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Potamiscus cognatus (Roux, 1936), a new crab host for Paragonimus westermani in Malaysia

Miyazaki I

J Parasitol, 1969 Apr;55(2):459.
PMID: 5778823
Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors*
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON LEPTOTROMBIDIUM (LEPTOTROMBIDIUM) AKAMUSHI AND LEPTOTROMBIDIUM (LEPTOTROMBIDIUM) DELIENSIS IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT IN MALAYA: (ACARINA: TROMBICULIDAE)

GENTRY JW, YUEH CS, WAH PO

Am J Hyg, 1963 Sep;78:181-90.
PMID: 14063722
Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors*
THE PERSISTENCE OF FOCI OF LEPTOTROMBIDIUM (LEPTOTROMBIDIUM) AKAMUSHI ALONG A TRANSECT IN MALAYA (ACARINA: TROMBICULIDAE)

HUBERT AA, BAKER HJ

Am J Hyg, 1963 Sep;78:143-9.
PMID: 14063718
Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors*
Variation in populations of chigger vectors of scrub typhus in developing oil palm areas of different ages

Dohany AL, Shirai A, Lim BL, Huxsoll DL

Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 1980 Oct;33(5):263-70.
PMID: 7300038

The populations of scrub typhus vector chiggers were compared in two developing oil palm areas, one 5 years old and the other 7 years old at the inception of the study. Both areas were located within the same oil palm scheme in central Peninsular Malaysia. Leptotrombidium (L.) deliense, a principal vector of scrub typhus in Malaysia, was found in reduced numbers in the older oil palm habitat. This reduction is attributed to changes in the microhabitat, specifically the elimination of grasses between the oil palm trees due to canopy shading and to cultural practices.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors*
STUDIES ON THE HABITATS AND POPLUATION OF LEPTOTROMBIDIUM (LEPTOTROMBIDIUM) AKAMUSHI AND L. (L.) DELIENSIS IN MALAYA (ACARINA: TROMBICULIDAE)

HUBERT AA, BAKER HJ

Am J Hyg, 1963 Sep;78:131-42.
PMID: 14063717
Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors*
Molecular analysis of Ixodes granulatus, a possible vector tick for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Taiwan

Chao LL, Wu WJ, Shih CM

Exp Appl Acarol, 2009 Aug;48(4):329-44.
PMID: 19184580 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-009-9244-4

The genetic identity of Ixodes granulatus ticks was determined for the first time in Taiwan. The phylogenetic relationships were analyzed by comparing the sequences of mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA gene obtained from 19 strains of ticks representing seven species of Ixodes and two outgroup species (Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis inermis). Four major clades could be easily distinguished by neighbour-joining analysis and were congruent by maximum-parsimony method. All these I. granulatus ticks of Taiwan were genetically affiliated to a monophyletic group with highly homogeneous sequences (92.2-99.3% similarity), and can be discriminated from other Ixodes species and other genera of ticks with a sequence divergence ranging from 11.7 to 30.8%. Moreover, intraspecific analysis revealed that two distinct lineages are evident between the same species of I. granulatus ticks collected from Taiwan and Malaysia. Our results demonstrate that all these I. granulatus ticks of Taiwan represent a unique lineage distinct from the common vector ticks (I. ricinus complex) for Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/genetics*; Arthropod Vectors/microbiology
Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) Umbricola, new species, a probable vector of scrub typhus in Peninsular Malaysia

Nadchatram M, Dohany AL

Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 1980 Oct;33(5):277-82.
PMID: 7300039

Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) umbricola, described here as a new species, is a member of the L. (L.) deliense group and most closely resembles L. (L.) vivericola. L. (L.) umbricola was collected from the ground surface and from animal hosts, in similar habitats to the scrub typhus vector, L. (L.) deliense. The host and habitat distribution records and the Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection rates within unengorged specimens suggest that L. (L.) umbricola may be an important vector of scrub typhus in Peninsular Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors
Vector-borne diseases in Cyprus: A detailed review of the literature

Seyer-Cagatan A, Ruh E, Taylan-Ozkan A

Trop Biomed, 2024 Sep 01;41(3):328-344.
PMID: 39548788 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.3.014

