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  1. Fulltext Harmful algal blooms and coastal communities: Socioeconomic impacts and actions taken to cope with the 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event
    Moore SK, Dreyer SJ, Ekstrom JA, Moore K, Norman K, Klinger T, et al.
    Harmful Algae, 2020 06;96:101799.
    PMID: 32560834 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101799
    The 2015 U.S. West Coast domoic acid event was caused by a massive harmful algal bloom (HAB) that consisted mostly of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis. It was unprecedented in its toxicity and geographic extent and resulted in extended and widespread closures of the lucrative commercial Dungeness crab and popular recreational razor clam fisheries. The fishery closures led to federal fisheries disaster declarations and generated an economic shock for coastal communities that depend on access to these marine resources. This study reports on the socioeconomic impacts of the 2015 HAB across 16 fishing communities on the U.S. West Coast using primary survey data. The survey instrument, deployed in the summer of 2017, collected information on sociodemographic and economic factors hypothesized to confer resilience or vulnerability to HABs, data quantifying individual impacts, and the coping and adaptive actions taken by individuals to deal with the event. The vast majority of survey participants (84%) were negatively impacted by the 2015 HAB, but individuals employed in fishing-related occupations experienced greater financial, emotional, and sociocultural impacts than those employed in other sectors. Further, those employed in fishing-related occupations were less likely to recover financial losses suffered as a result of the event. This study identifies the pathways through which HABs affect fishery-dependent and fishery-associated sectors of U.S. West Coast communities. The understanding gained can help inform efforts to prepare for future HABs, mitigate their socioeconomic impacts, and aid recovery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom*
  2. Mapping harmful microalgal species by eDNA monitoring: A large-scale survey across the southwestern South China Sea
    Abdul Manaff AHN, Hii KS, Luo Z, Liu M, Law IK, Teng ST, et al.
    Harmful Algae, 2023 Nov;129:102515.
    PMID: 37951609 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102515
    A large-scale sampling was undertaken during a research cruise across the South China Sea in August 2016, covering an area of about 100,000 km2 to investigate the molecular diversity and distributions of micro-eukaryotic protists, with a focus on the potentially harmful microalgal (HAB) species along the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Environmental DNAs from 30 stations were extracted and DNA metabarcoding targeting the V4 and V9 markers in the 18S rDNA was performed. Many protistan molecular units, including previously unreported HAB taxa, were discovered for the first time in the water. Our findings also revealed interesting spatial distribution patterns, with a marked signal of compositional turnover between latitudinal regimes of water masses, where dinophytes and diatom compositions were among the most strongly enhanced at the fronts, leading to distinct niches. Our results further confirmed the widespread distribution of HAB species, such as the toxigenic Alexandrium tamiyavaichii and Pseudo-nitzschia species, and the fish-killing Margalefidinium polykrikoides and Karlodinium veneficum. The molecular information obtained from this study provides an updated HAB species inventory and a toolset that could facilitate existing HAB monitoring schemes in the region to better inform management decisions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  3. Fulltext LSTM Networks to Improve the Prediction of Harmful Algal Blooms in the West Coast of Sabah
    Yussof FN, Maan N, Md Reba MN
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2021 07 19;18(14).
    PMID: 34300100 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147650
    Harmful algal bloom (HAB) events have alarmed authorities of human health that have caused severe illness and fatalities, death of marine organisms, and massive fish killings. This work aimed to perform the long short-term memory (LSTM) method and convolution neural network (CNN) method to predict the HAB events in the West Coast of Sabah. The results showed that this method could be used to predict satellite time series data in which previous studies only used vector data. This paper also could identify and predict whether there is HAB occurrence in the region. A chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a; mg/L) variable was used as an HAB indicator, where the data were obtained from MODIS and GEBCO bathymetry. The eight-day dataset interval was from January 2003 to December 2018. The results obtained showed that the LSTM model outperformed the CNN model in terms of accuracy using RMSE and the correlation coefficient r as the statistical criteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom*
  4. The harmful raphidophyte Chattonella (Raphidophyceae) in Western Pacific: Its red tides and associated fisheries damage over the past 50 years (1969-2019)
    Lum WM, Benico G, Doan-Nhu H, Furio E, Leaw CP, Leong SCY, et al.
    Harmful Algae, 2021 07;107:102070.
