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  1. Fulltext Ki-67 protein as a prognostic indicator in ovarian carcinoma
    Rima Melati Mat Satar, Zed Zakari Abdul Hamid, Hartini Yusuf, Maimunah Mustakim
    The Pertanika Journal of Scholarly Research Reviews, 2018;4(2):71-77.
    MyJurnal
    Ki-67 expression is strongly correlated with tumour cell proliferation and growth. It is widely used as a proliferation marker in the routine pathological investigation. The nuclear protein Ki- 67 (pKi67) is recognised prognostic and predictive indicator for the biopsies assessment for cancer patients. Clinically, pKi67 has been revealed to associate with metastasis and the clinical stage of tumours. Furthermore, it has been presented that the expression of Ki-67 is significantly higher in malignant tissues with poorly differentiated tumour cells, as compared with normal tissue. The Ki-67 labelling index plays a vital role as an independent prognostic factor for survival rate, which includes all stages and grade categories. There is an association between the ratios of Ki-67 positive malignant cells and patient survival. This review provides an overview of recent advances in detecting Ki-67 in ovarian carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  2. Fulltext PCNA Expression In Epithelial Linings Of Odontogenic Cysts
    Sudiono, J., Zain, R.B.
    Ann Dent, 2003;10(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is one of the several markers of cellular proliferation. Epithelial proliferations play a significant role in the behaviour of odontogenic lesions. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the distribution of PCNA expression within the epithelial linings of odontogenic cysts. A total of 49 cases of odontogenic cysts consisting of 18 radicular cysts, 16 dentigerous cysts, 15 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) was studied. All tissues were processed routinely prior to embedding in paraffin. PCNA immunohistochemical staining was performed on 4 !-tm thick deparaffinized sections mounted on sialinized slides using the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. The distributions of PCNA expression in the cysts linings were noted and comparison was made qualitatively and quantitatively. PCNA labelling index was used for the quantitative assessment. The results showed that PCNA staining was distributed in the basal and supra basal cells for radicular cysts, dentigerous cysts, and OKCs. PCNA labelling index was highest in OKC (22.33±4.07). The high PCNA labelling index in OKC is indicative of high proliferative activity thus supporting previous reports of OKC as the most aggressive type of odontogenic cysts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  3. Fulltext Chordoid meningioma, part of a multiple intracranial meningioma: a case report & review
    Sriram PR
    Malays J Med Sci, 2013 Jul;20(4):91-4.
    PMID: 24044003 MyJurnal
    Chordoid meningioma, classified as atypical meningioma according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification, is a rare subtype, which represents only 0.5% of all meningiomas and is associated with a high incidence of recurrence. Multiple intracranial meningiomas are rare in non-neurofibromatosis patients. We present a female patient with both of these rare types of meningioma. The patient presented with two concurrent intracranial meningiomas, with one a meningotheliomatous subtype and the other a chordoid meningioma. Given the wide array of histological differential diagnoses in chordoid meningioma, immunohistochemistry has a significant role to play in differentiating them. Recurrence in chordoid meningioma can be generally predicted based on the extent of resection, the percentage of chordoid element, and proliferation indices.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  4. Genotoxicity evaluation of dental restoration nanocomposite using comet assay and chromosome aberration test
    Musa M, Ponnuraj KT, Mohamad D, Rahman IA
    Nanotechnology, 2013 Jan 11;24(1):015105.
