Pleural anthracosis presenting with massive effusion: a rare entity

Pleural anthracosis is rare and, in most cases, is diagnosed incidentally or at autopsy. We report a 67-year-old man with pleural anthracosis. He was initially referred for possible tuberculous pleural effusion and had recurrent admissions for symptomatic pleural effusion, which increased with each subsequent episode. A thoracoscopic examination demonstrated diffuse hyperpigmentation in both parietal and visceral pleura. Parietal pleural biopsy indicated granuloma with foreign body giant cell. A contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) thorax showed focal plaques in parietal pleura with calcifications in the ipsilateral lung. Investigations for tuberculosis, fungal, and malignancy proved to be negative. With these results, a diagnosis of pleural anthracosis was made. This case highlights the unusual presentation of pleural anthracosis with pleural effusion.