    PMID: 34456025 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102070
    Red tides and associated fisheries damage caused by the harmful raphidophyte Chattonella were reassessed based on the documented local records for 50 years to understand the distribution and economic impacts of the harmful species in the Western Pacific. Blooms of Chattonella with fisheries damage have been recorded in East Asia since 1969, whereas they have been only recorded in Southeast Asia since the 1980s. Occurrences of Chattonella have been documented from six Southeast Asian countries, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam, with mass mortalities mainly of farmed shrimp in 1980-1990s, and farmed fish in 2000-2010s. These occurrences have been reported with the names of C. antiqua, C. marina, C. ovata, C. subsalsa and Chattonella sp., owing to the difficulty of microscopic species identification, and many were not supported with molecular data. To determine the distribution of C. marina complex and C. subsalsa in Southeast Asia, molecular phylogeny and microscopic observation were also carried out for cultures obtained from Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. The results revealed that only the genotype of C. marina complex has been detected from East Asia (China, Japan, Korea and Russia), whereas both C. marina complex (Indonesia and Malaysia) and C. subsalsa (Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) were found in Southeast Asia. Ejection of mucocysts has been recognized as a diagnostic character of C. subsalsa, but it was also observed in our cultures of C. marina isolated from Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, and Russia. Meanwhile, the co-occurrences of the two harmful Chattonella species in Southeast Asia, which are difficult to distinguish solely based on their morphology, suggest the importance of molecular identification of Chattonella genotypes for further understanding of their distribution and negative impacts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom*
  5. Research on red tide short-time prediction using GRU network model based on multi-feature Factors--A case in Xiamen sea area
    Xiao S, Jian-Feng L, Fang-Fang WAN, Xuan YU, Xiaoxiao S, Lu-Yao HAN, et al.
    Mar Environ Res, 2022 Dec;182:105727.
    PMID: 36334558 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105727
    Red tide caused severe impacts on marine fisheries, ecology, economy and human life safety. The formation mechanism of the red tide is rather complicated; thus, red tide prediction and forecasting have long been a research hotspot around the globe. This study collected ocean monitoring data before and after the occurrence of red tides in Xiamen sea area from 2009 to 2017. The Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to obtain the associated factors of red tide occurrence, including water temperature, saturated dissolved oxygen, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-aand potential of hydrogen. Then, we built a short-time red tide prediction model based on the combination of multiple feature factors. chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, saturated dissolved oxygen, potential of hydrogen, water temperature, salinity, turbidity, wind speed, wind direction and Air pressure were used as the input variables, building a short-time prediction model based on the combination of multiple feature factors to forecast red tide in the next 6 h by using the monitoring data. The accuracy of different forecast models with different feature combinations was compared. Results show that the distinguishing factors which have the most significant influence on red tide prediction in Xiamen are chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen, saturated dissolved oxygen, potential of hydrogen, and water temperature. the convergence speed of the Gated Recurrence Unit (GRU) prediction model based on the main feature factor proposed in this paper was faster and obtained the expected result, and the accuracy rates of the buoys are above 92%. The research shows the feasibility to use GRU network model to predict the occurrence of red tide with multi-feature factors as input parameters. the paper provides an effective method for the red tide early warning in Xiamen sea area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom*
  6. Diverse harmful microalgal community assemblages in the Johor Strait and the environmental effects on its community dynamics
    Hii KS, Mohd-Din M, Luo Z, Tan SN, Lim ZF, Lee LK, et al.
    Harmful Algae, 2021 07;107:102077.
    PMID: 34456026 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102077
    Coastal ecosystems are often subjected to anthropogenic disturbances that lead to water quality deterioration and an increase in harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. Using the next-generation molecular tool of 18S rDNA metabarcoding, we examined the community assemblages of HAB species in the Johor Strait, Malaysia between May 2018 and September 2019, covering 19 stations across the strait. The molecular operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of HAB taxa retrieved from the dataset (n = 194) revealed a much higher number of HAB taxa (26 OTUs) than before, with 12 taxa belong to new records in the strait. As revealed in the findings of this study, the diversity and community structure of HAB taxa varied significantly over time and space. The most common and abundant HAB taxa in the strait (frequency of occurrence >70%) comprised Heterosigma akashiwo, Fibrocapsa japonica, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, Dinophysis spp., Gymnodinium catenatum, Alexandrium leei, and A. tamiyavanichii. Also, our results demonstrated that the HAB community assemblages in the strait were dependent on the interplay of environmental variables that influence by the monsoonal effects. Different HAB taxa, constitute various functional types, occupied and prevailed in different environmental niches across space and time, leading to diverse community assemblages and population density. This study adds to the current understandings of HAB dynamics and provides a robust overview of temporal-spatial changes in HAB community assemblages along the environmental gradients in a tropical eutrophic coastal ecosystem.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  7. Over 30 years of HABs in the Philippines and Malaysia: What have we learned?