    PMID: 23221152 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/1/015105
    Nanocomposite is used as a dental filling to restore the affected tooth, especially in dental caries. The dental nanocomposite (KelFil) for tooth restoration used in this study was produced by the School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia and is incorporated with monodispersed, spherical nanosilica fillers. The aim of the study was to determine the genotoxic effect of KelFil using in vitro genotoxicity tests. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of KelFil was evaluated using MTT assay, comet assay and chromosome aberration tests with or without the addition of a metabolic activation system (S9 mix), using the human lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5). Concurrent negative and positive controls were included. In the comet assay, no comet formation was found in the KelFil groups. There was a significant difference in tail moment between KelFil groups and positive control (p < 0.05). Similarly, no significant aberrations in chromosomes were noticed in KelFil groups. The mitotic indices of treatment groups and negative control were significantly different from positive controls. Hence, it can be concluded that the locally produced dental restoration nanocomposite (KelFil) is non-genotoxic under the present test conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  5. Fulltext Apoptosis in endometria of dysfuntional uterine bleeding women
    Rekha K, Malini A, Xavier R, Baba K
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Mar;60(1):41-5.
    PMID: 16250278
    The study of apoptosis in endometrium of women with irregular uterine bleeding and its predictive value in endometrial malignancy. Analyze apoptotic and mitotic indices and their relevance in irregular uterine bleeding. To determine the expression of Bcl-2 oncoprotein in endometrial glands from patients with irregular uterine bleeding. Department of pathology in a Government Hospital serving a varied socio-economic population in Chennai. Random samples of endometrial currettings from dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) patient who underwent endometrial curettage as therapeutic and diagnostic procedure during the year 2000. Of 50 cases of endometrial samples from patients diagnosed as cases of DUB, the apoptotic and mitotic indexing was carried out and histological categorization revealed 13 cases as Anovulatory. 14 as simple hyperplasia, 5 as early secretory endometrium, 4 as mid secretory and 4 as late secretory endometrium and 7 as endometrium showing features of hormonal imbalance. Three cases were not included, due to sub-optimal processing. A good correlation of the Bcl-2 expression and the apoptotic cell morphology/indices, in the different categories of the endometria of DUB cases is observed. This preliminary study gives an insight to the existence of a correlative pattern of apoptosis in DUB cases. A prospective study on a larger number of cases may substantiate the hypothesis that the Apoptotic and Mitotic indices are useful screening methods with predictive values on development of endometrial carcinoma. It is observed that an increased apoptotic index correlating with high Bcl-2 expression, reflecting the actual cell burden. This prolonged cell survival resisting cell deletion is associated with irregular uterine bleeding endometria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  6. Effects of Perivitelline Fluid Obtained from Horseshoe Crab on The Proliferation and Genotoxicity of Dental Pulp Stem Cells
    Musa M, Mohd Ali K, Kannan TP, Azlina A, Omar NS, Chatterji A, et al.
    Cell J, 2015;17(2):253-63.
    PMID: 26199904
    OBJECTIVE: Perivitelline fluid (PVF) of the horseshoe crab embryo has been reported to possess an important role during embryogenesis by promoting cell proliferation. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PVF on the proliferation, chromosome aberration (CA) and mutagenicity of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an in vitro experimental study. PVF samples were collected from horseshoe crabs from beaches in Malaysia and the crude extract was prepared. DPSCs were treated with different concentrations of PVF crude extract in an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (cytotoxicity test). We choose two inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and IC25) and two PVF concentrations which produced more cell viability compared to a negative control (100%) for further tests. Quantitative analysis of the proliferation activity of PVF was studied using the AlamarBlue®assay for 10 days. Population doubling times (PDTs) of the treatment groups were calculated from this assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated based on the CA and Ames tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent t test to calculate significant differences in the PDT and mitotic indices in the CA test between the treatment and negative control groups. Significant differences in the data were P<0.05.

    RESULTS: A total of four PVF concentrations retrieved from the MTT assay were 26.887 mg/ml (IC50), 14.093 mg/ml (IC25), 0.278 mg/ml (102% cell viability) and 0.019 mg/ml (102.5% cell viability). According to the AlamarBlue®assay, these PVF groups produced comparable proliferation activities compared to the negative (untreated) control. PDTs between PVF groups and the negative control were insignificantly different (P>0.05). No significant aberrations in chromosomes were observed in the PVF groups and the Ames test on the PVF showed the absence of significant positive results.

