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  1. Fulltext Performance evaluation and characteristics of selected tube wells in the coastal alluvium aquifer, Selangor
    Fauzie, M. J., Azwan, M. M. Z., Hasfalina, C. M., Mohammed, T. A.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(1):225-237.
    MyJurnal
    Alluvial aquifers can be found in most of the coastal areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Seven tube wells located in such aquifers in the west coast of Selangor state had their performance evaluated by carryingout step drawdown tests. The performance of these wells was evaluated in terms of aquifer loss, well loss, specific capacity and well efficiency. The aquifer loss coefficient and well loss coefficient were found to be in the range of 0.0198 hrm-2 to 0.4014 hrm-2 and from 0.0001 hr2 m-5 to 0.0410 hr2 m-5, respectively. The drawdown in tube wells TW1 and TW7 is mainly influenced by well loss component as compared to the aquifer loss component, while in tube wells TW2, TW3, TW4, and TW5, the drawdown is mainly influenced by aquifer loss component. The drawdown in tube well TW6 is influenced by aquifer loss component at a low discharge rate, but at high discharge rate, it is influenced by well loss component. The specific capacity and efficiency of the tested tube wells varied from 1.329 m2 hr-1 to 40.166 m2 hr-1, and from 11% to 96%, respectively. Tube wells TW2 and TW4 are categorized as high productive wells, while tube wells TW1, TW3, TW5 and TW7 are categorized as moderate productive wells and tube well TW6 as low productive well.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  2. Fulltext Groundwater quality mapping of an Alluvial Aquifer, Eshtehard, Iran
    Leila Khodapanah, Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2011;19(3):59-67.
    MyJurnal
    Eshtehard aquifer located in southwest of Tehran province, Iran, provides a large amount of water requirement for inhabitants of Eshtehard district. Monitoring and analyzing of groundwater quality are important for protecting groundwater as sustainable water resource. One of the most advanced techniques for groundwater quality interpolation and mapping is geostatistics methods. The purposes of this study are (1) to investigate major ions concentration and their relative abundance to provide an overview of present groundwater chemistry and (2) to map the groundwater quality in the study area using geostatistics techniques. In this investigation, ArcGIS 9.2 was used for predicting spatial distribution of some groundwater characteristics such as: Chloride, Sulfate, pH, and Conductivity. These methods are applied for data from 44 wells within the study area. The final maps show that the south parts of the Eshtehard aquifer have suitable groundwater quality for human consumption and in general, the groundwater quality degrades south to north and west to east of the Eshtehard plain along the groundwater flow path.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  3. Simulation on the roles of the number of quantum well and doping in Inx Ga1-xN multiple quantum wells LEDs
    Zainal N, Azimah E, Hassan Z, Abu Hassan H, Hashim M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1557-1564.
    In this work, the emission efficiency of InxGa1-xN based light emitting diodes (LEDs) had been numerically investigated with the variation of the number of quantum well. From our calculation, we found that non-uniformity of carriers distribution (especially electron) in the wells leads to serious inhomogeneity of radiative recombination distribution that would degrade the efficiency of the LED with more wells. However, the problem was minimized when the selected quantum barriers were doped with a reasonable doping level. Comparison with other reported experimental works were also included. At the end of this work, we proposed several types of preferable LEDs designs with optimum structural parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  4. Solute transport modelling to manage groundwater pollution from surface water resources
    Mustafa S, Bahar A, Aziz ZA, Darwish M
    J Contam Hydrol, 2020 Aug;233:103662.
    PMID: 32569923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103662
    This article provides an analytical solute transport model to investigate the potential of groundwater contamination by polluted surface water in a two dimensional domain. The clogging of streambed which makes the aquifer partially penetrated by the stream, is considered in the model. The impacts of pumping process, hydraulic conductivity and clogging layer on the quality of water produced from nearby drinking water wells are evaluated. It is found that results are consistent with numerical simulation conducted by MODFLOW software. Moreover, the model is applied using data of contamination occurrence in Malaysia, where high contaminants concentrations are found close to streams. Results show that the pumping activities (rate and time period) are crucial factors when evaluating the risk of groundwater contamination from surface water. Additionally, this study illustrates that the increase in either hydraulic conductivity or leakance coefficient parameters due to the clogging layer will enlarge the area of contamination. The model is able to determine the suitable pumping rate and location of the well so that the contamination plume never reaches the extraction well, which is useful in constructing riverbank filtration sites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  5. Predicting uncertainty of machine learning models for modelling nitrate pollution of groundwater using quantile regression and UNEEC methods
    Rahmati O, Choubin B, Fathabadi A, Coulon F, Soltani E, Shahabi H, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2019 Oct 20;688:855-866.
