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Pengujian kesesuaian taburan normal berdasarkan statistik Cramer-von Mises

Ani Shabri, Abdul Aziz Jemain

Sains Malaysiana, 2007;36:201-206.

Sejak taburan normal ditemui dan ianya merupakan salah satu taburan yang penting dalam statistik, terdapat banyak pengujian statistik yang dibangunkan untuk menguji kenormalan data. Namun begitu masih tidak banyak kajian yang dilakukan untuk melihat kembali keupayaan pengujian statistik yang sedia ada. Sebahagian daripada pengujian statistik didapati mudah tetapi hanya sesuai untuk sesuatu keadaan. Dalam kajian ini, pengujian statistik berdasarkan statistik Cramer-von Mises cuba diperbaiki berdasarkan rumus Weibull. Kekuatan statistik yang baru ini dibandingkan kekuatan dengan statistik traditional Anderson-Darling (AD), Cramer von-Mises (CR), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) dan Shapiro-Wilk (SW). Kajian simulasi berdasarkan beberapa taburan yang berbeza menunjukkan pengujian statistik yang dicadangkan paling sesuai untuk menguji kenormalan.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Fulltext Kepesatan pembangunan dan pemodenan angkatan tentera malaysia (atm) di era perang dingin dan pasca perang dingin

Ahmad Shah Pakeer Mohamed, Nazariah Osman, Mohamad Faisol Keling

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2020;5(12):160-169.
MyJurnal

“Fenomena anarki” telah mempengaruhi kebanyakan negara untuk memberikan tumpuan dan
perhatian terhadap pembangunan Angkatan ketenteraan bagi menjamin keselamatan untuk tujuan
kelangsungan hidup. Manakala merujukkan kepada teori neo-realisme, teori ini mengatakan dilema
keselamatan sebagai situasi yang sentiasa ada ancaman yang cuba untuk menggugat keselamatan
negara mahupun ianya dari bentuk unsur ancaman tradisional mahupun dari unsur dari ancaman bukan
dari tradisional. Akibat dari senario keselamatan dan sifat anarki dalam sistem antarabangsa, keadaan
ini akan menyebabkan negara perlu bergantung pada diri sendiri untuk kelangsungan hidup. Ini
merujuk kepada konsep self help atau self reliance di mana setiap negara mempunyai kepentingan
negara mereka tersendiri dalam meneruskan kelangsungan hidup dalam sistem antarabangsa. Melihat
dari sudut Angkatan Tentera Malaysia (ATM,) perspektif pembangunan dan pemodenan ATM semasa
era Perang Dingin dan Pasca Perang Dingin ternyata mempunyai perubahan yang signifikan di mana
pembangunan ATM sebelum tahun 1990 lebih bersifat konvensional dan pasca Perang Dingin
memperlihatkan pembangunan ATM bersifat lebih strategik.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Fulltext Impak ekopelancongan terhadap pemerkasaan wanita, kesaksamaan gender dan pembangunan komuniti

Kartina Narwan

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019;4(6):139-151.
MyJurnal

Pemerkasaan wanita adalah salah satu syarat utama untuk mencapai kesaksamaan gender. Kajiankajian terdahulu mendapati sektor ekopelancongan berpotensi untuk memperkasa wanita dan merapatkan jurang gender dalam sesebuah komuniti. Namun begitu, sehingga kini masih wujud ketidaksaksamaan gender dalam sektor ekopelancongan dan ini telah memperlahankan proses pemerkasaan wanita dan seterusnya mempengaruhi pencapaian pembangunan komuniti khususnya di luar bandar. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan perspektif gender untuk menganalisis kriteria-kriteria ketidaksaksamaan gender yang masih wujud dalam sektor ekopelancongan di luar bandar, Sabah. Disamping itu, kajian ini juga cuba untuk menilai sejauhmana sektor ekopelancongan mampu mengurangkan jurang ketidaksaksamaan gender serta mampu memperkasa wanita di luar bandar. Walaupun sebelum ini terdapat pelbagai kajian yang telah dilakukan di Sabah berkaitan isu ekopelancongan, namun pendekatan perspektif gender dalam kajian ekopelancongan di Malaysia khususnya di Sabah masih kurang. Untuk memenuhi kekurangan tersebut, kajian ini mengaplikasi pendekatan perspektif tersebut untuk menganalisis impak aktiviti sektor ekopelancongan di luar bandar terhadap pemerkasaan wanita, tahap pencapaian kearah kesaksamaan gender serta kesannya kepada pembangunan komuniti. Kajian ini dijalankan dalam dua buah kampung di Kota Belud iaitu Kampung Rampayan Laut dan Kampung Nanamun, iaitu dua buah kampung yang terlibat mengusahakan aktiviti-aktiviti berkaitan ekopelancongan.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Fulltext Pendekatan neo-realisem dalam filem alternative nasi lemak 2.0

