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  1. Fulltext The promise of zebrafish as a model of metabolic syndrome
    Benchoula K, Khatib A, Jaffar A, Ahmed QU, Sulaiman WMAW, Wahab RA, et al.
    Exp Anim, 2019 Nov 06;68(4):407-416.
    PMID: 31118344 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0168
    Metabolic syndrome is a cluster including hyperglycaemia, obesity, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridaemia as a result of biochemical and physiological alterations and can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Fundamental research on this disease requires validated animal models. One potential animal model that is rapidly gaining in popularity is zebrafish (Danio rerio). The use of zebrafish as an animal model conveys several advantages, including high human genetic homology, transparent embryos and larvae that allow easier visualization. This review discusses how zebrafish models contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome studies. Different diseases in the cluster of metabolic syndrome, such as hyperglycaemia, obesity, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridaemia, have been successfully studied using zebrafish; and the model is promising for hypertension and cardiovascular metabolic-related diseases due to its genetic similarity to mammals. Genetic mutation, chemical induction, and dietary alteration are among the tools used to improve zebrafish models. This field is expanding, and thus, more effective and efficient techniques are currently developed to fulfil the increasing demand for thorough investigations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  2. Fulltext Risk of metabolic syndrome among children living in metropolitan Kuala Lumpur: a case control study
    Wee BS, Poh BK, Bulgiba A, Ismail MN, Ruzita AT, Hills AP
    BMC Public Health, 2011;11:333.
    PMID: 21592367 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-333
    With the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, the metabolic syndrome has been studied among children in many countries but not in Malaysia. Hence, this study aimed to compare metabolic risk factors between overweight/obese and normal weight children and to determine the influence of gender and ethnicity on the metabolic syndrome among school children aged 9-12 years in Kuala Lumpur and its metropolitan suburbs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  3. Fulltext Endocannabinoid system and cardio-metabolic risk
    Loh KY, Kew ST
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Oct;63(4):348-50; quiz 351.
    PMID: 19385504 MyJurnal
    Recent research in bio-medical science has shown an integral role of endocannabinoid system (ECS) in determining cardio-metabolic risk of human body. The mechanism is mediated through binding of endocannabinoids at the CB1 receptors. The stimulation of CB1 receptor in the brain is believed to control and mediate the effects on appetite. In normal physiology, CB1 receptors activation is responsible for energy homeostasis, govern emotions and behaviors such as anxiety, fear, appetite, food and water intake. CB1 receptors also found in peripheral tissues like liver, pancreas, skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, which play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Over-activation of ECS is associated with various metabolic diseases such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, lipogenesis, excessive weight gain and increasing intra-abdominal obesity. All these events lead to increased cardiovascular risk. Use of selective CB1 receptor blocker such as rimonabant has shown to reduced waist circumference, better glycemic control, lower triglyceride levels, raise HDL cholesterol and over all reduction in total body fat. This drug has been recommended for patients with metabolic syndrome.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  4. Toll-like Receptor as a Molecular Link between Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation: A Review
    Wong SK, Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S
    Curr Drug Targets, 2019;20(12):1264-1280.
    PMID: 30961493 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190405172524
    Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) involves a cluster of five conditions, i.e. obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and low High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All components of MetS share an underlying chronic inflammatory aetiology, manifested by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The pathogenic role of inflammation in the development of MetS suggested that toll-like receptor (TLR) activation may trigger MetS. This review summarises the supporting evidence on the interactions between MetS and TLR activation, bridged by the elevation of TLR ligands during MetS. The regulatory circuits mediated by TLR activation, which modulates signal propagation, leading to the state of chronic inflammation, are also discussed. Taken together, TLR activation could be the molecular basis in the development of MetS-induced inflammation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  5. Fulltext Recent Developments in Rodent Models of High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review
    Chan AML, Ng AMH, Mohd Yunus MH, Idrus RBH, Law JX, Yazid MD, et al.
    Nutrients, 2021 Jul 22;13(8).