    PMID: 31255823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.320
    Although estimating the uncertainty of models used for modelling nitrate contamination of groundwater is essential in groundwater management, it has been generally ignored. This issue motivates this research to explore the predictive uncertainty of machine-learning (ML) models in this field of study using two different residuals uncertainty methods: quantile regression (QR) and uncertainty estimation based on local errors and clustering (UNEEC). Prediction-interval coverage probability (PICP), the most important of the statistical measures of uncertainty, was used to evaluate uncertainty. Additionally, three state-of-the-art ML models including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbor (kNN) were selected to spatially model groundwater nitrate concentrations. The models were calibrated with nitrate concentrations from 80 wells (70% of the data) and then validated with nitrate concentrations from 34 wells (30% of the data). Both uncertainty and predictive performance criteria should be considered when comparing and selecting the best model. Results highlight that the kNN model is the best model because not only did it have the lowest uncertainty based on the PICP statistic in both the QR (0.94) and the UNEEC (in all clusters, 0.85-0.91) methods, but it also had predictive performance statistics (RMSE = 10.63, R2 = 0.71) that were relatively similar to RF (RMSE = 10.41, R2 = 0.72) and higher than SVM (RMSE = 13.28, R2 = 0.58). Determining the uncertainty of ML models used for spatially modelling groundwater-nitrate pollution enables managers to achieve better risk-based decision making and consequently increases the reliability and credibility of groundwater-nitrate predictions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  6. Fulltext Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhi Isolate PM016/13 from Untreated Well Water Associated with a Typhoid Outbreak in Pasir Mas, Kelantan, Malaysia
    Muhamad Harish S, Sim KS, Najimudin N, Aziah I
    Genome Announc, 2015;3(6).
    PMID: 26564032 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01261-15
    Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is a human-restricted pathogen that causes typhoid fever. Even though it is a human-restricted pathogen, the bacterium is also isolated from environments such as groundwater and pond water. Here, we describe the genome sequence of the Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi PM016/13 which was isolated from well water during a typhoid outbreak in Kelantan, Malaysia, in 2013.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  7. Fulltext Impact of landfills on groundwater in Selangor, Malaysia
    Suratman, S., Tawnie, I., Sefei, A.
    ASM Science Journal, 2011;5(2):101-107.
    MyJurnal
    A study to determine the impact of leachate from operating and closed landfills into the surface water and groundwater systems in the state of Selangor was conducted in the year 2009. Groundwater was a major source of water for various uses in Selangor, Malaysia and was especially important for industrial purposes. The presence of high numbers of landfill sites was seen to have increased the risk of groundwater contamination. There were 20 landfill sites in the state of Selangor and seven of them were still operating and 13 closed. The landfills are classified into four categories, which were: (a) landfills operating at critical stages without controls to prevent pollution into the environment; (b) open dumpsites that have the capacity to continue to accept waste but needed to be upgraded to manage leachate and gas; (c) landfills that were closed but no safety closure plan was carried out; and (d) engineered landfills with up to date technologies. As most of the landfills were built prior to 1989, they were not subjected to the Environmental Impact Assessment requirements, hence, they were being poorly managed and were badly sited. The non-engineered sites had no proper pollution controls such as cover materials, liner materials, groundwater monitoring wells, leachate collection ponds and treatment, and methane gas collection pipes. This study revealed that the surface water and groundwater at and nearby the landfill sites were contaminated at various levels due to the landfill sites and operation. A comparison between the current quality of surface water and groundwater with their respective standards and background levels was carried out to survey the trend of the contamination. However, the limited financial resources hindered a very thorough investigation and restricted the number of samples collected and parameters analysed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  8. Fulltext Development of geological structure of Selangor basin using borehole lithology information
    Nur Hidayu Abu Hassan, Mohamed Azwan Mohamed Zawawi, Nur Sabrina Nor Jaeman
    Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 2017;7(1):32-42.