Mohd Hanafi Jumrah, Haryati Abdul Karim

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019;4(6):126-138.
MyJurnal

Filem-filem alternatif bukan hanya sekadar cerita, tetapi terdapat mesej dan idea yang tersirat yang wujud sebagai wadah media menyampaikan sesuatu ideologi. Idea yang dilontarkan melalui filem alternatif lebih bersifat kritikal dalam memaparkan realiti hubungan etnik di Malaysia. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada resepsi audiens remaja terhadap filem alternatif Malaysia yang mana tumpuan adalah kepada pendekatan neo-realisme yang wujud dalam penafsiran mesej di antara informan dengan teks filem alternatif Nasi Lemak 2.0 (NL 2.0). Kajian ini juga melihat adakah wujud pendekatan neorealisem dalam penafsiran mesej di antara informan dengan teks filem? Kajian ini menggunakan dua kaedah analisis iaitu analisis tekstual dan analisis tematik dalam mencari pendekatan neo-realisem yang wujud dalam filem NL 2.0 ini. Kajian ini terdiri daripada 56 orang pelajar iaitu 28 orang pelajar lelaki dan 28 pelajar perempuan dari pelbagai etnik. Neo-realisme adalah gambaran awal tentang sesuatu perkara sebenar (terutamanya aspek kehidupan) dan tidak bersifat khayalan (Bazin Andre diterjemah oleh Gray Hugh, 1972). Pendekatan neo-realisme yang dipaparkan oleh Namewee dalam filem ini sangat jelas melalui representasi kepelbagaian kebudayaan etnik di Malaysia. Pendekatan neo-realisme ini membawa kepada cerminan realiti kehidupan masyarakat kepelbagaian etnik di Malaysia pada masa kini yang mana informan mengaitkan naskah filem alternatif ini dengan kehidupan seharian. Selain itu juga, kajian ini melihat pendekatan neo-realisme membentuk sosiobudaya kepelbagaian etnik dalam naskah filem dan realiti sebenar informan. Penghasilan filem ini cuba memaparkan masyarakat Malaysia yang pelbagai etnik secara semulajadi dan jelaslah menunjukkan bahawa filem alternatif sebagai wadah penyampaian ideologi yang membentuk penyatuan dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Analisis potensi kebakaran hutan menggunakan teknik georuang dan permodelan AHP di Selangor, Malaysia

Mohd Dini Hairi Suliman, Mastura Mahmud

Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:579-586.

