P=0.026). In conclusion, reinfection rate of STH is high and thus necessitates frequent and periodic deworming among children. Public health personnel need to re-look at the current control measures and identify innovative and integrated ways in order to reduce STH significantly in the rural communities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascariasis/transmission; Helminthiasis/transmission*; Hookworm Infections/transmission; Trichuriasis/transmission
  19. Pathogenesis and vertical transmission of a transplacental rat cytomegalovirus
    Loh HS, Mohd-Lila MA, Abdul-Rahman SO, Kiew LJ
    Virol J, 2006;3:42.
    PMID: 16737550
    Cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital infection is the major viral cause of well-documented birth defects in human. Because CMV is species-specific, the main obstacle to developing animal models for congenital infection is the difference in placental architecture, which preludes virus transmission across the placenta. The rat placenta, resembling histologically to that of human, could therefore facilitate the study of CMV congenital infection in human.
    Matched MeSH terms: Herpesviridae Infections/transmission*; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical*; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
  20. Fulltext Prevalence and molecular heterogeneity of Bartonella bovis in cattle and Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks in Peninsular Malaysia
    Kho KL, Koh FX, Jaafar T, Nizam QN, Tay ST
    BMC Vet Res, 2015;11:153.
    PMID: 26179499 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0470-1
    Bartonellosis is an emerging zoonotic infection responsible for a variety of clinical syndromes in humans and animals. Members of the genus Bartonella exhibit high degrees of genetic diversity and ecologic plasticity. The infection is usually transmitted to animals and humans through blood-feeding arthropod vectors such as fleas, lice, ticks and sandflies. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Bartonella species in 184 beef cattle, 40 dairy cattle, 40 sheep and 40 goats in eight animal farms across Peninsular Malaysia. Bartonella-specific PCR assays and sequence analysis of partial fragments of the citrate synthase gene were used for detection and identification of B. bovis. Isolation of B. bovis was attempted from PCR-positive blood samples. Molecular heterogeneity of the isolates was investigated based on sequence analysis of gltA, ITS, rpoB genes, ERIC-PCR, as well as using an established multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The carriage rate of B. bovis in ticks was also determined in this study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bartonella Infections/transmission; Cattle Diseases/transmission; Sheep Diseases/transmission; Goat Diseases/transmission
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