    PMID: 34444658 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082497
    Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is the physiological clustering of hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The MetS-related chronic illnesses encompass obesity, the cardiovascular system, renal operation, hepatic function, oncology, and mortality. To perform pre-clinical research, it is imperative that these symptoms be successfully induced and optimized in lower taxonomy. Therefore, novel and future applications for a disease model, if proven valid, can be extrapolated to humans. MetS model establishment is evaluated based on the significance of selected test parameters, paradigm shifts from new discoveries, and the accessibility of the latest technology or advanced methodologies. Ultimately, the outcome of animal studies should be advantageous for human clinical trials and solidify their position in advanced medicine for clinicians to treat and adapt to serious or specific medical situations. Rodents (Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus) have been ideal models for mammalian studies since the 18th century and have been mapped extensively. This review compiles and compares studies published in the past five years between the multitude of rodent comparative models. The response factors, niche parameters, and replicability of diet protocols are also compiled and analyzed to offer insight into MetS-related disease-specific modelling.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  6. Fulltext The modified NCEP ATP III criteria maybe better than the IDF criteria in diagnosing Metabolic Syndrome among Malays in Kuala Lumpur
    Moy FM, Bulgiba A
    BMC Public Health, 2010 Nov 06;10:678.
    PMID: 21054885 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-678
    BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. However, different diagnostic criteria have been recommended by different expert groups. In Malaysia, there is a lack of research comparing these different diagnostic criteria. Therefore, it is our aim to study the concordance between the IDF and the modified NCEP ATP III definitions of Metabolic Syndrome among a Malay cohort in Kuala Lumpur; and to demonstrate if all participants have the same cardiometabolic risks.

    METHODS: This was an analytical cross sectional study. Ethics approval was obtained and informed consent was given by all participants. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were taken following standard protocols.

    RESULTS: Metabolic Syndrome was diagnosed in 41.4% and 38.2% participants using the modified NCEP and IDF criteria respectively. Among those diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome by modified NCEP, 7.6% were missed by the IDF criteria. Participants diagnosed by the modified NCEP criteria had lower BMI and waist circumference but had higher cardiometabolic risks than those diagnosed with both criteria. Their blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride were more adverse than the IDF group. This demonstrated that central obesity may not be a prerequisite for the development of increased cardiometabolic risks within this Malay cohort.

    CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome is common in this Malay cohort regardless of the criterion used. The modified NCEP ATP III criteria may be more suitable in diagnosis of metabolic syndrome for this Malay cohort.

    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  7. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and its associations with cardiometabolic risks among adolescents
    Loh DA, Moy FM, Zaharan NL, Jalaludin MY, Mohamed Z
    Pediatr Obes, 2017 02;12(1):e1-e5.
    PMID: 26843446 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12108
    BACKGROUND: Investigations on sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and cardiometabolic risks among Asians are scant.

    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine associations between SSB intake and cardiometabolic risks among Malaysian adolescents.

    METHODS: Anthropometric data, blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profiles and insulin levels measured involved 873 adolescents (aged 13 years). SSB intake, dietary patterns and physical activity level (PAL) were self-reported.

    RESULTS: Mean SSB consumption was 177.5 mL day-1 with significant differences among ethnicities (Malay, Chinese, Indians and Others) (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  8. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, adipocytes and vascular function: A holistic viewpoint
    Achike FI, To NH, Wang H, Kwan CY
    Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2011 Jan;38(1):1-10.