Kejadian kebakaran hutan yang memberikan implikasi negatif terhadap ekosistem hutan, kepelbagaian biologi, kualiti udara dan struktur tanah dapat dikurangkan melalui sistem pengurusan bencana yang berkesan. Mekanisme pengurusan bencana dapat dibangunkan melalui sistem amaran awal yang tepat serta sistem penyampaian maklumat yang cekap. Penyelidikan ini cuba memberi tumpuan kepada pemetaan potensi kebakaran hutan serta penyampaian maklumat kepada
pengguna melalui aplikasi WebGIS. Teknologi georuang dan permodelan matematik digunakan bagi mengenal pasti, mengelas serta memetakan kawasan hutan yang berpotensi untuk terbakar. Permodelan model proses analitik hierarki (AHP) serta teknologi georuang yang merangkumi penderiaan jauh, sistem maklumat geografi (GIS) dan pengumpulan data lapangan secara digital telah digunakan untuk negeri Selangor. AHP adalah suatu teknik yang dapat memodel sesuatu
keputusan yang meliputi objektif menyeluruh, dalam kajian ini untuk mencari kawasan yang berpotensi berlakunya kebakaran hutan. Tiga kriteria iaitu bahan bakar, bentuk topografi dan faktor manusia telah dipilih untuk membina satu reka bentuk hierarki berstruktur yang setiapnya diberikan pemberat. Kemudian hierarki ini dianalisis melalui satu siri perbandingan berpasangan yang diproses secara matematik dan keutamaan diberikan kepada kedudukan yang tinggi untuk mencapai hasil sumbangan pakar yang terlibat secara langsung dengan operasi pemadaman kebakaran hutan
yang terdiri daripada pegawai Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia juga dinilai dalam model ini. Hasil kajian mendapati 65% daripada keseluruhan Selangor berpotensi rendah untuk terbakar sementara kawasan seluas 32.83 km persegi iaitu di Bestari Jaya, Ulu Tinggi dan Kuala Langat berpotensi melampau terbakar. Paparan maklumat melalui aplikasi WebGIS ini merupakan satu pendekatan terbaik bagi membantu proses membuat keputusan pada tahap keyakinan yang tinggi dan hampir menyamai keadaan sebenar. Agensi yang terlibat dalam pengurusan bencana
seperti Jawatankuasa Pengurusan dan Bantuan Bencana (JPBB) Daerah, Negeri dan Pusat serta Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia dapat menggunakan hasil akhir kajian ini sebagai persediaan menghadapi ancaman kebakaran hutan pada masa akan datang.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
[AIDS in the world]

Sykepl Fag, 1993 Aug 31;81(4):38.
PMID: 8220535
Matched MeSH terms: Cuba/epidemiology
Fulltext Body-mass index, blood pressure, diabetes and cardiovascular mortality in Cuba: prospective study of 146,556 participants

Armas Rojas NB, Lacey B, Soni M, Charles S, Carter J, Varona-Pérez P, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2021 05 27;21(1):963.
PMID: 34039286 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10911-9

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease accounts for about one-third of all premature deaths (ie, age Cuba. Yet, the relevance of major risk factors, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes, and body-mass index (BMI), to cardiovascular mortality in this population remains unclear.
METHODS: In 1996-2002, 146,556 adults were recruited from the general population in five areas of Cuba. Participants were interviewed, measured (height, weight and blood pressure) and followed up by electronic linkage to national death registries until Jan 1, 2017; in 2006-08, 24,345 participants were resurveyed. After excluding all with missing data, cardiovascular disease at recruitment, and those who died in the first 5 years, Cox regression (adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol and, where appropriate, BMI) was used to relate cardiovascular mortality rate ratios (RRs) at ages 35-79 years to SBP, diabetes and BMI; RR were corrected for regression dilution to give associations with long-term average (ie, 'usual') levels of SBP and BMI.
RESULTS: After exclusions, there were 125,939 participants (mean age 53 [SD12]; 55% women). Mean SBP was 124 mmHg (SD15), 5% had diabetes, and mean BMI was 24.2 kg/m2 (SD3.6); mean SBP and diabetes prevalence at recruitment were both strongly related to BMI. During follow-up, there were 4112 cardiovascular deaths (2032 ischaemic heart disease, 832 stroke, and 1248 other). Cardiovascular mortality was positively associated with SBP (>=120 mmHg), diabetes, and BMI (>=22.5 kg/m2): 20 mmHg higher usual SBP about doubled cardiovascular mortality (RR 2.02, 95%CI 1.88-2.18]), as did diabetes (2.15, 1.95-2.37), and 10 kg/m2 higher usual BMI (1.92, 1.64-2.25). RR were similar in men and in women. The association with BMI and cardiovascular mortality was almost completely attenuated following adjustment for the mediating effect of SBP. Elevated SBP (>=120 mmHg), diabetes and raised BMI (>=22.5 kg/m2) accounted for 27%, 14%, and 16% of cardiovascular deaths, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: This large prospective study provides direct evidence for the effects of these major risk factors on cardiovascular mortality in Cuba. Despite comparatively low levels of these risk factors by international standards, the strength of their association with cardiovascular death means they nevertheless exert a substantial impact on premature mortality in Cuba.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba/epidemiology
Fulltext Teori darwinisme sosial: suatu pendekatan barat dalam mentamadunkan penduduk di Borneo utara menerusi perspektif sejarah

