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Diversity and distribution of stream fishes of Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia

Izzati Adilah Azmir, Abdullah Samat

Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39.

Fishes from five streams in Gunung Machinchang and six streams in Gunung Raya areas of Pulau Langkawi were surveyed with the aim to investigate their diversity and distribution. Fish samples were collected from 23rd to 29th November 2007. Samplings took place along the 50 m reach of each of the site using an electrofisher and scoop nets. A total of 619 individuals of fish comprising 27 species and 14 families were recorded. Sixty-six percent from the taxa listed were of the cyprinids and Puntius binotatus was the most abundant species. Carassius auratus auratus was recorded for the first time in Pulau Langkawi. Streams of the Gunung Machinchang area were dominated by secondary freshwater fish species, but in the Gunung Raya area the streams were dominated by primary freshwater fish species. The highest diversity of fish was recorded for Sg. Kubang Badak with Simpson Index Ds = 0.838 and the lowest was for Sg. Perangin with Ds = 0.450. The highest evenness index of fish species was detected for Sg. Temurun with Es = 0.684 and the lowest was for Sg. Perangin with Es = 0.299. Species overlapping between streams of the two areas was 9.6%.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish
Fulltext Effects of supplementing coated methionine in a high plant-protein diet on growth, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzymes activity and expression of TOR signaling pathway associated genes in gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio

Du Y, Lin X, Shao X, Zhao J, Xu H, de Cruz CR, et al.

Front Immunol, 2024;15:1319698.
PMID: 38646543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1319698

This study explored the impacts of supplementation of different levels of coated methionine (Met) in a high-plant protein diet on growth, blood biochemistry, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzymes activity and expression of genes related to TOR signaling pathway in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibeilo). A high-plant protein diet was formulated and used as a basal diet and supplemented with five different levels of coated Met at 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60 and 0.75%, corresponding to final analyzed Met levels of 0.34, 0.49, 0.64, 0.76, 0.92 and 1.06%. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight, 11.37 ± 0.02 g) (20 fish per replicate) were fed the test diets over a 10-week feeding period. The results indicated that with the increase of coated Met level, the final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate initially boosted and then suppressed, peaking at 0.76% Met level (P< 0.05). Increasing dietary Met level led to significantly increased muscle crude protein content (P< 0.05) and reduced serum alanine aminotransferase activity (P< 0.05). Using appropriate dietary Met level led to reduced malondialdehyde concentration in hepatopancreas (P< 0.05), improved superoxide dismutase activity (P< 0.05), and enhanced intestinal amylase and protease activities (P< 0.05). The expression levels of genes associated with muscle protein synthesis such as insulin-like growth factor-1, protein kinase B, target of rapamycin and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 mRNA were significantly regulated, peaking at Met level of 0.76% (P< 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing optimal level of coated Met improved on fish growth, antioxidant capacity, and the expression of TOR pathway related genes in muscle. The optimal dietary Met level was determined to be 0.71% of the diet based on quadratic regression analysis of WG.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish/genetics; Goldfish/growth & development; Goldfish/metabolism
Fulltext Freshwater fishes of gunung jerai, kedah darul aman: a preliminary study

Shah AS, Hashim ZH, Sah SA

Trop Life Sci Res, 2009 Dec;20(2):59-70.
PMID: 24575179 MyJurnal

A total of 37 fish species from 14 families were observed during surveys conducted from January to March 2005 at 8 selected streams near the Gunung Jerai Forest Reserve. The list includes two species (Rasbora trilineata and Systomus partipentazona) that were visually identified at the lower part of the Sungai Teroi stream. Single specimens of Leiocassis micropogon, Clarias macrocephalus and Hampala macrolepidota were also obtained at certain sampling stations. Devario regina and Systomus binotatus were the most abundant species at all sampling stations. However, the list is still incomplete as the study was carried out over a short time period and there are large areas that have not yet been surveyed. The presence of exotic species (Carassius auratus) at Sungai Badak indicates anthropogenic influences. Therefore, a long-term monitoring program for Gunung Jerai Forest Reserve streams should be planned and carried out to assess the impacts of future development on fish biodiversity and water quality.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish
Transcriptome analysis in the skin of Carassius auratus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila

Wang R, Hu X, Lü A, Liu R, Sun J, Sung YY, et al.

Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2019 Nov;94:510-516.
PMID: 31541778 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.039

Skin plays an important role in the innate immune responses of fish, particularly towards bacterial infection. To understand the molecular mechanism of mucosal immunity of fish during bacterial challenge, a de novo transcriptome assembly of crucian carp Carassius auratus skin upon Aeromonas hydrophila infection was performed, the latter with Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform. A total of 118111 unigenes were generated and of these, 9693 and 8580 genes were differentially expressed at 6 and 12 h post-infection, respectively. The validity of the transcriptome results of eleven representative genes was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. A comparison with the transcriptome profiling of zebrafish skin to A. hydrophila with regards to the mucosal immune responses revealed similarities in the complement system, chemokines, heat shock proteins and the acute-phase response. GO and KEGG enrichment pathway analyses displayed the significant immune responses included TLR, MAPK, JAK-STAT, phagosome and three infection-related pathways (ie., Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae and pathogenic Escherichia coli) in skin. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe the transcriptome analysis of C. auratus skin during A. hydrophila infection. The outcome of this study contributed to the understanding of the mucosal defense mechanisms in cyprinid species.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish/genetics*; Goldfish/immunology*
Kidney activity increases in copper exposed goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus)

Moyson S, Liew HJ, Fazio A, Van Dooren N, Delcroix A, Faggio C, et al.

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2016 Dec;190:32-37.
PMID: 27521798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.003

In the present study, the effect of copper was examined in the common goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus). Fish were fasted and exposed to either a high (0.84μM), a low (0.34μM) or a control copper concentration (0.05μM) for 1 and 7days. Swimming performance was not affected by either fasting or copper exposure. Food deprivation alone had no effect on ionoregulation, but low plasma osmolality levels and plasma Na(+) were noticed in fasted fish exposed to Cu for 7days. Both gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and H(+)-ATPase activities were undisturbed, while both kidney ATPase activities were up-regulated when challenged with the high Cu levels. Up-regulated kidney ATPase activities likely acted as compensatory strategy to enhance Na(+) reabsorption. However, this up-regulation was not sufficient to restore Na(+) to control levels in the highest exposure group.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish/blood; Goldfish/metabolism*
Motility, viability and fertility of goldfish Carassius auratus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) post short-term cryopreservation

Nurlaili N, Eriani K, Salma I, Maulida S, Rahayu SR, Handayani LS, et al.

Cryo Letters, 2023;44(3):169-177.
PMID: 37883170

BACKGRUND: Goldfish Carassius auratus is a popular ornamental fish extensively cultured worldwide. Sperm cryopreservation is a common fish breeding method that ensures sperm availability around the year. Studies on cryopreservation of goldfish sperm, especially on the suitability of cryoprotectant types and pre-freezing time, are scarcely available.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the most suitable type of cryoprotectant and pre-freezing for the successful cryopreservation of goldfish sperm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A completely randomized design with two factors was utilized in this study. The first factor is the type of cryoprotectants, which included methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and DMSO. The second is pre-freezing times of 10, 20, 30, and 40 min at each of the pre-freezing temperatures of 4 degree C, -10 degree C, and -79 degree C, meaning that the total times for the ramping down of temperature were 30, 60, 90 and 120 min, respectively. The Ringer solution and 10% egg yolk were used as extender and extracellular cryoprotectant. The sperm was stored at -179 degree C for 7 days.
RESULTS: The ANOVA test showed that cryoprotectants and pre-freezing significantly affected the motility, viability, and fertility of goldfish sperm after freezing in liquid nitrogen for 7 days (P<0.05). Furthermore, 10% DMSO combined with 15% egg yolk with an pre-freezing time of 20 min can maintain sperm motility, viability, and fertility higher than other treatments, by 79%, 80%, and 33%, respectively. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed no DNA fragmentation in all samples, including fresh sperm.
CONCLUSION: We conclude that 10% DMSO combined with 15% egg yolk and 20 min pre-freezing is the best treatment for goldfish sperm cryopreservation. DOI: 10.54680/fr23310110412.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish
Monogenean parasites infect ornamental fish imported to Australia

Trujillo-González A, Becker JA, Vaughan DB, Hutson KS

Parasitol Res, 2018 Apr;117(4):995-1011.
PMID: 29427156 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5776-z