    CONCLUSION: PVF from horseshoe crabs produced insignificant proliferative activity on treated DPSCs. The PVF was non-genotoxic based on the CA and Ames tests.

    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  7. Fulltext Mitotic index and chromosomal analyses for hydroxyapatite implantation in rabbits
    Kannan, T.P., Quah, B.B., Azlina, A., Samsudin, A.R.
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2006;1(1):15-20.
    MyJurnal
    Dentistry has searched for an ideal material to place in osseous defects for many years. Endogenous bone replacement has been the golden standard but involves additional surgery and may be available in limited quantities. Also, the exogenous bone replacement poses a risk of viral or bacterial transmission and the human body may even reject them. Therefore, before new biomaterials are approved for medical use, mutagenesis systems to exclude cytotoxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic properties are applied worldwide. The present preliminary study was carried out in five male New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Porous form of synthetic hydroxyapatite granules (500 mg), manufactured by School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, was implanted in the femur of the rabbits. Blood samples were collected prior to implantation and one week after implantation. The blood was cultured in vitro and the cell division was arrested at metaphase using colcemid. This was followed by the hypotonic treatment and fixation. Then, the chromosomes were prepared and stained for analysis. The modal chromosome number of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was found to be 2n=44. The mean mitotic index values prior to and after implantation were 3.30 ± 0.66 and 3.24 ± 0.27 per cent respectively. No gross chromosome aberrations, both numerical and structural were noticed either prior to or after implantation of the biomaterial. These findings indicate that the test substance, synthetic hydroxyapatite granules does not produce gross chromosome aberrations under the present test conditions in rabbits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  8. Fulltext Genotoxic evaluation of synthetic hydroxyapatite using mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test
    Kannan, Thirumulu Ponnuraj, Nik Ahmad Shah Nik Lah, Azlina Ahmad, Siti Fatimah Ramli, Narazah Mohd Yusof, Ab Rani Samsudin
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2014;9(1):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    Some of the beneficial bio compatible properties of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]; the major componentand an essential ingredient of normal bone and teeth, are that it is rapidly integrated into the human body and will bondto bone forming in distinguishable unions. But, before new materials are approved for medical use, mutagenesis systems to exclude cytotoxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic properties are applied worldwide. This study aimed to detectany chromosomal aberrations induced by the synthetic hydroxyapatite granules [Manufactured by Universiti Sains
    Malaysia, (USM) Penang, Malaysia] in the bone marrow cells of mice. The mitotic indices of the groups treated with synthetic hydroxya patite granules did not show any significant difference as compared to the negative control group treated with distilled water. Also the groups of mice treated with synthetic hydroxyapatite granules and distilled waterdid not induce significant change in chromosome aberrations as compared to the positive control group treated with Mitomycin C. The mitotic indices and chromosomal analyses indicate that under the present test conditions, synthetichydroxya patite granules (manufactured by USM) are non cytotoxic and do not induce chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  9. Fulltext In vivo anticlastogenic effect of silymarin from milk thistle Silybum marianum L
    Anwar S, Madkor HR, Ahmed N, Wagih ME
    Indian J Pharmacol, 2018 9 1;50(3):108-115.
    PMID: 30166747 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.IJP_660_16
    OBJECTIVE: Silymarin, extracted from the seeds of Silybum marianum L. (Milk thistle), is traditionally used for treating various illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and renal problems. Acute cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies have been reported with ambiguous outcomes; however, its relevant anticlastogenic potential is not yet evaluated. This study was aimed to evaluate in vivo subacute anticlastogenic properties of silymarin to validate its use as a medicinal agent.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Silymarin was isolated from seeds of milk thistle. Various genotoxicity bioassays of silymarin were performed using mice. First, the bone marrow cell proliferation was estimated by calculating mitotic index. Second, the chromosomal abnormalities in mice bone marrow cells were studied. Third, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MPE) test and in vivo activation of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were carried out in mice bone marrow cells. Finally, primary spermatocytes were analyzed to estimate genotoxic effect of silymarin on germ cells.