    MyJurnal
    The water shortage in Selangor Northwest Project rice granary areas has been growing
    concern. The increase in plant capacity and the El Nino phenomenon that hit Malaysia
    (1998 & 2016) has cause the main source of irrigation; surface water and rainfall, could
    no longer meet the needs of paddy. As a consequence, paddy productivity has
    becoming serious concern and urge for alternative irrigation water supply. At the same
    time, the use of groundwater as a source of alternative supply of irrigation water has
    started to get attentions. However, to determine the potential groundwater aquifer,
    preliminary study should be made in advance. Thus, the focus of this paper is to
    investigate the geological structure of the Selangor Basin by means analysis of
    borehole information. A total of 56 tube wells data were used to obtain layers of
    subsurface in the study area. By using groundwater modelling software (Visual
    MODFLOW), a model that represents an actual geological conditions has been made.
    A total of 6 subsurface layers have been identified. The result of study showed that,
    the geological formations of the study area mainly consist of three types; alluvium,
    sedimentary and metamorphic rock.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  9. Fulltext Aquifer Potential Assessment in Termites Manifested Locales Using Geo-Electrical and Surface Hydraulic Measurement Parameters
    Ahmed Ii JB, Pradhan B, Mansor S, Yusoff ZM, Ekpo SA
    Sensors (Basel), 2019 May 07;19(9).
    PMID: 31067734 DOI: 10.3390/s19092107
    In some parts of tropical Africa, termite mound locations are traditionally used to site groundwater structures mainly in the form of hand-dug wells with high success rates. However, the scientific rationale behind the use of mounds as prospective sites for locating groundwater structures has not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, locations and structural features of termite mounds were mapped with the aim of determining the aquifer potential beneath termite mounds and comparing the same with adjacent areas, 10 m away. Soil and species sampling, field surveys and laboratory analyses to obtain data on physical, hydraulic and geo-electrical parameters from termite mounds and adjacent control areas followed. The physical and hydraulic measurements demonstrated relatively higher infiltration rates and lower soil water content on mound soils compared with the surrounding areas. To assess the aquifer potential, vertical electrical soundings were conducted on 28 termite mounds sites and adjacent control areas. Three (3) important parameters were assessed to compute potential weights for each Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) point: Depth to bedrock, aquifer layer resistivity and fresh/fractured bedrock resistivity. These weights were then compared between those of termite mound sites and those from control areas. The result revealed that about 43% of mound sites have greater aquifer potential compared to the surrounding areas, whereas 28.5% of mounds have equal and lower potentials compared with the surrounding areas. The study concludes that termite mounds locations are suitable spots for groundwater prospecting owing to the deeper regolith layer beneath them which suggests that termites either have the ability to locate places with a deeper weathering horizon or are themselves agents of biological weathering. Further studies to check how representative our study area is of other areas with similar termite activities are recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  10. Foliar Boron spray for improved yield, oil quality and water use efficiency in water stressed sunflower
    Shehzad MA, Maqsood M, Abbas T, Ahmad N
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1497-1507.
    Boron (B) is a mineral considered essential for improving sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) resistance to drought. B supplements (0, 15-, 30- and 45 mg L-1) under well-watered and variable water deficit levels (64 and 53 mm irrigation depths) were evaluated for their effects on growth, oil quality and water use efficiency (WUE) in a field study for two consecutive years (i.e. 2011 and 2012). The duration of 50% inflorescence emergence, 50% flowering and 50% maturity stages were reduced with increasing moisture stress. All B application rates improved sunflower growth compared to no B control treatment. The moisture deficit treatments of 64 and 53 mm irrigation depths significantly (p<0.05) reduced the yield-related components. Achenes/head, achenes weight and achene yield under water stress conditions were considerably improved by foliar application of B at 30 mg L-1. An increase in protein contents and a decrease in oil contents were observed with B foliar application under moisture deficit treatments. Foliar application of B (30 mg L-1) on water stressed plants also resulted in increased WUE. The highest net benefits were achieved with B concentration of 30 mg L-1 under well-watered and mild deficit water level of 64 mm irrigation depth. The highest application rate of B (45 mg L-1) gave the best results at the most severe water deficit level. In conclusion, the B rates of 30 and 41 mg L-1 performed best for improving drought tolerance in terms of higher sunflower productivity under mild and higher water deficit conditions
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  11. Modelling contaminant transport for pumping wells in riverbank filtration systems
    Mustafa S, Bahar A, Aziz ZA, Suratman S
    J Environ Manage, 2016 Jan 01;165:159-166.
