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Curcumin in a model skin lotion formulation

Suhaimi H, Ahmad FB, Friberg SE

J Pharm Sci, 1995 Mar;84(3):376-80.
PMID: 7616381

A lamellar liquid crystalline region was identified in a typical skin lotion formulation system composed of a mixture of isostearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA) at 65:35 (w/w), decane, and water (the temperature was controlled at 30 degrees C). The interlayer spacings were determined by a small-angle X-ray diffraction technique. Incorporation of a natural dye, curcumin, resulted in lower interlayer spacings and higher penetration of water into the layered structure. However, the higher penetration of water was not apparent at all compositions of isostearic acid:TEA, decane, and water.
Fulltext Optimization and Validation of RP-HPLC-UV/Vis Method for Determination Phenolic Compounds in Several Personal Care Products

Akkbik M, Assim ZB, Ahmad FB

Int J Anal Chem, 2011;2011:858153.
PMID: 21760792 DOI: 10.1155/2011/858153

An HPLC method with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry detection has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidants, and octyl methyl cinnamate (OMC) as UVB-filter in several personal care products. The dynamic range was between 1 to 250 mg/L with relative standard deviation less than 0.25% (n = 4). Limits of detection for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.196, 0.170, and 0.478 mg/L, respectively. While limits of quantification for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.593, 0.515, and 1.448 mg/L, respectively. The recovery for BHA, BHT, and OMC was ranged from 92.1-105.9%, 83.2-108.9%, and 87.3-103.7%, respectively. The concentration ranges of BHA, BHT, and OMC in 12 commercial personal care samples were 0.13-4.85, 0.16-2.30, and 0.12-65.5 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds in these personal care samples were below than maximum allowable concentration in personal care formulation, that is, 0.0004-10 mg/g, 0.002-5 mg/g, and up to 100 mg/g for BHA, BHT, and OMC, respectively.
Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Piper as Anticancer Agents: A Review

Woon CK, Ahmad FB, Zamakshshari NH

Chem Biodivers, 2023 Sep;20(9):e202300166.
PMID: 37515318 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300166

Cancer has become the primary cause of death worldwide, and anticancer drugs are used to combat this disease. Synthesis of anticancer drugs has limited success due to adverse side effects has made compounds from natural products with minimal toxicity gain much popularity. Piper species are known to have a biological effect on human health. The biological activity is due to Piper species rich with active secondary metabolites that can combat most diseases, including cancer. This review will discuss the phytochemistry of Piper species and their anticancer activity. The identification and characterization of ten active metabolites isolated from Piper species were discussed in detail and their anticancer mechanism. These metabolites were mainly found could inhibit anticancer through caspase and P38/JNK pathways. The findings discussed in this review support the therapeutic potential of Piper species against cancer due to their rich source of active metabolites with demonstrated anticancer activity.
Fulltext Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Litsea elliptica Blume and Litsea resinosa Blume (Lauraceae)

Wong MH, Lim LF, Ahmad FB, Assim ZB

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 2014 May;4(5):386-92.
PMID: 25182724 DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1129

To investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of two plant species, Litsea elliptica (L. elliptica) and Litsea resinosa (L. resinosa).
Fulltext Synthesis, Characterization and In Vitro Antibacterial Studies of Organotin(IV) Complexes with 2-Hydroxyacetophenone-2-methylphenylthiosemicarbazone (H(2)dampt)

Salam MA, Affan MA, Saha R, Ahmad FB, Sam N

Bioinorg Chem Appl, 2012;2012:698491.
PMID: 22611347 DOI: 10.1155/2012/698491

Five new organotin(IV) complexes of 2-hydroxyacetophenone-2-methylphenylthiosemicarbazone [H(2)dampt, (1)] with formula [RSnCl(n-1)(dampt)] (where R = Me, n = 2 (2); R = Bu, n = 2 (3); R = Ph, n = 2 (4); R = Me(2), n = 1 (5); R = Ph(2), n = 1 (6)) have been synthesized by direct reaction of H(2)dampt (1) with organotin(IV) chloride(s) in absolute methanol. The ligand (1) and its organotin(IV) complexes (2-6) were characterized by CHN analyses, molar conductivity, UV-Vis, FT-IR, (1)H, (13)C, and (119)Sn NMR spectral studies. H(2)dampt (1) is newly synthesized and has been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Spectroscopic data suggested that H(2)dampt (1) is coordinated to the tin(IV) atom through the thiolate-S, azomethine-N, and phenoxide-O atoms; the coordination number of tin is five. The in vitro antibacterial activity has been evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The screening results have shown that the organotin(IV) complexes (2-6) have better antibacterial activities and have potential as drugs. Furthermore, it has been shown that diphenyltin(IV) derivative (6) exhibits significantly better activity than the other organotin(IV) derivatives (2-5).
Fulltext Antiplatelet aggregation and platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonistic activities of the essential oils of five Goniothalamus species