    PMID: 21083697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05460.x
    1. Obesity is a metabolic disease of pandemic proportions largely arising from positive energy balance, a consequence of sedentary lifestyle, conditioned by environmental and genetic factors. Several central and peripheral neurohumoral factors (the major ones being the anorectic adipokines leptin and adiponecin and the orexigenic gut hormone ghrelin) acting on the anorectic (pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) and orexigenic (neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein) neurons regulate energy balance. These neurons, mainly in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, project to parts of the brain modulating functions such as wakefulness, autonomic function and learning. A tilt in the anorectic-orexigenic balance, perhaps determined genetically, leads to obesity. 2. Excess fat deposition requires space, created by adipocyte (hypertrophy and hyperplasia) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling. This process is regulated by several factors, including several adipocyte-derived Matrix metalloproteinases and the adipokine cathepsin, which degrades fibronectin, a key ECM protein. Excess fat, also deposited in visceral organs, generates chronic low-grade inflammation that eventually triggers insulin resistance and the associated comorbidities of metabolic syndrome (hypertension, atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus). 3. The perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has conventionally been considered non-physiological structural tissue, but has recently been shown to serve a paracrine function, including the release of adipose-derived relaxant and contractile factors, akin to the role of the vascular endothelium. Thus, PVAT regulates vascular function in vivo and in vitro, contributing to the cardiovascular pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome. Defining the mechanism of PVAT regulation of vascular reactivity requires more and better controlled investigations than currently seen in the literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  9. Purified ingredient-based high-fat diet is superior to chow-based equivalent in the induction of metabolic syndrome
    Cheng HS, Phang SCW, Ton SH, Abdul Kadir K, Tan JBL
    J Food Biochem, 2019 02;43(2):e12717.
    PMID: 31353646 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12717
    The present study aimed to outline the physiological and metabolic disparity between chow- and purified ingredient-based high-fat diets and their efficacy in the induction of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Male, 3-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to chow-based control diet, chow-based high-fat diet, purified control diet, and purified high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Physical and biochemical changes were documented. Chow-based diets, irrespective of the lipid content, resulted in significantly lower weight gain and organ weight compared to purified ingredient-based diets. Circulating insulin, total proteins, albumin, and certain lipid components like the triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were also lower in the chow-based diet groups. Both chow- and purified high-fat diets induced central obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycaemia, but the latter was associated with earlier onset of the metabolic aberrations and additionally, dyslipidaemia. In conclusion, purified high-fat diet is a better diet for MetS induction in rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Modeling metabolic syndrome is commonly accomplished with the use of chow- or purified ingredient diets enriched with carbohydrates and/or lipids, but the differences and associated drawbacks are unclear. This study highlights that chow- or modified chow-based diets have a tendency to introduce unwanted metabolic changes which are inconsistent with the progression of metabolic syndrome. Thus, the use of these diets in metabolic disease study should be avoided. On the other hand, purified high-fat diet which can effectively induce the features of metabolic syndrome is highly recommended.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  10. Osteoporosis is associated with metabolic syndrome induced by high-carbohydrate high-fat diet in a rat model
    Wong SK, Chin KY, Suhaimi FH, Ahmad F, Jamil NA, Ima-Nirwana S
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 Feb;98:191-200.
    PMID: 29257979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.042
    This study aimed to investigate the bone quality in rats induced with metabolic syndrome (MetS) using high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. Male Wistar rats (n = 14) were randomized into two groups. The normal group was given standard rat chow. The MetS group was given HCHF diet. Diet regimen was assigned for a period of 20 weeks. Metabolic syndrome parameters were measured monthly until MetS was established. Left tibiae were scanned using micro-computed tomography at week 0, 8, 12, 16, and 20 to analyze the trabecular and cortical bone structure. At the end of the study, rats were euthanized and their bones were harvested for analysis. Metabolic syndrome was established at week 12 in the HCHF rats. Significant deterioration of trabecular bone was observed at week 20 in the HCHF group (p  0.05). Femur length and width in the HCHF group were significantly shorter than the normal group (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  11. Fulltext Associations of Eating Mode Defined by Dietary Patterns with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in the Malaysia Lipid Study Population
    Balasubramanian GV, Chuah KA, Khor BH, Sualeheen A, Yeak ZW, Chinna K, et al.
    Nutrients, 2020 Jul 14;12(7).