Noorazmil Bin Noorta, Maureen De Silva

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019;4(6):114-125.
MyJurnal

Darwinisme sosial merupakan sebuah teori yang diagungkan oleh kuasa Barat bagi mewujudkan jurang perbezaan manusia dalam pelbagai aspek dengan mengangkat status mereka sebagai bangsa ‘superior’, manakala bangsa kulit hitam dan berwarna pula dikategorikan sebagai ‘inferior’ atau “lesser breed’’ pada abad ke-19. Justeru kajian ini akan memberi tumpuan kepada analisis bagaimana kuasa barat cuba untuk mengimplementasikan teori ini kepada penduduk di Borneo Utara dengan menggunakan dan menerapkan sistem sosial serta budaya mereka sebagai acuan bagi membentuk masyarakat yang mempunyai ketamadunan moden seperti yang mereka percayai bahawa itu merupakan tanggungjawab mereka menerusi slogan “white man burden”. Bagi mencapai objektif ini, kaedah kajian secara kualitatif telah digunakan dengan merujuk kepada sumber primer dan sekunder sebagai sumber utama. Sumber-sumber tersebut merupakan bahan yang dapat diakses di Arkib Negeri dan perpustakaan, serta terdiri daripada buku dan artikel yang terdapat dalam jurnal. Selain itu, sumber daripada laman sesawang yang releven juga digunakan bagi mengukuhkan hujah dan perbincangannya. Dapatan utama kajian ini mendapati bahawa penjajahan kuasa barat khususnya British dalam menguasai Borneo Utara bukan hanya bermatlamatkan pengeksploitasian ekonomi sahaja, namun mereka juga bertujuan untuk mengubah kehidupan tradisional penduduk tempatan memandangkan mereka beranggapan bahawa itu adalah suatu tanggungjawab yang mereka pikul dalam mendidik bangsa yang lebih rendah dari mereka, banyak berkait rapat dengan status dan maruah mereka sebagai kuasa imperialis yang mempromosikan ketamadunan. Maka, demi mencapai matlamat tersebut, pelbagai transformasi dan perubahan yang telah dilakukan oleh British dalam pelbagai aspek bagi mengubah taraf hidup penduduk tempatan khususnya dalam aspek ekonomi, politik dan sosial. Oleh itu, penulis akan membincangkan secara lebih mendalam mengenai justifikasi teori tersebut, serta dengan lebih lanjut bagi membincangkan apakah aspek dan pendekatan yang digunakan oleh Barat dalam mentamadunkan penduduk di Borneo Utara seperti apa yang mereka percayai menurut Darwinisme Sosial.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Penagihan heroin: Implikasi kepada saraf otak, ingatan serta pengaruhnya terhadap fenomena tingkah laku relaps dengan menggunakan FMRI

Chandralekah SV, Wan Shahrazad WS, Khairudin R, Syazarina SO, Mahamood Y

Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2013;olume 27:55-71.

