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  1. Blood lead levels in Malaysian urban and rural pregnant women
    Lim HH, Ong CN, Domala Z, Phoon WO, Khoo HE
    Public Health, 1985 Jan;99(1):23-9.
    PMID: 3991872
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood*
  2. Fulltext Maternal serum and breast milk vitamin D levels: findings from the Universiti Sains Malaysia Pregnancy Cohort Study
    Jan Mohamed HJ, Rowan A, Fong B, Loy SL
    PLoS One, 2014;9(7):e100705.
    PMID: 24992199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100705
    Vitamin D deficiency has become a global health issue in pregnant women. This study aimed to assess the adequacy of maternal vitamin D status by measuring maternal serum and breast milk 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and to determine the association between maternal serum and milk 25(OH)D levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood*
  3. Fulltext Antiphospholipid antibodies among women experiencing fetal loss
    Ching YM, Arip M, Jegasothy R, Baskaran TP, Yusof AY, Bakhtiar F, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2013 Dec;35(2):147-51.
    PMID: 24362478 MyJurnal
    The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) is closely associated with thrombotic events and pregnancy complications such as recurrent pregnancy loss, preeclampsia and placental insufficiency. We investigated the presence of aPLs and its frequency among female patients with a history of fetal loss in a Malaysia population. Serum samples were collected from 108 patients who had (1) one or more unexplained deaths of morphologically normal fetuses at or beyond the 22nd week of gestation, or (2) one or more premature births of morphologically normal neonates at or before the 24th week of gestation due to eclampsia or preeclampsia, or recognized features of placental insufficiency, or (3) three or more unexplained, consecutive, spontaneous miscarriages before the 20th week of gestation. Serum was tested for aPLs subtypes: anticardiolipin (aCL), anti-beta-2- glycoprotein I (aβ2GPI), anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I dependent cardiolipin (aβ2GPI dependent CL), anti-phosphatidylcholine (aPC), anti-phosphatidylethanolamine (aPE), anti-phosphatidylinositol (aPI), anti-phosphatidylserine (aPS) and anti-sphingomyeline (aSph) by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The mean age of patients was 30±5. Four patients (3.7%) were found positive for at least one aPLs subtype. Four aPLs subtypes were detected. The most common subtypes was aβ2GPI dependent CL (3.7%), followed by aCL (2.7%), aβ2GPI (0.9%), and aPE(0.9%). In conclusion, frequency of aPLs among women with fetal loss (3.7%) in Malaysia was low with subtype aβ2GPI dependent CL being the most prevalent aPLs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood*
  4. Ovalbumin causes impairment of preimplantation embryonic growth in asthma-induced mice
    Wafriy CI, Kamsani YS, Nor-Ashikin MNK, Nasir NAA, Hanafiah M
    J Reprod Immunol, 2021 02;143:103240.
    PMID: 33166807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103240
    Insufficient experimental studies have reported the effect of ovalbumin (OVA) as an allergen towards embryonic growth in asthma mouse model. The impact of 10 μg/200 μL OVA on maternal inflammatory and oxidative stress (OS) responses, and preimplantation embryonic development was investigated in this study. We first established OVA-induced asthma mouse model, and following superovulation, mated the females and challenged them with Methacholine (Mch) test. Upon embryo retrieval, only those with the highest implantation potential were cultured in vitro. Significant reduction in the number of embryos at each preimplantation stage was noted in the treated group. Uneven sized blastomeres at 2-, 4- and 8-cell stages were also evident in this group. Embryo fragmentation was significant at only 2-, 4- and 8-cell stages. We also found that OVA tended to raise maternal inflammatory and OS biomarker levels as well as to cause inappropriate levels of pregnancy hormones progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) although insignificant. The combined results indicate that 10 μg/200 μL OVA had altered both quality and quantity of the embryos in asthma mouse model although its effect on pregnancy hormones, inflammatory and OS responses were non-pathological.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood
  5. Fulltext Risk of eczema, wheezing and respiratory tract infections in the first year of life: A systematic review of vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy and at birth
    Mustapa Kamal Basha MA, Majid HA, Razali N, Yahya A
    PLoS One, 2020;15(6):e0233890.
    PMID: 32542014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233890
    BACKGROUND: Allergic conditions and respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common causes of morbidity and mortality in childhood. The relationship between vitamin D status in pregnancy (mothers), early life (infants) and health outcomes such as allergies and RTIs in infancy is unclear. To date, studies have shown conflicting results.

    OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to gather and appraise existing evidence on the associations between serum vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy and at birth and the development of eczema, wheezing, and RTIs in infants.

    DATA SOURCES: PubMed, MEDLINE, ProQuest, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Academic Search Premier databases were searched systematically using specified search terms and keywords.