    PMID: 26433356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.09.026
    Analytical study of the influence of both the pumping well discharge rate and pumping time on contaminant transport and attenuation is significant for hydrological and environmental science applications. This article provides an analytical solution for investigating the influence of both pumping time and travelling time together for one-dimensional contaminant transport in riverbank filtration systems by using the Green's function approach. The basic aim of the model is to understand how the pumping time and pumping rate, which control the travelling time, can affect the contaminant concentration in riverbank filtration systems. Results of analytical solutions are compared with the results obtained using a MODFLOW numerical model. Graphically, it is found that both analytical and numerical solutions have almost the same behaviour. Additionally, the graphs indicate that any increase in the pumping rate or simulation pumping time should increase the contamination in groundwater. The results from the proposed analytical model are well matched with the data collected from a riverbank filtration site in France. After this validation, the model is then applied to the first pilot project of a riverbank filtration system conducted in Malaysia. Sensitivity analysis results highlight the importance of degradation rates of contaminants on groundwater quality, for which higher utilization rates lead to the faster consumption of pollutants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells*
  12. Detecting and predicting the impact of land use changes on groundwater quality, a case study in Northern Kelantan, Malaysia
    Sheikhy Narany T, Aris AZ, Sefie A, Keesstra S
    Sci Total Environ, 2017 Dec 01;599-600:844-853.
    PMID: 28501010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.171
    The conversions of forests and grass land to urban and farmland has exerted significant changes on terrestrial ecosystems. However, quantifying how these changes can affect the quality of water resources is still a challenge for hydrologists. Nitrate concentrations can be applied as an indicator to trace the link between land use changes and groundwater quality due to their solubility and easy transport from their source to the groundwater. In this study, 25year records (from 1989 to 2014) of nitrate concentrations are applied to show the impact of land use changes on the quality of groundwater in Northern Kelantan, Malaysia, where large scale deforestation in recent decades has occurred. The results from the integration of time series analysis and geospatial modelling revealed that nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations significantly increased with approximately 8.1% and 3.89% annually in agricultural and residential wells, respectively, over 25years. In 1989 only 1% of the total area had a nitrate value greater than 10mg/L; and this value increased sharply to 48% by 2014. The significant increase in nitrate was only observed in a shallow aquifer with a 3.74% annual nitrate increase. Based on the result of the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model the nitrate contamination is expected to continue to rise by about 2.64% and 3.9% annually until 2030 in agricultural and residential areas. The present study develops techniques for detecting and predicting the impact of land use changes on environmental parameters as an essential step in land and water resource management strategy development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  13. Quantity and quality of groundwater in fractured metasedimentary rocks of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia
    Nasiman Sapari, Hisyam Jusoh, Raja Zainariah Raja Azie
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40:1179-1186.
    Groundwater in fractured metasedimentary rock in Malaysia is a potential source of water for drinking and industrial uses. Industries including agricultural processing, mineral water bottling, manufacturing and golf courses pumped the water from the underlying fractured rocks. Fifty eight tubewells belong to private companies operating in various places in West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia were evaluated for their yield and quality of water. Rotary percussion methods were used for the drilling to a maximum depth of 200 m. The productivity of the wells and the characteristics of the aquifer were evaluated by pumping test using both the constant discharge rate and steps drawdown methods. The average yield of the wells at allowable drawdown of 40 m was found to be 416 m3 per day. Results from water quality analysis indicated that the water was fresh with an average total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 101 to 150 mg/L. The hardness of the water varies from as low as 13 mg/L to a maximum of 353 mg/L. On the average, the water was moderately hard with the average hardness value of 80 mg/L. The water facies of the groundwater was found to be of calcium-sodium-bicarbonate water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  14. Enhancing nitrate and strontium concentration prediction in groundwater by using new data mining algorithm
    Bui DT, Khosravi K, Karimi M, Busico G, Khozani ZS, Nguyen H, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2020 May 01;715:136836.