Vector-borne diseases have been a growing health concern in recent decades due to the global warming, globalization, and increased international travel. With the typical Mediterranean climate and geographical features, Cyprus provides favorable conditions for the growth and survival of arthropod species. For the purpose of this review article, the terms "Cyprus", "vectors" and "vectorborne diseases" were searched in the National Library of Medicine ('PubMed') and the Google Scholar databases. Published articles in the literature have documented mosquito (including Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Culiseta), sandfly (Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia), flea (including Ctenocephalides, Xenopsylla, Leptopsylla), and tick (including Rhipicephalus, Ixodes, Hyalomma, Haemaphysalis) species in the island. The presence of these arthropods poses a risk to public health as they can transmit a variety of diseases to both humans and animals. Research studies in Cyprus have identified infectious agents such as West Nile virus, Leishmania spp., sandfly viruses, Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, and Bartonella spp. in the local arthropods. More importantly, West Nile virus infection and imported malaria cases (mosquitoborne diseases); leishmaniasis and sandfly fever (sandfly-borne diseases); rickettsiosis, tularemia, Q fever, anaplasmosis, tick-borne relapsing fever, and Lyme disease (tick-borne diseases); and flea-borne rickettsiosis were reported in Cyprus. Taken together with the presence of arthropod vectors, published evidence in the literature suggests that Cyprus is an important region for VBDs. In addition to its climatic and geographical conditions, international travels particularly from endemic countries pose a risk for the circulation of VBDs on the island. Therefore, vector control programs should be continuously implemented, and public awareness must be raised in the region. This review, which to the best of our knowledge is the first comprehensive report on VBDs from Cyprus, will provide insight into future islandwide studies and also will be an important contribution to the elimination of VBDs in the region.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors
Vector-Borne Diseases in Stray Dogs in Peninsular Malaysia and Molecular Detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. from Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks

Koh FX, Panchadcharam C, Tay ST

J Med Entomol, 2016 Jan;53(1):183-7.
PMID: 26494821 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv153

Little data are available on the prevalence and transmission of vector-borne diseases in stray dogs in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was designed to determine the occurrence of vector-borne pathogens in Malaysian stray dogs using serological and molecular approaches. In total, 48 dog blood samples were subjected to serological analysis using SNAP 4Dx kit (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME). The presence of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma DNA in the dog blood samples and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) ticks was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Positive serological findings against Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were obtained in 17 (39.5%) and four (9.3%) of 43 dog samples, respectively. None of the dog blood samples were positive for Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis. DNA of E. canis and A. phagocytophilum was detected in 12 (25.5%) and two (4.3%) of 47 dog blood samples, and 17 (51.5%) and one (3.0%) of 33 R. sanguineus ticks, respectively. Additionally, DNA of Ehrlichia spp. closely related to Ehrlichia chaffeensis was detected in two (6.1%) R. sanguineus ticks. This study highlights the prevalence of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in dogs in Malaysia. Due to the zoonotic potential of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp., appropriate measures should be instituted for prevention and control of vector-borne diseases in dogs.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/microbiology
Distribution of Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) arenicola (Acarina: Trombiculidae) on the ground in West Malaysia

Upham RW, Hubert AA, Phang OW, Mat YB, Rapmund G

J Med Entomol, 1971 Oct 30;8(4):401-6.
PMID: 5159254
Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/classification*
Fulltext Factors influencing the prevalence and distribution of ticks and tick- borne pathogens among domestic animals in Malaysia

Mohammed, Konto, Tukur, Salamatu M., Watanabe, Mahira, Abd-rani, Puteri A.m., Lau, Seng F., Shettima, Yasheruram M., et al.

The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2016;2(2):12-22.
MyJurnal

Changes in tick-vector densities and a resultant incidence of tick-borne diseases are
caused mainly by human activities affecting the environmental ecosystem, especially in tropical
countries. As one of the most important invertebrate arthropod vectors of disease transmission, ticks
are susceptible to changes in their environment due to their sole dependence of all their life stages on
prevailing environment. Upon completion of their lifecycle, ticks depend on the availability of hosts
and other several factors related to their surroundings to survive. This review discusses the major
factors that influence the prevalence and distribution of tick-borne diseases among domestic animals
in Malaysia. It is highly imperative to understand the factors that lead to increase in tick-vector
populations, infection intensity and hence the spatial distribution of ticks and tick-borne diseases in
order to prevent their emergence and resurgence as well as to serve as a basis for effectivecontrol.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors
Fulltext Screening of five plant extracts for larvicidal efficacy against larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse)