    STUDY SELECTION: Articles on the associations between serum vitamin D concentrations during pregnancy and at birth and eczema, wheezing, and RTIs among infants (1-year-old and younger) published up to 31 March 2019 were identified, screened and retrieved.

    RESULTS: From the initial 2678 articles screened, ten met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. There were mixed and conflicting results with regards to the relationship between maternal and cord blood vitamin D concentrations and the three health outcomes-eczema, wheezing and RTIs-in infants.

    CONCLUSION: Current findings revealed no robust and consistent associations between vitamin D status in early life and the risk of developing eczema, wheezing and RTIs in infants. PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018093039.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood
  6. The relation of preeclampsia and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in mothers and their neonates: a case control study in Iran
    Mohaghegh Z, Abedi P, Dilgouni T, Namvar F, Ruzafza S
    Horm. Metab. Res., 2015 Apr;47(4):284-8.
    PMID: 25611206 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1395607
    The predisposing factors of preeclampsia may endanger the mother's heath as well as her neonate. One hypothesis related to preeclampsia is vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between preeclampsia and the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) in mothers and their neonates. In this case-control study, we recruited 41 preeclamptic and 50 healthy women from the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran. Venous blood (2 ml) from mothers (in time of labor) and 2 ml of blood from the umbilical cord were taken, centrifuged, stored at -30°C and sent to a laboratory for analysis of 25-OH-D by ELISA. Vitamin D levels<20 ng/ml were regarded as deficiency, levels between 21-29 ng/ml were regarded as insufficiency, and if levels were higher than 30 ng/ml, these were considered normal. Independent t-test, chi-square, Spearman correlation coefficient and logistic regression were used to analyze data. Mean levels of 25-OH-D were significantly lower in preeclamptic women (15.2±13.6 vs. 23.3±15.3 ng/ml, p=0.001) and in their neonates (15.2±13.1 vs. 21.6±12.6 ng/ml, p=0.01) compared to normal pregnant women and their neonates. There was a significant relationship between the levels of vitamin D in preeclamptic women with levels of this vitamin in their neonates (r=0.901, p=0.0001). 25-OH-D deficiency that exist in preeclamptic mothers, may be a health risk for their infants, therefore, early use of vitamin D supplement with higher dose than 400 IU in Iranian women is recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood*
  7. Fulltext Maternal Vitamin D Levels during Late Pregnancy and Risk of Allergic Diseases and Sensitization during the First Year of Life-A Birth Cohort Study
    Woon FC, Chin YS, Ismail IH, Abdul Latiff AH, Batterham M, Chan YM, et al.
    Nutrients, 2020 Aug 12;12(8).
    PMID: 32806653 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082418
    Allergic diseases are the most common chronic illness in childhood. Findings from developed countries have reported associations between Vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring allergy risk. This prospective cohort study aimed to determine the associations between maternal Vitamin D levels during late pregnancy and allergic diseases in Malaysian infants during the first year of life. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations of 380 pregnant women in the third trimester were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Children's allergic outcomes were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months based on parental reports. Specific IgE antibodies against food and inhalant allergens were measured in infants at 12 months of age. A total of 43.2% pregnant women were Vitamin D deficient (<30 nmol/L) and 56.8% were nondeficient (≥30 nmol/L). A total of 27.6% of the infants had eczema, 6.1% had wheeze, 27.4% had food sensitization, 10.8% had inhalant allergen sensitization, and 3.8% had IgE-mediated food allergy during the first year of life. Compared with the nondeficient group, maternal Vitamin D deficiency in late pregnancy was not associated with any allergic outcomes after adjustment for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, the present study does not support an association between maternal Vitamin D levels in late pregnancy and allergic outcomes during the first year of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood*
  8. Quantitative analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma in gestational diabetes mellitus, iron deficiency anemia and gestational hypertension pregnancies
    Zamanpoor M, Rosli R, Yazid MN, Husain Z, Nordin N, Thilakavathy K
    J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2013 Jul;26(10):960-6.
    PMID: 23339569 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.766710
    OBJECTIVE: To quantify circulating fetal DNA (fDNA) levels in the second and third trimesters of normal healthy pregnant individuals and pregnant women with the following clinical conditions: gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), iron deficiency anemia and gestational hypertension (GHT).
    METHODS: The SRY gene located on the Y chromosome was used as a unique fetal marker. The fDNA was extracted from maternal plasma and the SRY gene concentrations were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using TaqMan dual labeled probe system.
    RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the mean fDNA concentration between normal and GDM pregnancy samples (p > 0.05) and also between normal and anemic pregnancy samples (p > 0.05) in both trimesters, but significant differences were observed between the third trimester normal and GHT pregnancy samples (p = 0.001). GDM and iron deficiency anemia do not affect the levels of fDNA in maternal plasma while GHT significantly elevates the levels of fDNA in maternal plasma.