    Yñiguez AT, Lim PT, Leaw CP, Jipanin SJ, Iwataki M, Benico G, et al.
    Harmful Algae, 2021 02;102:101776.
    PMID: 33875175 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101776
    In the Southeast Asian region, the Philippines and Malaysia are two of the most affected by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Using long-term observations of HAB events, we determined if these are increasing in frequency and duration, and expanding across space in each country. Blooms of Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST)-producing species in the Philippines did increase in frequency and duration during the early to mid-1990s, but have stabilized since then. However, the number of sites affected by these blooms continue to expand though at a slower rate than in the 1990s. Furthermore, the type of HABs and causative species have diversified for both toxic blooms and fish kill events. In contrast, Malaysia showed no increasing trend in the frequency of toxic blooms over the past three decades since Pyrodinium bahamense was reported in 1976. However, similar to the Philippines, other PST producers such as Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium tamiyavanichii have become a concern. No amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) has been confirmed in either Philippines or Malaysia thus far, while ciguatera fish poisoning cases are known from the Philippines and Malaysia but the causative organisms remain poorly studied. Since the 1990s and early 2000s, recognition of the distribution of other PST-producing species such as species of Alexandrium and Gymnodinium catenatum in Southeast Asia has grown, though there has been no significant expansion in the known distributions within the last decade. A major more recent problem in the two countries and for Southeast Asia in general are the frequent fish-killing algal blooms of various species such as Prorocentrum cordatum, Margalefidinium polykrikoides, Chattonella spp., and unarmored dinoflagellates (e.g., Karlodinium australe and Takayama sp.). These new sites affected and the increase in types of HABs and causative species could be attributed to various factors such as introduction through mariculture and eutrophication, and partly because of increased scientific awareness. These connections still need to be more concretely investigated. The link to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) should also be better understood if we want to discern how climate change plays a role in these patterns of HAB occurrences.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  8. Fulltext Development of species-specific molecular marker for Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence
    CHIN, W. L., ANTON, A., KUMAR, S.V., TEOH, P. L.
    Buletin Persatuan Genetik Malaysia, 2010;17(1):5-8.
    MyJurnal
    In Malaysia, harmful algal blooms often occur along the coastal waters of west Sabah, where one of the causative organisms is the toxin-producing dinoflagellate, Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. A total of five P. bahamense var. compressum isolates were obtained from four locations and were cultured in f/2 medium. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based technique was developed and used to screen for the presence of the dinoflagellate, P. bahamense var. compressum. A dinoflagellate-specific primer pair was designed based on sequences of P. bahamense var. compressum to amplify the 18S small subunit ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences. The rDNA of the P. bahamense var. compressum isolates were obtained. A species-specific primer pair was designed to target a 600 bp rDNA sequence of the target dinoflagellate. The primer pair targeting P. bahamense var. compressum did not yield any product with the fifteen algae cultures used as negative controls, but only amplified the rDNA of P. bahamense var. compressum cultures. The PCR method for identification of P. bahamense var. compressum was also applied on twenty field samples collected with plankton net. P. bahamense var. compressum cells were detected by PCR in five field samples and were confirmed by direct sequencing. From this study, a species-specific primer pair was obtained to identify the target species, P. bahamense var. compressum, among the natural complex communities of seawater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  9. Harmful algal blooms in Malaysian waters
    Lim PT, Usup Gires, Leaw CP
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1509-1515.
    Harmful algal blooms (HABs) events have been increasingly reported in the country, not only of the frequency and severity of the events, but also involved more species than previously known. In this paper, a decadal review of HABs events in Malaysia is summarized. Bloom events caused by harmful dinoflagellate species including the shellfish poisoning events were highlighted. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is no longer restricted to Sabah coasts and Pyrodnium bahamense. Bloom of Alexandrium minutum was reported for the first time in the Peninsula with six persons hospitalized including one casualty after consuming the contaminated benthic clams. Algal blooms that are associated with incidence of massive fish kills have been reported from both east and west coasts of the Peninsula in conjunction to finfish mariculture loses. The culprits of these bloom events have been identified as the dinoflagellates, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Neoceratium furca, Prorocentrum minimum, Noctiluca scintillans and a raphidophyte, Chatonella ovata. In this paper, some of these HABs species were characterized morphologically and genetically, including their toxicity. Therefore, with the increase of coastal utilization and eutrophication, prevention, management and mitigation strategies, such as site selection, moving pens, clay spraying should be adopted to minimize the impact of these natural events.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  10. Microalgae identification: Future of image processing and digital algorithm
    Chong JWR, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Vo DN, Balakrishnan D, Banat F, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2023 Feb;369:128418.