Kes relaps dalam kalangan penagih dadah heroin semakin meningkat bilangannya di Malaysia. Kajian ini cuba mengaitkan kes relaps ini dengan tempoh penyalahgunaan heroin terhadap daya ingatan dan bahagian otak dalam usaha meleraikan persoalan tingkah laku relaps. Seramai 45 orang subjek terlibat dalam kajian ini. Kesemua subjek dipilih secara rawak berdasarkan kepada tempoh penagihan. Subjek dibahagi berdasarkan tempoh penagihan singkat, penagihan lama dan subjek normal. Setiap kumpulan diwakili seramai 15 orang subjek. Kajian ini dijalankan secara eksperimen selari dengan menggunakan ujian tingkah laku melalui ujian ingatan N-Back dan juga ujian pengimejan melalui ujian (fMRI). Dapatan data daripada ujian tingkah laku dianalisis menggunakan Program SPSS. Manakala data daripada ujian kefungsian pengimejan resonans magnet (fMRI) dianalisis menggunakan perisian pemetaan statistik berparameter (SPM) dan MATLAB (r2008a). Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan ujian ANOVA rekabentuk campuran (repeated measure) dan juga Post Hoc serta analisis kesan rawak (RFX) untuk melihat tahap pengaktifan otak yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan SPM. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa daya ingatan berbeza secara signifikan mengikut tempoh pengambilan, wujud interaksi yang signifikan antara tempoh pengambilan dadah dengan ujian N-Back, dan perbezaan corak pengaktifan pada bahagian otak dalam kumpulan eksperimen dan kawalan mengikut kesukaran ujian N-Back yang diberikan. Kajian ini menunjukkan semakin tinggi tempoh penagihan semakin kurang pengaktifan bahagian otak dan semakin tinggilah kecenderungan penagih untuk merelaps.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
First Report of Stem-End Rot of Mango Caused by Phomopsis mangiferae in Taiwan

Ko Y, Liu CW, Chen CY, Maruthasalam S, Lin CH

Plant Dis, 2009 Jul;93(7):764.
PMID: 30764368 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-93-7-0764A

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is grown on approximately 20,000 ha in Taiwan. It is an economically important crop and the income of many fruit farmers comes primarily from mango production. During 2006 and 2007, a stem-end rot disease was observed 1 week after harvest on 28 to 36% of stored mangoes picked from six orchards in the Pingtung, Tainan, and Kaoshiung regions. Two popular mango cultivars, Keitt and Irwin, showed greater susceptibility to this disease, while 'Haden' was found to be moderately susceptible. In storage, symptoms initially appeared as light-to-dark brown lesions surrounding peduncles. Rot symptoms advanced slowly but eventually penetrated the mesocarp, which consequently reduced the commercial value of fruits. The fungus formed abundant pycnidia (0.1 to 0.6 mm in diameter) on infected fruits in advanced stages of symptom development. Pieces of symptomatic fruits plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 ± 1°C consistently yielded the same fungus. A single conidial isolate was cultured. Pycnidia developed on PDA after continuous exposure to light for 9 to 14 days. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Phomopsis mangiferae L. (2,3). Pycnidia released two types of conidia: α-conidia (5 to 10 × 2.3 to 4.0 μm) were hyaline and oval to fusoid; and β-conidia (15.0 to 37.5 × 1.3 to 2.5 μm) were hyaline and filiform with characteristic curves. Conidiophores were hyaline, filiform, simple or branched, septate, and 15 to 75 μm long. Cultures incubated under continuous fluorescent light (185 ± 35 μE·m-2·s-1) at 25°C for 3 days were used as inoculum for pathogenicity tests. Five fruits from 'Keitt' were wounded with a sterilized scalpel and each wound (2 × 2 × 2 mm) was inoculated with either a 5-mm mycelium agar plug or a 0.5-ml spore suspension (105 conidia per ml) of the fungus. Five wounded fruits inoculated with 5-mm PDA plugs or sterile water alone served as controls. Inoculated areas were covered with moist, sterile cotton. Fruits were enclosed in plastic bags and incubated at 24°C for 3 days. The test was performed three times. The same symptoms were observed on all inoculated fruits, whereas no decay was observed on control fruits. Reisolations from the inoculated fruits consistently yielded P. mangiferae, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This disease has previously been reported in Australia, Brazil, China, Cuba, India, Malaysia, and the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. mangiferae causing stem-end rot disease on mangoes in Taiwan. Our report necessitates taking preventive strategies in the field, prior to or after harvest, to contain postharvest losses in mangoes. References: (1) G. I. Johnson. Page 39 in: Compendium of Tropical Fruit Diseases. R. C. Ploetz et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1994. (2) R. C. Ploetz, ed. Page 354 in: Diseases of Tropical Fruit Crops. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, UK, 2003. (3) E. Punithalingam. No. 1168 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1993.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
THE PATTERNS OF DYADIC FOREIGN CONFLICT FOR 1963

Hall D, Rummel RJ

Multivariate Behav Res, 1970 Apr 1;5(3):275-93.
PMID: 26812697 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr0503_2