    RESULTS: We found that silymarin is capable of inducing a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in cell proliferation of bone marrow cells. There is no increase in chromosomal aberrations following silymarin treatments. Results clearly showed that it significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the MPE. Likewise, it was found to be a negative inducer of SCEs. It decreased in total abnormal metaphase, SCEs, MPE, and aberrant diakinesis.

    CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that silymarin has a strong anticlastogenic activity upon mice genome in somatic and germ cells, indicating its safe use as a medicinal substance. Furthermore, it is not only safe but also has protective effect from clastogens.

    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  10. Fulltext Immunomodulatory Effect of Rhaphidophora korthalsii on Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity
    Yeap SK, Omar AR, Ali AM, Ho WY, Beh BK, Alitheen NB
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:786487.
    PMID: 21941589 DOI: 10.1155/2012/786487
    The in vivo immunomodulatory effect of ethanolic extracts from leaves of Rhaphidophora korthalsii was determined via immune cell proliferation, T/NK cell phenotyping, and splenocyte cytotoxicity of BALB/c mice after 5 consecutive days of i.p. administration at various concentrations. Splenocyte proliferation index, cytotoxicity, peripheral blood T/NK cell population, and plasma cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) in mice were assessed on day 5 and day 15. High concentration of extract (350 μg/mice/day for 5 consecutive days) was able to stimulate immune cell proliferation, peripheral blood NK cell population, IL-2, and IFN- γ cytokines, as well as splenocyte cytotoxicity against Yac-1 cell line. Unlike rIL-2 which degraded rapidly, the stimulatory effect from the extract managed to last until day 15. These results suggested the potential of this extract as an alternative immunostimulator, and they encourage further study on guided fractionation and purification to identify the active ingredients that contribute to this in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  11. Quantitative comparison of apoptosis to cell proliferation and p53 protein in breast carcinomas
    Zheng WQ, Zhan RZ
    Anal. Quant. Cytol. Histol., 1998 Feb;20(1):1-6.
    PMID: 9513685
    To clarify the correlation between apoptosis and tumor cell proliferative activity in human breast cancer and to investigate their relevance to p53 protein.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  12. Evaluation of Tualang honey as a supplement to fetal bovine serum in cell culture
    Kannan TP, Ali AQ, Abdullah SF, Ahmad A
    Food Chem Toxicol, 2009 Jul;47(7):1696-702.
    PMID: 19394390 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.04.020
    The aim of this study was to evaluate Tualang honey as a supplement to fetal bovine serum in cell cultures using MTT assay, chromosome aberration test and gene expression analyses. The MTT assay showed the highest percentage of cell proliferation (105.3% increment than control) of human osteoblast cell line (CRL 1543) in 0.0195% honey in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. There was enhanced cell proliferation corresponding to the decrease in concentrations of honey as indicated by the mitotic index values when the osteoblast cell line was incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. There were no chromosome aberrations both in the honey treated as well as distilled water treated (negative control) cell lines. In the case of gene expression analyses, fibroblast cell lines (CCL 171) were treated with honey (0.0195%) for 24 and 48 hours separately. Though there was over expression for the bcl-xl gene at both 24 and 48 hours, under expression for bcl-xs gene at 24 hours and over expression at 48 hours and under expression for both c-myc and p53 genes at both 24 and 48 hours, none of them were statistically significant in altering the expression of mRNA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  13. Genotoxicity assessment of raw and treated water samples using Allium cepa assay: evidence from Perak River, Malaysia
    Malakahmad A, Manan TSBA, Sivapalan S, Khan T
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Feb;25(6):5421-5436.