    PMID: 36470491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128418
    The identification of microalgae species is an important tool in scientific research and commercial application to prevent harmful algae blooms (HABs) and recognizing potential microalgae strains for the bioaccumulation of valuable bioactive ingredients. The aim of this study is to incorporate rapid, high-accuracy, reliable, low-cost, simple, and state-of-the-art identification methods. Thus, increasing the possibility for the development of potential recognition applications, that could identify toxic-producing and valuable microalgae strains. Recently, deep learning (DL) has brought the study of microalgae species identification to a much higher depth of efficiency and accuracy. In doing so, this review paper emphasizes the significance of microalgae identification, and various forms of machine learning algorithms for image classification, followed by image pre-processing techniques, feature extraction, and selection for further classification accuracy. Future prospects over the challenges and improvements of potential DL classification model development, application in microalgae recognition, and image capturing technologies are discussed accordingly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  11. Resting Stage of Plankton Diversity from Singapore Coastal Water: Implications for Harmful Algae Blooms and Coastal Management
    Trottet A, Wilson B, Sew Wei Xin G, George C, Casten L, Schmoker C, et al.
    Environ Manage, 2018 02;61(2):275-290.
    PMID: 29204675 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0966-5
    Resting strategies of planktonic organisms are important for the ecological processes of coastal waters and their impacts should be taken into consideration in management of water bodies used by multiple industries. We combined different approaches to evaluate the importance of resting stages in Singapore coastal waters. We used molecular approaches to improve the knowledge on Singapore biodiversity, we sampled and extracted cysts from sediments to evaluate the density of resting stages in Johor Strait, and we compared systematically information on Singapore planktonic biodiversity to existing published information on resting stages from these reported organisms. This is the first study evaluating the importance of resting stages in Singapore waters. Above 120 species reported in Singapore are known to produce resting stages though no previous work has ever been done to evaluate the importance of these strategies in these waters. The results from the resting stage survey confirmed 0.66 to 5.34 cyst g-1 dry weight sediment were present in the Johor Strait suggesting that cysts may be flushed by tidal currents into and out of the strait regularly. This also suggest that the blooms occurring in Singapore are likely due to secondary growth of Harmful Algae Bloom species in the water rather than from direct germination of cysts from sediment. Finally, we discuss the importance of these resting eggs for three main national industries in Singapore (shipping, marine aquaculture and provision of drinking water through seawater desalination). We argue that this study will serve as a baseline for some of the future management of Singapore waters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom*
  12. Fulltext Loktanella spp. Gb03 as an algicidal bacterium, isolated from the culture of Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus belizeanus
    Bloh AH, Usup G, Ahmad A
    Vet World, 2016 Feb;9(2):142-6.
    PMID: 27051199 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.142-146
    AIM: Bacteria associated with harmful algal blooms can play a crucial role in regulating algal blooms in the environment. This study aimed at isolating and identifying algicidal bacteria in Dinoflagellate culture and to determine the optimum growth requirement of the algicidal bacteria, Loktanella sp. Gb-03.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Dinoflagellate culture used in this study was supplied by Professor Gires Usup's Laboratory, School of Environmental and Natural Resources Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia. The culture was used for the isolation of Loktanella sp., using biochemical tests, API 20 ONE kits. The fatty acid content of the isolates and the algicidal activity were further evaluated, and the phenotype was determined through the phylogenetic tree.

    RESULTS: Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped, aerobic bacteria (Gb01, Gb02, Gb03, Gb04, Gb05, and Gb06) were isolated from the Dinoflagellate culture. The colonies were pink in color, convex with a smooth surface and entire edge. The optimum growth temperature for the Loktanella sp. Gb03 isolate was determined to be 30°C, in 1% of NaCl and pH7. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the bacterium belonged to the genus Loktanella of the class Alphaproteobacteria and formed a tight cluster with the type strain of Loktanella pyoseonensis (97.0% sequence similarity).

    CONCLUSION: On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic data and genetic distinctiveness, strain Gb-03, were placed in the genus Loktanella as the type strain of species. Moreover, it has algicidal activity against seven toxic Dinoflagellate. The algicidal property of the isolated Loktanella is vital, especially where biological control is needed to mitigate algal bloom or targeted Dinoflagellates.