Azlinda Abu Bakar, Sallehudin Sulaiman, Baharudin Omar, Rasadah Mat Ali

ASM Science Journal, 2018;11(2):103-116.
MyJurnal

The adverse effects of prolonged and rampant usage of chemical insecticides in controlling the population of vector arthropod have caused the development of resistance among vector populations as well as non-target organism. Application of plant extracts could be alternative sources for mosquito control. The present study assessed larvicidal activities of methanol extracts of leaf and stem of Jacaranda mimosifolia Don (Family: Bignoniaceae), Melaleuca cajuputi Powell (Family: Myrtaceae), Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nicholson (Family: Bignoniaceae), Tabebuia pallida (Lindl.) Miers (Family: Bignoniaceae) and Tabebuia rosea Toll (Family: Bignoniaceae) against dengue vectors, Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) sp. Among plants tested, M. cajuputi exhibited the most effective with the highest mortality against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Leaf extracts showed significantly higher larvicidal effects in relative to stem extracts. The findings also revealed that Ae. aegypti is the most susceptible compared to Ae. albopictus. LC50 values of M. cajuputi leaf extracts were 183.35mg/L and 191.82mg/L against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus respectively. These studies suggest leaf extracts of M. cajuputi have moderate potential as larvicidal against vector larvae of Aedes mosquitoes.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors
Scrub typhus 1980

Twartz JC

Ann Acad Med Singap, 1981 Jan;10(1):107-11.
PMID: 6792975

Scrub typhus is a widespread and at times serious infection in Asia. If results from central Malaysia can be applied, it appears to be economically important. Diagnosis is often difficult and treatment prone to fail if short courses of antibiotics are used. Prophylaxis is the key area of research with the development of a vaccine being the ultimate goal.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors*
Fulltext Ectoparasite fauna of rodents and shrews from four habitats in Kuala Lumpur and the states of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia and its public health significance

Paramasvaran S, Sani RA, Hassan L, Krishnasamy M, Jeffery J, Oothuman P, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2009 Dec;26(3):303-11.
PMID: 20237444 MyJurnal

A total of 204 rodents comprising 14 host species from four different habitats were examined. Nine rodent species were trapped from the forest and another five species were trapped from the coastal, rice field and urban habitats. Rattus rattus diardii (67%) was the predominant rodent species examined. Fifty six (47.3%) rodents and shrews were found to be infested with at least one of the 20 species of ectoparasite recovered. Mites belonging to the family Trombiculidae were the predominant ectoparasite species recovered. Ticks belonging to the family Ixodidae were recovered mainly from the forest dwelling rodents. Polyplax spinulosa and Hoplopleura pacifica were the common lice species found infesting the urban rodents. Xenopsylla cheopis was the only flea species recovered. The following ecto-parasites have been incriminated as important vectors or as mechanical carriers for the transmission of zoonotic diseases: Ixodes granulatus, Dermacentor sp. Haemaphysalis sp., Amblyomma sp. Ascoschoengastia indica, Leptotrombidium deliense, Ornithonyssus bacoti, Laelaps nuttalli, H. pacifica, P. spinulosa and Xenopsylla cheopis. Urban and forest rodents were significantly higher in ecto-parasitic infestation, compared to rats from the other two habitats. However, there was no significant statistical association between male and female rodents infested with ectoparasites.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/parasitology*
Detection of Bartonella sp. in ticks and their small mammal hosts in mangrove forests of Peninsular Malaysia

Asyikha R, Sulaiman N, Mohd-Taib FS

Trop Biomed, 2020 Dec 01;37(4):919-931.
PMID: 33612746 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.4.919