Moharam BA, Jantan I, Ahmad Fb, Jalil J

Molecules, 2010 Aug;15(8):5124-38.
PMID: 20714290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15085124

Nine essential oils, hydrodistilled from different parts of five Goniothalamus species (G. velutinus Airy-Shaw, G. woodii Merr., G. clemensii Ban, G. tapis Miq. and G. tapisoides Mat Salleh) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation in human whole blood using an electrical impedance method and their inhibitory effects on platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor binding with rabbit platelets using 3H-PAF as a ligand. The chemical composition of the oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The bark oil of G. velutinus was the most effective sample as it inhibited both arachidonic acid (AA) and ADP-induced platelet aggregation with IC(50) values of 93.6 and 87.7 microg/mL, respectively. Among the studied oils, the bark oils of G. clemensii, G. woodii, G. velutinus and the root oil of G. tapis showed significant inhibitory effects on PAF receptor binding, with IC(50 )values ranging from 3.5 to 10.5 microg/mL. The strong PAF antagonistic activity of the active oils is related to their high contents of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, and the individual components in the oils could possibly produce a synergistic effect in the overall antiplatelet activity of the oils.
Polymer Based Protein Therapeutics

Bhawani SA, Husaini A, Ahmad FB, Asaruddin MR

Curr Protein Pept Sci, 2018;19(10):972-982.
PMID: 28828988 DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666170821162823

Proteins have played a very important role in the drug industry for developing treatments of various diseases such as auto-immune diseases, cancer, diabetes, mental disorder, metabolic disease, and others. Therapeutic proteins have high activity and specificity but they have some limitations such as short half-life, poor stability, low solubility and immunogenicity, so they cannot prolong their therapeutic activity. These shortcomings have been rectified by using polymers for the conjugation with proteins. The conjugates of protein-polymer improves the half-lives, stability and makes them non-immunogenic. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), is widely used in the delivery of proteins because it is the current gold standard for stealth polymers in the emerging field of polymer-based delivery as compared to various biodegradable polymers. PEGylation enhances the retention of therapeutic proteins, effectively alters the pharmacokinetics and enhances the pharmaceutical value. Smart polymer have been used to cope with the pathophysiological environment of target site and have imposed less toxic effects.The contents of this article are challenges in formulation of therapeutic proteins, synthetic routes of conjugates, smart polymer-protein conjugates and also some advantages/disadvantages of polymers as a carrier system of proteins.
Anticancer activity of 3-O-acylated betulinic acid derivatives obtained by enzymatic synthesis

Ahmad FB, Ghaffari Moghaddam M, Basri M, Abdul Rahman MB

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2010;74(5):1025-9.
PMID: 20460723

An easy and efficient strategy to prepare betulinic acid esters with various anhydrides was used by the enzymatic synthesis method. It involves lipase-catalyzed acylation of betulinic acid with anhydrides as acylating agents in organic solvent. Lipase from Candida antarctica immobilized on an acrylic resin (Novozym 435) was employed as a biocatalyst. Several 3-O-acyl-betulinic acid derivatives were successfully obtained by this procedure. The anticancer activity of betulinic acid and its 3-O-acylated derivatives were then evaluated in vitro against human lung carcinoma (A549) and human ovarian (CAOV3) cancer cell lines. 3-O-glutaryl-betulinic acid, 3-O-acetyl-betulinic acid, and 3-O-succinyl-betulinic acid showed IC(50)<10 microg/ml against A549 cancer cell line tested and showed better cytotoxicity than betulinic acid. In an ovarian cancer cell line, all betulinic acid derivatives prepared showed weaker cytotoxicity than betulinic acid.
Fulltext A Study of the in vitro cytotoxic activity of Gelsemium elegans using human ovarian and breast cancer cell lines