    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  13. Dinoflagellate bloom in tropical fish ponds of coastal waters of the South China Sea
    Shamsudin L, Awang A, Ambak A, Ibrahim S
    Environ Monit Assess, 1996 May;40(3):303-11.
    PMID: 24198160 DOI: 10.1007/BF00398875
    Red tide of dinoflagellate was observed in brackish water fish ponds of Terengganu along the coast of the South China Sea during the study period between January 1992 to December 1992. The nearby coastal moat water facing the South China Sea is the source of water for fish pond culture activities of sea bass during the study period. An examination of water quality in fish ponds during the study period indicated that both the organic nutrients were high during the pre-wet monsoon period. The source of the nutrients in coastal water was believed to be derived from the agro-based industrial effluents, fertilizers from paddy fields and untreated animal wastes. This coincided with the peak production of dinoflagellate in the water column in October 1992. The cell count ranges from 8.3 to 60.4×10.4×10(4)/l during the bloom peak period and the bloom species were compared entirely of non-toxic dinoflagellates with Protoperidinium quinquecorne occurring >90% of the total cell count. However, both cultured and indigenous fish species were seen to suffer from oxygen asphyxiation (suffocation due to lack of oxygen). The bloom lasted for a short period (4-5 days) with a massive cell collapse from subsurface to bottom water on the sixth day. The productivity values ranged from 5-25 C g/ l / h with a subsurface maximum value in October 1992. Two species of Ciliophora, Tintinnopsis and Favella, were observed to graze on these dinoflagellates at the end of the bloom period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  14. Fulltext Resting Cyst Distribution and Molecular Identification of the Harmful Dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in Lampung Bay, Sumatra, Indonesia
    Thoha H, Muawanah, Bayu Intan MD, Rachman A, Sianturi OR, Sidabutar T, et al.
    Front Microbiol, 2019;10:306.
    PMID: 30846977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00306
    Margalefidinium polykrikoides, an unarmored dinoflagellate, was suspected to be the causative agent of the harmful algal blooms - associated with massive fish mortalities - that have occurred continually in Lampung Bay, Indonesia, since the first bloom event in October 2012. In this study, after examination of the morphology of putative M. polykrikoides-like cysts sampled in bottom sediments, cyst bed distribution of this harmful species was explored in the inner bay. Sediment samples showed that resting cysts, including several morphotypes previously reported as M. polykrikoides, were most abundant on the northern coast of Lampung Bay, ranging from 20.6 to 645.6 cysts g-1 dry sediment. Molecular phylogeny inferred from LSU rDNA revealed that the so-called Mediterranean ribotype was detected in the sediment while M. polykrikoides motile cells, four-cell chain forming in bloom conditions, belonged to the American-Malaysian ribotype. Moreover, hyaline cysts, exclusively in the form of four-cell chains, were also recorded. Overall, these results unequivocally show that the species M. polykrikoides is abundantly present, in the form of vegetative cells, hyaline and resting cysts in an Indonesian area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  15. Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011
    Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP
    Harmful Algae, 2018 11;79:3-43.
    PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001
    Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom*
  16. Factors influencing the toxicity, detoxification and biotransformation of paralytic shellfish toxins
    Tan KS, Ransangan J
    Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, 2015;235:1-25.
    PMID: 25376112 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10861-2_1
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
  17. Fulltext Seafood poisoning symptom, treatment and prevention
    Yoshida, Teruaki, Zarinah Waheed, Mohd Yusof Ibrahim, Mohammad Illzam Elahee, Shahjee Hussain, Sharifa Mariam Uma Abdullah, et al.
    Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture, 2018;2(1):64-69.
    MyJurnal
    Food related disease or food poisoning is prevalent worldwide and is associated with high mortality. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, enterotoxins, mycotoxins, chemicals, histamine poisoning (scombroid) ciguatera and harmful algal bloom (HAB). Illness can also result by red tide while breathing in the aerosolized brevitoxins (i.e. PbTx or Ptychodiscus toxins). Bacterial toxin food poisoning can affect within 1-6 hours and 8-16 hours, and illness can be with or without bloody diarrhea. The common symptoms of food poisoning include abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. Diagnosis includes examination of leftover food, food preparation environment, food handlers, feces, vomitus, serum and blood. Treatment involves oral rehydration, antiemetic, and anti-peristaltic drugs. Antimicrobial agents may be needed in the treatment of shigellosis, cholera, lifesaving invasive salmonellosis and typhoid fever. Proper care in handling and cooking is important to prevent any food borne diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Harmful Algal Bloom
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