    PMID: 32007881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136836
    Groundwater resources constitute the main source of clean fresh water for domestic use and it is essential for food production in the agricultural sector. Groundwater has a vital role for water supply in the Campanian Plain in Italy and hence a future sustainability of the resource is essential for the region. In the current paper novel data mining algorithms including Gaussian Process (GP) were used in a large groundwater quality database to predict nitrate (contaminant) and strontium (potential future increasing) concentrations in groundwater. The results were compared with M5P, random forest (RF) and random tree (RT) algorithms as a benchmark to test the robustness of the modeling process. The dataset includes 246 groundwater quality samples originating from different wells, municipals and agricultural. It was divided for the modeling process into two subgroups by using the 10-fold cross validation technique including 173 samples for model building (training dataset) and 73 samples for model validation (testing dataset). Different water quality variables including T, pH, EC, HCO3-, F-, Cl-, SO42-, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ have been used as an input to the models. At first stage, different input combinations have been constructed based on correlation coefficient and thus the optimal combination was chosen for the modeling phase. Different quantitative criteria alongside with visual comparison approach have been used for evaluating the modeling capability. Results revealed that to obtain reliable results also variables with low correlation should be considered as an input to the models together with those variables showing high correlation coefficients. According to the model evaluation criteria, GP algorithm outperforms all the other models in predicting both nitrate and strontium concentrations followed by RF, M5P and RT, respectively. Result also revealed that model's structure together with the accuracy and structure of the data can have a relevant impact on the model's results.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  15. Fulltext Research on Hygiene Based on Fieldwork and Experimental Studies
    Yajima I
    Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi, 2017;72(1):49-54.
    PMID: 28154361 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.72.49
    Several experimental studies on hygiene have recently been performed and fieldwork studies are also important and essential tools. However, the implementation of experimental studies is insufficient compared with that of fieldwork studies on hygiene. Here, we show our well-balanced implementation of both fieldwork and experimental studies of toxic-element-mediated diseases including skin cancer and hearing loss. Since the pollution of drinking well water by toxic elements induces various diseases including skin cancer, we performed both fieldwork and experimental studies to determine the levels of toxic elements and the mechanisms behind the development of toxic-element-related diseases and to develop a novel remediation system. Our fieldwork studies in several countries including Bangladesh, Vietnam and Malaysia demonstrated that drinking well water was polluted with high concentrations of several toxic elements including arsenic, barium, iron and manganese. Our experimental studies using the data from our fieldwork studies demonstrated that these toxic elements caused skin cancer and hearing loss. Further experimental studies resulted in the development of a novel remediation system that adsorbs toxic elements from polluted drinking water. A well-balanced implementation of both fieldwork and experimental studies is important for the prediction, prevention and therapy of toxic-element-mediated diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells*
  16. Fulltext The prevalence of dental fluorosis and its associated factors in Salem district
    Ramesh M, Narasimhan M, Krishnan R, Chalakkal P, Aruna RM, Kuruvilah S
    Contemp Clin Dent, 2016 6 17;7(2):203-8.
    PMID: 27307668 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237X.183061
    CONTEXT: There are various regions in India that have high levels of fluoride in drinking water sources. Many people residing in such places suffer from dental fluorosis (DF).

    AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of DF in children residing in Salem and also to find any correlation between DF and other related factors.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: One school from each block of Salem (total 21 blocks) was selected for the study. A single examiner had evaluated untreated caries, lesions, and DF (for permanent anterior teeth and molars) using the Dean's fluorosis index, in all children. Water fluoride level determination at each school was done using the Tamil Nadu Water Fluoridation and Drainage Board field kit. Other factors that may have contributed to DF were assessed using a questionnaire, which was provided to each student. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the SPSS software version 11.5.

    STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.

    RESULTS: DF was present in 56.9% of the children examined. It was mostly seen in 9 years old (72%) and male (59%) children. A positive correlation was found between the occurrence of DF and the duration of residence in a place with high water fluoride content, consumption of borewell water (64%), the parts per million of fluoride in drinking water, consumption of black tea (59%). However, no correlation was found between DF, dental caries, consumption of milk, or consumption of foods cooked in aluminum vessels.

    CONCLUSION: There was a correlation between DF and factors such as male gender, bore well water consumption, black tea consumption and the duration of residence in a place with high water fluoride content.

    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  17. Fulltext Pengawalan mutu air minuman dan sanitasi semasa banjir 2006-2007 di Johor Darul Ta’zim
    Md Rajuna, A.S., Norazema, S.
    Malaysian Journal of Community Health, 2009;15(3):41-54.
    MyJurnal
    Background : Safe potable water is critical during and post flood. In the pre-flood period, Johore has an excellent, systematic and comprehensive water supply system. More than 98.6% of Johore population received treated water supply from the water treatment plants.
    Methodology : Data collection was performed by conducting additional water sampling at routine sampling stations as well as the flood relief centres, water tankers (lorries) and static water tanks. Water treatment plant outlet and water tanker inlet shall have a minimum level of 2.0 mg/l of residual chlorine so that reticulation, water tanker outlets and static water tanks would have at least 0.5 mg/l as a measure to prevent the incidence of water borne diseases. Sampling was done everyday to monitor water quality at the flood relief centres as well as flood-hit areas. Inspections and surveillance on sanitation were also conducted on latrines, solid waste disposal systems and on the surrounding environment.
    Results : A total of 6,283 water samples had been collected during and post flood. Violations on E. coli, turbidity and residual chlorine were 0.8%, 0.6% and 4.0% respectively with the Kluang district recorded the highest percentages for all the three parameters. A number of 621 wells had been inspected with 378 of them (60.9%) had been chlorinated. In order to ensure environmental cleanliness, 26,815 houses in 708 villages had been visited. Out of them, 2,011 houses (7.5%) were not satisfactory. Sanitation inspections found that 1,778 latrines, 2,719 domestic water sewerage systems and 2,955 solid waste disposal systems were under substandard conditions thus remedial actions had been taken immediately.
    Conclusion : Although the flood disaster was massive with prolonged flooding period, however, an overall quality status on treated water supply was satisfactory whilst sanitary hygiene was under control. Hence, the incidence of communicable disease especially water borne diseases would not progress into serious outbreak, in fact, neither cholera nor typhoid was reported during the Johore flood disaster.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  18. Fulltext Determination of major ions concentrations in kelantan well water using edxrf
    Zaini Hamzah, Wan Noorhayani Wan Rosdi, Abdul Khalik Wood
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2012;2012(2):66-72.
    MyJurnal
    Well water is a renewable natural resources and one of the drinking water sources. The well water may constituted of dissolved essential chemicals such as K+, Ca''+ and Na+ ; and natural radionuclides such as radioisotopes from uranium-thorium decay series. The geology and mineral composition of the soil will determined the kinds and levels of chemical contents in the groundwater resources. The water flows through the geological formation and dissolved the chemicals before reaching the aquifers. To evaluate how much chemicals and natural radioactive in the water resources, a study has been carried out. Well water samples in this study were taken from 3 districts in Kelantan, which is Bachok, Machang and Kuala Krai. Similarly, in situ water quality parameters were measured using YSI portable water quality parameter include pH, salinity, dissolve oxygen(DO), conductivity, turbidity and total dissolved solids(TDS). The concentrations of K', Ca" and Na' were determined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Five ml of filtered sample was pipette into the sample cup and, irradiated and measured for 100 seconds counting times. The type of filter used for measuring If+ and Cat{ was Al-thin and default for Nat The ranged of concentration of Kt Ce and Na+ is 23.04-251.89, 3.12-.45.41, and 3.71-125.75 ppm, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  19. The chemical, heavy metal and microbial quality of well water in an urbanised village in the Klang Valle
    Stephen Ambu, Stacey Foong Yee Yong, Yvonne Ai Lian Lim, Mak Joon Wah, Donald Koh Fook Chen, Soo Shen Ooi, et al.