Abdul Wahab K, Ahmad FB, Din LB, Cheah SH, Mock SL

Trop Biomed, 2004 Dec;21(2):139-44.
PMID: 16493406 MyJurnal

The crude methanol extracts of Gelsemium elegans leaves were assessed for their cytotoxic activity using the microculture 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for cellular viability. This study utilized two different types of human cancer cell lines, CaOV-3 (human ovarian cancer cells) and MDA-MB-231 (human estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells), allowing for comparison of toxicity of G. elegans against these two cancer cells lines. Our results showed that the methanol extract of G. elegans exhibited high cytotoxicity against the human ovarian cancer cell line CaOV-3 with an IC50 value of 5microg/ml after 96 h incubation. However, G. elegans displayed discernibly less toxicity against the MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC50 value 40microg/ml after 96 h incubation and this effect was dose- and time-dependent, up to 72h and 20-30 microg/ml. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that G. elegans is potently cytotoxic against the human ovarian cancer cell line CaOV-3 and to a lesser extend towards the human breast carcinoma cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, suggesting that the extract is selective towards CaOV-3 cells and may have a chemotherapeutic role for ovarian cancer treatment in the future.
Goniolanceolatins A-H, Cytotoxic Bis-styryllactones from Goniothalamus lanceolatus

Bihud NV, Rasol NE, Imran S, Awang K, Ahmad FB, Mai CW, et al.

J Nat Prod, 2019 09 27;82(9):2430-2442.
PMID: 31433181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01067

Eight new bis-styryllactones, goniolanceolatins A-H (1-8), possessing a rare α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone moiety with a (6S)-configuration, were isolated from the CH2Cl2 extract of the stembark and roots of Goniothalamus lanceolatus Miq., a plant endemic to Malaysia. Absolute structures were established through extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR data analysis, in combination with electronic dichroism (ECD) data. All of the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against human lung and colorectal cancer cell lines. Compounds 2 and 4 showed cytotoxicity, with IC50 values ranging from 2.3 to 4.2 μM, and were inactive toward human noncancerous lung and colorectal cells. Compounds 1, 3, 6, 7, and 8 showed moderate to weak cytotoxicity. Docking studies of compounds 2 and 4 showed that they bind with EGFR tyrosine kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 through hydrogen bonding interactions with the important amino acids, including Lys721, Met769, Asn818, Arg157, Ile10, and Glu12.
In vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities of crude extracts and major compounds from Goniothalamus lanceolatus

Kaharudin FA, Zohdi RM, Mukhtar SM, Sidek HM, Bihud NV, Rasol NE, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2020 May 23;254:112657.
PMID: 32045683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112657

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Malaria, a devastating infectious disease which was initially recognized as episodic fever, is caused by parasitic protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. Medicinal plants with ethnobotanical information to treat fever and/or malaria has been the key element in identifying potential plant candidates for antimalarial screening. Goniothalamus lanceolatus Miq. (Annonaceae) is used as a folk remedy, particularly to treat fever and skin diseases.
AIM OF THE STUDY: In this context, supported with previous preliminary data of its antiplasmodial activity, this study was undertaken to determine the in vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity activities of G. lanceolatus crude extracts and its major compounds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro antiplasmodial activity was determined by parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay on chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (K1) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The cytotoxicity activity was evaluated using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and normal liver (WRL-68) cell lines.
RESULTS: The root methanol extract possessed potent antiplasmodial activity against both P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 strains (IC50 = 2.7 μg/ml, SI = 140; IC50 = 1.7 μg/ml, SI = 236). Apart from the DCM extract of stem bark and root that were found to be inactive (IC50 > 50 μg/ml) against 3D7 strain, all other tested crude extracts exhibited promising (5< IC50  30 µg/ml, CC50 > 10 µM, respectively), except for the hexane and DCM extracts of root, which exerted mild cytotoxicity on HepG2 cell line (IC50 
Soulaxanthone, a new xanthone derivative from Calophyllum soulattri

Abang Heilman DNA, Zamakshshari NH, Yi Mian VJ, Chee Hui AY, Lizazman MA, Ahmad FB

Nat Prod Res, 2024 Apr 26.
PMID: 38666555 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2345752

In search for new metabolites from the stem bark of Calophyllum soulattri and Calophyllum gracilentum, led to the isolation of a new xanthone, soulaxanthone (1), along with four other known metabolites, euxanthone (2), calopolyanolide E (3), calanolide E (4) and friedelin (5). The structures of these compounds were identified and elucidated using spectroscopic techniques such as 1H NMR,13C NMR, COSY, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, MS and FTIR. The antibacterial activities of compounds 1-5, as well as the extracts, were tested against five bacterial strains. Soulaxanthone (1) exhibited moderate activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with an MIC value of 25 µg/mL. Hexane (non-polar) extract from both plants exhibited moderate activity against Enterobacter cloacae (MIC = 250 µg/mL). Calopolyanolide E (3) and friedelin (5) showed bactericidal activity against Enterobacter cloacae (MBC = 50 µg/mL), thus the compounds have the potential to serve as a new lead for developing effective antibacterial medication.