Bacteria of the genus Bartonella have been known as emerging zoonotic pathogens for several human diseases including cat scratch disease, Carrion's disease and trench fever. Numerous species of small mammals have been reported to play a role as a suitable reservoir to many pathogenic Bartonella. These infections are thought to be transmitted through blood-feeding arthropod vectors such as ticks, fleas and lice. The purpose of this study is to detect the presence of Bartonella species from tick samples collected from small mammals in mangrove forests of Peninsular Malaysia. Herein, 38 individual ticks and their small mammals host were evaluated for the presence of Bartonella DNA by conventional PCR targeting the 16S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ITS) and partial sequencing of 460 bp from this locususing Bartonella genus-specific primers. Two tick individuals from Dermacentor auratus and Haemaphysalis hystricis collected from Rattus tiomanicus (host), were PCR-positive for Bartonella DNA amplification. No Bartonella amplification was possible in other tick species (Amblyomma sp.). Phylogenetic analysis of ITS fragments demonstrated that the sequences from ticks were closely related to Bartonella phoceensis, a species that has been reported from black rats (Rattus rattus) in Australia. This is the first report of a Bartonella bacteria detected in ticks from small mammals in Malaysia. Further research should be warranted to investigate the transmission of Bartonella and the potential impact of this zoonotic pathogen in animals and humans as this mangrove ecosystem is significant for local economy and tourism.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/microbiology
Fulltext Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks and fleas collected from companion dogs and cats in East and Southeast Asia

Nguyen VL, Colella V, Greco G, Fang F, Nurcahyo W, Hadi UK, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2020 Aug 15;13(1):420.
PMID: 32799914 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04288-8

BACKGROUND: Ticks and fleas are considered amongst the most important arthropod vectors of medical and veterinary concern due to their ability to transmit pathogens to a range of animal species including dogs, cats and humans. By sharing a common environment with humans, companion animal-associated parasitic arthropods may potentially transmit zoonotic vector-borne pathogens (VBPs). This study aimed to molecularly detect pathogens from ticks and fleas from companion dogs and cats in East and Southeast Asia.
METHODS: A total of 392 ticks and 248 fleas were collected from 401 infested animals (i.e. 271 dogs and 130 cats) from China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam, and molecularly screened for the presence of pathogens. Ticks were tested for Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp. and Hepatozoon spp. while fleas were screened for the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp.
RESULT: Of the 392 ticks tested, 37 (9.4%) scored positive for at least one pathogen with Hepatozoon canis being the most prevalent (5.4%), followed by Ehrlichia canis (1.8%), Babesia vogeli (1%), Anaplasma platys (0.8%) and Rickettsia spp. (1%) [including Rickettsia sp. (0.5%), Rickettsia asembonensis (0.3%) and Rickettsia felis (0.3%)]. Out of 248 fleas tested, 106 (42.7%) were harboring at least one pathogen with R. felis being the most common (19.4%), followed by Bartonella spp. (16.5%), Rickettsia asembonensis (10.9%) and "Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis" (0.4%). Furthermore, 35 Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, of which 34 ticks belonged to the tropical and only one belonged to the temperate lineage (Rh. sanguineus (sensu stricto)).
CONCLUSION: Our data reveals the circulation of different VBPs in ticks and fleas of dogs and cats from Asia, including zoonotic agents, which may represent a potential risk to animal and human health.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/microbiology; Arthropod Vectors/parasitology
Fulltext Bartonella and Rickettsia in arthropods from the Lao PDR and from Borneo, Malaysia

Kernif T, Socolovschi C, Wells K, Lakim MB, Inthalad S, Slesak G, et al.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2012 Jan;35(1):51-7.
PMID: 22153360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.10.003

Rickettsioses and bartonelloses are arthropod-borne diseases of mammals with widespread geographical distributions. Yet their occurrence in specific regions, their association with different vectors and hosts and the infection rate of arthropod-vectors with these agents remain poorly studied in South-east Asia. We conducted entomological field surveys in the Lao PDR (Laos) and Borneo, Malaysia by surveying fleas, ticks, and lice from domestic dogs and collected additional samples from domestic cows and pigs in Laos. Rickettsia felis was detected by real-time PCR with similar overall flea infection rate in Laos (76.6%, 69/90) and Borneo (74.4%, 268/360). Both of the encountered flea vectors Ctenocephalides orientis and Ctenocephalides felis felis were infected with R. felis. The degrees of similarity of partial gltA and ompA genes with recognized species indicate the rickettsia detected in two Boophilus spp. ticks collected from a cow in Laos may be a new species. Isolation and further characterization will be necessary to specify it as a new species. Bartonella clarridgeiae was detected in 3/90 (3.3%) and 2/360 (0.6%) of examined fleas from Laos and Borneo, respectively. Two fleas collected in Laos and one flea collected in Borneo were co-infected with both R. felis and B. clarridgeiae. Further investigations are needed in order to isolate these agents and to determine their epidemiology and aetiological role in unknown fever in patients from these areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/microbiology*
Fulltext Rickettsial seropositivity in the indigenous community and animal farm workers, and vector surveillance in Peninsular Malaysia

Kho KL, Koh FX, Hasan LI, Wong LP, Kisomi MG, Bulgiba A, et al.