    PMID: 32674327 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072080
    Cardiometabolic risk is scarcely explored related to dietary patterns (DPs) in Asian populations. Dietary data (n = 562) from the cross-sectional Malaysia Lipid Study were used to derive DPs through principal component analysis. Associations of DPs were examined with metabolic syndrome (MetS), atherogenic, inflammation and insulinemic status. Four DPs with distinctive eating modes were Home meal (HM), Chinese traditional (CT), Plant foods (PF) and Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). Within DP tertiles (T3 vs. T1), the significantly lowest risk was associated with CT for hsCRP (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.28, 0.70, p < 0.001) levels. However, SSB was associated with the significantly highest risks for BMI (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.28, 3.17, p = 0.003), waist circumference (AOR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.14, 2.87, p = 0.013), small LDL-C particles (AOR= 1.69, 95% CI 1.02, 2.79, p = 0.043), HOMA2-IR (AOR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.25, 5.57, p = 0.011), hsCRP (AOR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.40, 3.50, p = 0.001), and MetS (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI 1.49, 5.22, p = 0.001). Adherence behaviors to SSBs (T3) included consuming coffee/tea with condensed milk (29%) or plain with sugar (20.7%) and eating out (12 ± 8 times/week, p < 0.001). Overall, the SSB pattern with a highest frequency of eating out was detrimentally associated with cardiometabolic risks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  12. Fulltext Obesity in multiracial schizophrenia patients receiving outpatient treatment in a regional tertiary hospital in malaysia
    Norlelawati AT, Kartini A, Ramli M, Norsidah K, Wan Azizi WS, Tariq AR
    East Asian Arch Psychiatry, 2012 Jun;22(2):49-56.
    PMID: 22714874
    OBJECTIVES. Obesity is an issue of concern among patients with schizophrenia as it is a co-morbid condition that is closely related to metabolic syndrome. The present study assessed the correlation of body mass index with antipsychotic use among multiracial schizophrenia outpatients. The study also compared the patients' body mass index with Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) data.
    METHODS. A total of 216 participants were recruited into a cross-sectional study conducted over 5 months, from December 2010 to April 2011. Body weight and height were measured using the standard methods. Demographic data and treatment variables were gathered through interview or review of the medical records.
    RESULTS. There were differences in mean body mass index between men and women (p = 0.02) and between Malay, Chinese and Indian races (p = 0.04). Stratified by sex, age, and race, the body mass index distributions of the patients were significantly different to those of the reference MANS population. The prevalence of obesity among patients was more than 2-fold greater than among the reference population in all variables. Although body mass index distribution was related to antipsychotic drugs (χ(2) = 33.42; p = 0.04), obesity could not be attributed to any specific drug.
    CONCLUSION. The prevalence of obesity among patients with schizophrenia was significantly greater than that in the healthy Malaysian population, and affects the 3 main races in Malaysia.
    Study site: Psychiatry Clinic, Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  13. Associations of occupational, transportation, household and leisure-time physical activity patterns with metabolic risk factors among middle-aged adults in a middle-income country
    Chu AH, Moy FM
    Prev Med, 2013;57 Suppl:S14-7.
    PMID: 23276774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.011
    This study investigates physical activity in different domains and its association with metabolic risk factors among middle-aged adults.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  14. The Effects of a Modified High-carbohydrate High-fat Diet on Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Male Rats
    Wong SK, Chin KY, Suhaimi FH, Ahmad F, Ima-Nirwana S
    Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2018 Apr;126(4):205-212.
    PMID: 29117620 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-119352
    Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A previous study has established that high-carbohydrate high-fat diet (HCHF) can induce MetS in rats. In this study, we modified components of the diet so that it resembled the diet of Southeast Asians. This study aimed to determine the effects of this modified HCHF diet on metabolic parameters in rats. Male Wistar rats (n=14) were randomised into two groups. The normal group was given standard rat chow. The MetS group was given the HCHF diet, comprises of fructose, sweetened condensed milk, ghee, Hubble Mendel and Wakeman salt mixture, and powdered rat food. The diet regimen was assigned for a period of 16 weeks. Metabolic syndrome parameters (abdominal circumference, blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile) were measured at week 0, 8, 12, and 16 of the study. The measurement of whole body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and percentage of fat) was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at week 0, 8, and 16. Our results indicated that the components of MetS were partially developed after 8 weeks of HCHF diet. Systolic blood pressure, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, fat content, and percentage of fat was significantly higher in the HCHF group compared to normal group (p<0.05). After 12 weeks of HCHF diet, the rats showed significant increases in abdominal circumference, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia compared to normal control (p<0.05). In conclusion, MetS is successfully established in male rats induced by the modified HCHF diet after 12 weeks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  15. Fulltext Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk among patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotics in Malaysia
    Said MA, Sulaiman AH, Habil MH, Das S, Bakar AK, Yusoff RM, et al.