    CONCLUSIONS: Increased amount of circulating fDNA in maternal plasma could be used for early identification of adverse pregnancies. GDM and anemia do not affect the levels of fDNA in maternal plasma while GHT significantly elevates the levels of fDNA in maternal plasma. Hence, the elevated fDNA values could be used as a potential screening marker in pregnancies complicated with GHT but not with GDM and iron deficiency anemia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood
  9. Vitamin D in gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with hyperglycaemia, insulin sensitivity and other factors
    Ismail NA, Mohamed Ismail NA, Bador KM
    J Obstet Gynaecol, 2021 Aug;41(6):899-903.
    PMID: 33962550 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1820462
    We investigated if vitamin D is independently associated with hyperglycaemia in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, fructosamine, insulin sensitivity (QUICKI equation), body mass index, clothing style and outdoor activity were measured in 58 pregnant women with GDM during the third trimester. 25OHD was also measured in 20 women with normal pregnancies. There was no significant difference in mean 25OHD concentrations between GDM (14.43 ± 5.27 ng/ml) and normal (15.45 ± 5.29 ng/ml) pregnancies, p = .354. However, a higher percentage of GDM subjects had 25OHD concentration <19.8 ng/ml (86 versus 65%, p = .003). 25OHD did not correlate with FBG, HbA1c, fructosamine, insulin sensitivity or insulin dosage (p > .05). On multivariate analysis, only ethnicity (p = .006) and outdoor activity (p = .004) were associated with 25OHD. We conclude that the lower 25OHD levels in our GDM patients were related to ethnicity and outdoor activity (Study FF-2017-111, National University of Malaysia, 16 March 2017).IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is widespread and particularly in certain ethnic groups. Low vitamin D levels may be an aetiological factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) but previous studies provide conflicting results perhaps due to confounding factors.What do the results of this study add? In this study of pregnant women with GDM from different ethnic backgrounds, we analysed serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels together with other confounding factors, that is, body mass index, ethnicity and sunlight exposure. Furthermore, instead of using consensus values, we determined cut-offs for different vitamin D status from normal pregnancies matched for gestational age and ethnicity. We found that a higher percentage of GDM subjects had lower vitamin D status but there was no correlation with hyperglycaemia or insulin sensitivity. The study showed that lower vitamin D levels in GDM was associated with ethnicity and less outdoor activity.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? In GDM patients, low vitamin D levels may be modifiable by supplementation or lifestyle change. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether this would impact on the occurrence of GDM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood*
  10. Racial disparity in the prevalence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy
    Sakinah SO, Khalid BA, Aishah AB
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1993 Jul;22(4):563-6.
    PMID: 8257059
    A study to determine the prevalence of goitre and abnormal thyroid status during pregnancy in Malaysian women was conducted. Two hundred and three women (Malay = 85, Chinese = 47 and Indian = 71) in the third trimester and with no known thyroid disease were studied. There was a marked racial disparity in the prevalence of goitre: Indian 61%, Malay 28% and Chinese 29% (p = 0.001). The serum thyrotropic hormone (TSH) was significantly higher in Indians (median: 1.36 uIU/ml) compared to Malays (1.14 uIU/ml, p = 0.009). The serum albumin was also significantly lower in Indians (mean +/- sd; 36.12 +/- 3.9 mmol/l) compared to Malays (39.3 +/- 4.8 mmol/l) or Chinese (39.1 +/- 5.2) (p < 0.001). Thyroid antibody was detected in 14.6% of these women with no significant racial difference in its prevalence. Three women were found to be thyrotoxic but none were hypothyroid. This study found a high prevalence of goitre among the pregnant Indian women, probably related to the protein malnutrition state. The high prevalence of positive thyroid antibody in our population indicates that a high percentage of women are at risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood
  11. Fulltext Heart and bile acids - Clinical consequences of altered bile acid metabolism
    Vasavan T, Ferraro E, Ibrahim E, Dixon P, Gorelik J, Williamson C
    Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2018 04;1864(4 Pt B):1345-1355.
    PMID: 29317337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.039
    Cardiac dysfunction has an increased prevalence in diseases complicated by liver cirrhosis such as primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. This observation has led to research into the association between abnormalities in bile acid metabolism and cardiac pathology. Approximately 50% of liver cirrhosis cases develop cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Bile acids are directly implicated in this, causing QT interval prolongation, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and abnormal haemodynamics of the heart. Elevated maternal serum bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, a disorder which causes an impaired feto-maternal bile acid gradient, have been associated with fatal fetal arrhythmias. The hydrophobicity of individual bile acids in the serum bile acid pool is of relevance, with relatively lipophilic bile acids having a more harmful effect on the heart. Ursodeoxycholic acid can reverse or protect against these detrimental cardiac effects of elevated bile acids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pregnancy Complications/blood
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