The ornamental fish trade provides a pathway for the global translocation of aquatic parasites. We examined a total of 1020 fish imported from Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, or Sri Lanka to Australia (including freshwater and marine fish species) for monogenean ectoparasites. Fish were received following veterinary certification that they showed no clinical signs of pests and diseases from the exporting country and visual inspection at Australian border control. Australian import conditions require mandatory treatment for goldfish with parasiticides (e.g. trichlorfon, formaldehyde, sodium chloride) for the presence of gill flukes (Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 and Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller and Van Cleave, 1932) prior to export. Over 950 individual parasites were detected in five imported fish species, representing 14 monogenean species. Seven Dactylogyrus spp. including D. vastator and three Gyrodactylus spp. infected goldfish, Carassius auratus Linnaeus, 1758, from Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. Dactylogyrus ostraviensis Řehulka, 1988, infected rosy barb, Pethia conchonius Hamilton, 1822, from Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand while two Trianchoratus spp. infected three spot gourami, Trichopodus trichopterus Pallas, 1970 and pearl gourami Trichopodus leerii Bleeker, 1852, from Sri Lanka. Urocleidoides reticulatus Mizelle & Price, 1964, infected guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, from Sri Lanka. The discovery of D. vastator in goldfish, as well as 13 other monogenean species, shows that pre-export health requirements, which include chemical treatment of goldfish, and inspection of all ornamental fish species did not prevent infection by monogeneans. Inspection prior to exportation and at border control must account for the highly cryptic nature of monogenean parasites and consider alternatives to current pre-export conditions and visual inspection at border control.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish/parasitology*
Fulltext Evolution of Structural and Functional Diversity of Spexin in Mammalian and Non-mammalian Vertebrate Species

Lim CH, Lee MYM, Soga T, Parhar I

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2019;10:379.
PMID: 31275244 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00379

Spexin (SPX) is a novel neuropeptide, which was first identified in the human genome using bioinformatics. Since then, orthologs of human SPX have been identified in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. The mature sequence of SPX, NWTPQAMLYLKGAQ, is evolutionally conserved across vertebrate species, with some variations in teleost species where Ala at position 13 is substituted by Thr. In mammals, the gene structure of SPX comprises six exons and five introns, however, variation exists within non-mammalian species, goldfish and zebrafish having five exons while grouper has six exons. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis, reveal that SPX is grouped together with two neuropeptides, kisspeptin (KISS) and galanin (GAL) as a family of peptides with a common evolutionary ancestor. A paralog of SPX, termed SPX2 has been identified in non-mammalians but not in the mammalian genome. Ligand-receptor interaction study also shows that SPX acts as a ligand for GAL receptor 2 (2a and 2b in non-mammalian vertebrates) and 3. SPX acts as a neuromodulator with multiple central and peripheral physiological roles in the regulation of insulin release, fat metabolism, feeding behavior, and reproduction. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the evolutionary diversity as well as molecular and physiological roles of SPX in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrate species.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish
Presence of a predator image in potential breeding sites and oviposition responses of a dengue vector

Dieng H, Satho T, Suradi NFB, Hakim H, Abang F, Aliasan NE, et al.

Acta Trop, 2017 Dec;176:446-454.
PMID: 28865898 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.033

In dengue vector control, attempts to minimize or replace the use of pesticides have mostly involved use of predators, but success has been severely impeded by difficulties associated with financial and environmental costs, predator mass production, and persistence in target habitats. Visual deterrents have been used successfully to control animal pests, in some cases in an effort to replace pesticide use. Despite evidence that visual signals are crucial in site choice for egg deposition by dengue vectors, and that female mosquitoes respond to artificial predation, the role of predator intimidation as it affects the oviposition behavior of dengue vectors remains largely unexplored. Here, we examined the oviposition responses of Aedes aegypti exposed to various mosquito predator pictures. Gravid females were presented with equal opportunities to oviposit in two cups with predator images [Toxorhynchites splendens-TXI, Goldfish (Carassius auratus)-small (SFI) and large (LFI) and Tx. splendens+Goldfish-TXFI] and two others without pictures. Differences in egg deposition were examined between sites with and without these images. When given a chance to oviposit in cups with and without TXI, Ae. aegypti females were similarly attracted to both sites. When provided an opportunity to oviposit in cups displaying pictures of fish (SFI or LFI) and blank cups, egg deposition rates were much lower in the fish picture sites. Females showed a preference for blank cups over TXFI for egg deposition. They also equally avoided cups with pictures of fish, regardless of the size of the picture. Our results indicate that the presence of images of goldfish and their association with Tx. larvae significantly reduced egg deposition by Ae. aegypti, and this was not the case with the predatory larvae alone. The observations that the images of natural predators can repel gravid females of a dengue vector provide novel possibilities to develop effective and inexpensive alternative tools to harmful insecticides.

Matched MeSH terms: Goldfish