    Singapore Med J, 2012 Dec;53(12):801-7.
    PMID: 23268153
    INTRODUCTION:This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotics in Malaysia.
    METHODS:This cross-sectional study, conducted at multiple centres, involved 270 patients who fulfilled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, were on antipsychotic medications for at least one year, and were screened for metabolic syndrome. Patients receiving mood stabilisers were excluded. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III criteria modified for Asian waist circumference. Risk for cardiovascular disease was assessed by using Framingham function (all ten-year CHD events).
    RESULTS:The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 46.7% (126/270). Among all the antipsychotics used, atypical antipsychotics (monotherapy) were most commonly used in both the metabolic and non-metabolic syndrome groups (50.8% vs. 58.3%). The ten-year risk for CHD was significantly higher in patients with metabolic syndrome. The proportion of patients with high/very high risk for CHD (Framingham ≥ 10%) was greater in patients with metabolic syndrome than in those with non-metabolic syndrome (31.5% vs. 11.0%, odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 2.0-7.6; p < 0.001). The mean body mass index was higher in patients with metabolic syndrome than in those without (29.4 ± 5.1 kg/m2 vs. 25.0 ± 5.6 kg/m2; p < 0.001).
    CONCLUSION:Patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotics in Malaysia have a very high incidence of metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular risk. Urgent interventions are needed to combat these problems in patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  16. Fulltext Ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Malaysia: an analysis by risk factors
    Tan AKG, Dunn RA, Yen ST
    Metab Syndr Relat Disord, 2011 Dec;9(6):441-51.
    PMID: 21815810 DOI: 10.1089/met.2011.0031
    BACKGROUND: This study investigates ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome in Malaysia.
    METHODS: Data were obtained from the Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (2005/2006). Logistic regressions of metabolic syndrome health risks on sociodemographic and health-lifestyle factors were conducted using a multiracial (Malay, Chinese, and Indian and other ethnic groups) sample of 2,366 individuals.
    RESULTS: Among both males and females, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome amongst Indians was larger compared to both Malays and Chinese because Indians are more likely to exhibit central obesity, elevated fasting blood glucose, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. We also found that Indians tend to engage in less physical activity and consume fewer fruits and vegetables than Malays and Chinese. Although education and family history of chronic disease are associated with metabolic syndrome status, differences in socioeconomic attributes do not explain ethnic disparities in metabolic syndrome incidence. The difference in metabolic syndrome prevalence between Chinese and Malays was not statistically significant. Whereas both groups exhibited similar obesity rates, ethnic Chinese were less likely to suffer from high fasting blood glucose.
    CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome disproportionately affects Indians in Malaysia. Additionally, fasting blood glucose rates differ dramatically amongst ethnic groups. Attempts to decrease health disparities among ethnic groups in Malaysia will require greater attention to improving the metabolic health of Malays, especially Indians, by encouraging healthful lifestyle changes.
    Study name: Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (MyNCDS-1) survey
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology*
  17. Metabolic syndrome and antipsychotic monotherapy treatment among schizophrenia patients in Malaysia
    Said MA, Hatim A, Habil MH, Zafidah W, Haslina MY, Badiah Y, et al.
    Prev Med, 2013;57 Suppl:S50-3.
    PMID: 23337566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.005
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among schizophrenia patients receiving antipsychotic monotherapy in Malaysia.
    METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted at multiple centres between June 2008 and September 2011. Two hundred and five patients who fulfilled the DSM IV-TR diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and who had been on antipsychotic medication for at least one year, were screened for metabolic syndrome. Patients receiving a mood stabilizer were excluded from the study. Metabolic syndrome was defined by using the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults Treatment Panel III (ATP III) modified for Asian waist circumference.
    RESULTS: In the first-generation antipsychotic (FGA) group, the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was among patients treated with trifluoperazine and flupenthixol decanoate (66.7% each). For the second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) group, the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was among patients treated with clozapine (66.7%). The component with the highest prevalence in metabolic syndrome was waist circumference in both FGA and SGA groups except for aripiprazole in SGA.