Emerg Microbes Infect, 2017 Apr 12;6(4):e18.
PMID: 28400593 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.4

Rickettsioses are emerging zoonotic diseases that are often neglected in many countries in Southeast Asia. Rickettsial agents are transmitted to humans through exposure to infected arthropods. Limited data are available on the exposure of indigenous community and animal farm workers to the aetiological agents and arthropod vectors of rickettsioses in Peninsular Malaysia. Serological analysis of Rickettsia conorii and Rickettsia felis was performed for 102 individuals from the indigenous community at six rural villages and 87 workers from eight animal farms in Peninsular Malaysia in a cross-sectional study. The indigenous community had significantly higher seropositivity rates for R. conorii (P<0.001) and R. felis (P<0.001), as compared to blood donors from urban (n=61). Similarly, higher seropositivity rates for R. conorii (P=0.046) and R. felis (P<0.001) were noted for animal farm workers, as compared to urban blood donors. On the basis of the sequence analysis of gltA, ompA and ompB, various spotted fever group rickettsiae closely related to R. raoultii, R. heilongjiangensis, R. felis-like organisms, R. tamurae, Rickettsia sp. TCM1, R. felis, Rickettsia sp. LON13 and R. hulinensis were identified from tick/flea samples in animal farms, indigenous villages and urban areas. This study describes rickettsial seropositivity of the Malaysian indigenous community and animal farm workers, and provides molecular evidence regarding the presence of rickettsial agents in ticks/fleas infesting domestic animals in Peninsular Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors/microbiology*
Arbovirus infections in Sarawak, October 1968-February 1970: GETAH virus isolations from mosquitoes

Simpson DI, Way HJ, Platt GS, Bowen ET, Hill MN, Kamath S, et al.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1975;69(1):35-8.
PMID: 238314

14 strains of Getah virus were isolated from a variety of mosquito species collected in Sarawak between October 1968 and February 1970. Ten strains were isolated from C. tritaeniorhynchus 7 of them at K. Tijirak. Single strains were isolated from C. gelidus, C. pseudovishnui, M. bonneae/dives and Aanopheles species. 6 of the isolates were obtained in October 1968 when Japanese encephalitis, Tembusu and Sindbis viruses were also very active. The available evidence suggest that Getah virus in Sarawak is maintained in a cycle similar to that of Japanese encephalitis virus and involves C. tritaeniorhynchus, C. gelidus and domestic pigs.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors
Mosquito control with green nanopesticides: towards the One Health approach? A review of non-target effects

Benelli G, Maggi F, Pavela R, Murugan K, Govindarajan M, Vaseeharan B, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Apr;25(11):10184-10206.
PMID: 28755145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9752-4

The rapid spread of highly aggressive arboviruses, parasites, and bacteria along with the development of resistance in the pathogens and parasites, as well as in their arthropod vectors, represents a huge challenge in modern parasitology and tropical medicine. Eco-friendly vector control programs are crucial to fight, besides malaria, the spread of dengue, West Nile, chikungunya, and Zika virus, as well as other arboviruses such as St. Louis encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. However, research efforts on the control of mosquito vectors are experiencing a serious lack of eco-friendly and highly effective pesticides, as well as the limited success of most biocontrol tools currently applied. Most importantly, a cooperative interface between the two disciplines is still lacking. To face this challenge, we have reviewed a wide number of promising results in the field of green-fabricated pesticides tested against mosquito vectors, outlining several examples of synergy with classic biological control tools. The non-target effects of green-fabricated nanopesticides, including acute toxicity, genotoxicity, and impact on behavioral traits of mosquito predators, have been critically discussed. In the final section, we have identified several key challenges at the interface between "green" nanotechnology and classic biological control, which deserve further research attention.

Matched MeSH terms: Arthropod Vectors

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