    PMID: 29209979 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0721-8
    Allium cepa assay was carried out in this study to evaluate genotoxic effects of raw and treated water samples from Perak River in Perak state, Malaysia. Samples were collected from three surface water treatment plants along the river, namely WTPP, WTPS, and WTPK. Initially, triplicates of equal size Allium cepa (onions) bulbs, 25-30 mm in diameter and average weight of 20 g, were set up in distilled water for 24 h at 20 ± 2 °C and protected from direct sunlight, to let the roots to grow. After germination of roots (0.5-1.0 cm in length), bulbs were transferred to collected water samples each for a 96-h period of exposure. The root physical deformations were observed. Genotoxicity quantification was based on mitotic index and genotoxicity level. Statistical analysis using cross-correlation function for replicates from treated water showed that root length has inverse correlation with mitotic indices (r = - 0.969) and frequencies of cell aberrations (r = - 0.976) at lag 1. Mitotic indices and cell aberrations of replicates from raw water have shown positive correlation at lag 1 (r = 0.946). Genotoxicity levels obtained were 23.4 ± 1.98 (WTPP), 26.68 ± 0.34 (WTPS), and 30.4 ± 1.13 (WTPK) for treated water and 17.8 ± 0.18 (WTPP), 37.15 ± 0.17 (WTPS), and 47.2 ± 0.48 (WTPK) for raw water. The observed cell aberrations were adherence, chromosome delay, C-metaphase, chromosome loss, chromosome bridge, chromosome breaks, binucleated cell, mini cell, and lobulated nuclei. The morphogenetic deformations obtained were likely due to genotoxic substances presence in collected water samples. Thus, water treatment in Malaysia does not remove genotoxic compounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  14. Fulltext Evaluation of the genotoxicity of zerumbone in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes
    Al-Zubairi AS, Abdul AB, Syam MM
    Toxicol In Vitro, 2010 Apr;24(3):707-12.
    PMID: 20123012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.011
    The chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay and micronucleus (MN) test were employed to investigate the effect in vitro of zerumbone (ZER) on human chromosomes. ZER is a sesquiterpene compound isolated from the rhizomes of wild ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith. The rhizomes of the plant are employed as a traditional medicine for some ailments and as condiments. ZER has been shown to have anti-cancer and apoptosis-inducing properties against various human tumour cells. It has also been shown to be active in vivo against a number of induced malignancies. Studies on ZER genotoxicity in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) have not been reported so far. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the ability of ZER to induce chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei formation in human lymphocytes in vitro. Human blood samples were obtained from four healthy, non-smoking males aged 25-35years. Cultures were exposed to the drug for 48h at four final concentrations: 10, 20, 40 and 80 microM. Mitomycin C (MMC) was used as a positive control. The results of chromosomal aberrations assay showed that ZER was not clastogenic, when compared to untreated control, meanwhile MN test results showed a dose-dependent increase in MN formation. The overall clastogenic effect of ZER on human PBL was statistically not significant. In conclusion, ZER is a cytotoxic but not a clastogenic substance in human PBL.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
  15. Fulltext Plant regeneration and cellular behaviour studies in Celosia cristata grown in vivo and in vitro
    Taha RM, Wafa SN
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2012;2012:359413.
    PMID: 22593677 DOI: 10.1100/2012/359413
    Tissue culture studies of Celosia cristata were established from various explants and the effects of various hormones on morphogenesis of this species were examined. It was found that complete plant regeneration occurred at highest percentage on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L NAA and 1.5 mg/L BAP, with the best response showed by shoot explants. In vitro flowering was observed on MS basal medium after six weeks. The occurrence of somaclonal variation and changes in cellular behavior from in vivo and in vitro grown plants were investigated through cytological studies and image analysis. It was observed that Mitotic Index (MI), mean chromosome numbers, and mean nuclear to cell area ratio of in vitro root meristem cells were slightly higher compared to in vivo values. However, in vitro plants produced lower mean cell areas but higher nuclear areas when compared to in vivo plants. Thus, no occurrence of somaclonal variation was detected, and this was supported by morphological features of the in vitro plants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mitotic Index
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