    CONCLUSION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients receiving antipsychotic monotherapy in Malaysia was very high. Intervention measures are urgently needed to combat these problems.
    KEYWORDS: Antipsychotics; Metabolic syndrome; Monotherapy; Prevalence; Schizophrenia
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  18. Fulltext Nutrigenomic effects of edible bird's nest on insulin signaling in ovariectomized rats
    Hou Z, Imam MU, Ismail M, Ooi DJ, Ideris A, Mahmud R
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015;9:4115-25.
    PMID: 26316695 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S80743
    Estrogen deficiency alters quality of life during menopause. Hormone replacement therapy has been used to improve quality of life and prevent complications, but side effects limit its use. In this study, we evaluated the use of edible bird's nest (EBN) for prevention of cardiometabolic problems in rats with ovariectomy-induced menopause. Ovariectomized female rats were fed for 12 weeks with normal rat chow, EBN, or estrogen and compared with normal non-ovariectomized rats. Metabolic indices (insulin, estrogen, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, oral glucose tolerance test, and lipid profile) were measured at the end of the experiment from serum and liver tissue homogenate, and transcriptional levels of hepatic insulin signaling genes were measured. The results showed that ovariectomy worsened metabolic indices and disrupted the normal transcriptional pattern of hepatic insulin signaling genes. EBN improved the metabolic indices and also produced transcriptional changes in hepatic insulin signaling genes that tended toward enhanced insulin sensitivity, and glucose and lipid homeostasis, even better than estrogen. The data suggest that EBN could meliorate estrogen deficiency-associated increase in risk of cardiometabolic disease in rats, and may in fact be useful as a functional food for the prevention of such a problem in humans. The clinical validity of these findings is worth studying further.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  19. Fulltext Impact of Vitamin D Replacement on Markers of Glucose Metabolism and Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Women with Former Gestational Diabetes--A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
    Yeow TP, Lim SL, Hor CP, Khir AS, Wan Mohamud WN, Pacini G
    PLoS One, 2015;10(6):e0129017.
    PMID: 26057782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129017
    Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and vitamin D deficiency are related to insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function, with heightened risk for future development of diabetes. We evaluated the impact of vitamin D supplementation on markers of glucose metabolism and cardio metabolic risk in Asian women with former GDM and hypovitaminosis D. In this double blind, randomized controlled trial, 26 participants were randomized to receive either daily 4000 IU vitamin D3 or placebo capsules. 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and biochemistry profiles were performed at baseline and 6 month visits. Mathematical models, using serial glucose, insulin and C peptide measurements from OGTT, were employed to calculate insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Thirty three (76%) women with former GDM screened had vitamin D level of <50 nmol/L at baseline. Supplementation, when compared with placebo, resulted in increased vitamin D level (+51.1 nmol/L vs 0.2 nmol/L, p<0.001) and increased fasting insulin (+20% vs 18%, p = 0.034). The vitamin D group also demonstrated a 30% improvement in disposition index and an absolute 0.2% (2 mmol/mol) reduction in HbA1c. There was no clear change in insulin sensitivity or markers of cardio metabolic risk. This study highlighted high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Asian women with former GDM. Six months supplementation with 4000 IU of vitamin D3 safely restored the vitamin D level, improved basal pancreatic beta-cell function and ameliorated the metabolic state. There was no effect on markers of cardio metabolic risk. Further mechanistic studies exploring the role of vitamin D supplementation on glucose homeostasis among different ethnicities may be needed to better inform future recommendations for these women with former GDM at high risk of both hypovitaminosis D and future diabetes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
  20. Association of raised liver transaminases with physical inactivity, increased waist-hip ratio, and other metabolic morbidities in severely obese children
    Lee YS, Kek BL, Poh LK, Saw SM, Loke KY
    J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2008 Aug;47(2):172-8.
    PMID: 18664869 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318162a0e5
    To identify factors associated with raised alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and gamma-glutaryl transferase in severely obese children
    Matched MeSH terms: Metabolic Syndrome X/etiology
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