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2014;8(3):28-44.
    MyJurnal
    Background: The public health issue of consuming groundwater is a major concern because people often extract groundwater directly from the aquifers either through wells or boreholes without treating it with any form of filtration system or chlorine disinfection. Based on the Malaysian National Drinking Water guidelines the current study was designed to provide a better understanding on the variable factors that are influencing the quality of well-water in an urbanised village in Malaysia. Well water quality assessment of heavy metals, chemicals, microbial and physical parameters were carried out for Sungai Buloh Village in the Klang Valley to ensure it was safe for human consumption.

    Materials and Methods: Water samples were collected from wells at four sites (Sites A,B,C,D), a river and a tap inside a house in Sungai Buloh village. Soil was sampled from the riverbed and area surrounding the wells. Samples were collected every two months over a one year duration from all sites. The water samples were processed and examined for viruses, coliforms and protozoa as well as for heavy metal contaminants.

    Results: The turbidity and colour ranged in the average of 0.57-0.13 Nephelometric Turbidity (NTU) and 4.16-5.00 Total Conjunctive Use (TCU) respectively for all sites except Site C. At Site C the turbidity level was 2.56 ± 1.38 NTU. The well-water was polluted with coliforms (1.2 to 2.4 x 103 CFU/100 ml) in all sites, E. coli (0.12 - 4 x 102 CFU/100 ml CFU/ 100 ml) and Cryptosporidium oocysts (0.4 cysts/100 ml). All the heavy metals and chemical parameters were within the Malaysian Guidelines’ limits except manganese. The average pH ranged from 5.44 - 6.62 and the temperature was 28 ºC.

    Conclusion: In summary, the well water at Sungai Buloh is considered unsafe for consumption due to pollution. Therefore the major thrust will be to provide better quality of drinking water to the residents of the village.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
  20. Assessment of groundwater salinity and quality in Gaza coastal aquifer, Gaza Strip, Palestine: An integrated statistical, geostatistical and hydrogeochemical approaches study
    Abu-Alnaeem MF, Yusoff I, Ng TF, Alias Y, Raksmey M
    Sci Total Environ, 2018 Feb 15;615:972-989.
    PMID: 29751448 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.320
    A comprehensive study was conducted to identify the salinization origins and the major hydrogeochemical processes controlling the salinization and deterioration of the Gaza coastal aquifer system through a combination approaches of statistical and geostatistical techniques, and detailed hydrogeochemical assessments. These analyses were applied on ten physicochemical variables for 219 wells using STATA/SE12 and Surfer softwares. Geostatistical analysis of the groundwater salinity showed that seawater intrusion along the coastline, and saltwater up-coning inland highly influenced the groundwater salinity of the study area. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) technique yielded seven distinct hydrogeochemical signature clusters; (C1&C2: Eocene brackish water invasion, C3 saltwater up-coning, C4 human inputs, C5 seawater intrusion, C6 & C7 rainfall and mixing inputs). Box plot shows a wide variation of most of the ions while Chadha's plot elucidates the predominance of Na-Cl (71.6%) and Ca/Mg-Cl (25%) water types. It is found that, the highest and the lowest levels of salinization and the highest level of nitrate pollution were recorded in the northern area. This result reflects the sensitivity of this area to the human activities and/or natural actions. Around 90.4% of the wells are nitrate polluted. The main source of nitrate pollution is the sewage inputs while the farming inputs are very limited and restricted mostly in the sensitive northern area. Among the hydrogeochemical processes, ion exchange process was the most effective process all over the study area. Carbonate dissolution was common in the study area with the highest level in clusters 6, 7, 4 and 2 in the north while Gypsum dissolution was significant only in cluster 1 in the south and limited in the other clusters. This integrated multi-techniques research should be of benefit for effective utilization and management of the Gaza coastal aquifer system as well as for future work in other similar aquifers systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Wells
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