Five patterns of dyadic foreign conflict behavior were delineated for 1963. The first of these patterns was negative communications, which accounted for patterns, violence intensity, and warning and defensive acts, marked the general decrease in military activity from 1966 to 1963. The most militant conflict behavior in 1963 was that of China to Taiwan and Taiwan to China. There were a number of warning and defensive acts, most noteworthy being those of Indonesia to Malaysia and Malaysia to Indonesia. Negative sanctions and unofficial incidence of violence were the most stable patterns of foreign conflict behavior between 1966 to 1963, each accounting for about ten percent of foreign conflict behavior. The United States was involved in a number of sanctions directed against Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Russia, and South Vietnam. The unofficial incidents of violence occurred most frequently in the less developed, smaller nations, and were frequently directed against major world powers. The negative communication pattern characterized the primary behavior of the major world powers.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Detection of Sugarcane yellow leaf virus in Quarantine and Production of Virus-free Sugarcane by Apical Meristem Culture

Chatenet M, Delage C, Ripolles M, Irey M, Lockhart BEL, Rott P

Plant Dis, 2001 Nov;85(11):1177-1180.
PMID: 30823163 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.11.1177

Sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) was detected for the first time in 1996 in the Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) sugarcane quarantine at Montpellier by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in varieties from Brazil, Florida, Mauritius, and Réunion. Between 1997 and 2000, the virus was found by RT-PCR and/or tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) in additional varieties from Barbados, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Taiwan, suggesting a worldwide distribution of the pathogen. An excellent correlation was observed between results obtained for the two diagnostic techniques. However, even though only a few false negative results were obtained by either technique, both are now used to detect SCYLV in CIRAD's sugarcane quarantine in Montpellier. The pathogen was detected by TBIA or RT-PCR in all leaves of sugarcane foliage, but the highest percentage of infected vascular bundles was found in the top leaves. The long hot water treatment (soaking of cuttings in water at 25°C for 2 days and then at 50°C for 3 h) was ineffective in eliminating SCYLV from infected plants. Sugarcane varieties from various origins were grown in vitro by apical bud culture and apical meristem culture, and the latter proved to be the most effective method for producing SCYLV-free plants.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
First record of the family Pseudochiridiidae (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones) from continental South America--a Pseudochiridium from a Brazilian cave

Von Schimonsky DM, Bichuette ME, Mahnert V

Zootaxa, 2014;3889(3):442-6.
PMID: 25544278 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3889.3.6

The small pseudoscorpion family Pseudochiridiidae Chamberlin, 1923 comprises two genera and 12 extant species recorded from Asia (Burma, Christmas Island, Indonesia, India, Nepal, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines, Nicobars and Sumba), eastern, central and southern Africa (Chad, D.R. Congo, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania), Madagascar, Seychelles (Aldabra), North America (Florida) and the Caribbean Islands of Dominican Republic and Cuba (Harvey 2013, Barba & Barroso 2013); one unidentified species is mentioned for the fauna of Mexico (Ceballos 2004). A fossil species has been described from Dominican amber by Judson (2007), who predicted the presence of this family in South America.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Population success

Dev Forum, 1982 Jul-Aug;10(6):1, 3.
PMID: 12279227

"The commitment to population programs is now widespread," says Rafael Salas, Executive Director of the UNFPA, in its report "State of World Population." About 80% of the total population of the developing world live in countries which consider their fertility levels too high and would like them reduced. An important impetus came from the World Conference of 1974. The Plan of Action from the conference projected population growth rates in developing countries of 2.0% by 1985. Today it looks as though this projection will be realized. While in 1969, for example, only 26 developing countries had programs aimed at lowering or maintaining fertility levels, by 1980 there were 59. The International Population Conference, recently announced by the UN for 1984, will, it is hoped, help sustain that momentum. Cuba is the country which has shown the greatest decline in birth rate so far. The birth rate fell 47% between 1965-1970 and 1975-1980. Next came China with a 34% decline in the same period. After these came a group of countries--each with populations of over 10 million--with declines of between 15 and 25%: Chile, Colombia, India, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Though birth rates have been dropping significantly the decline in mortality rates over recent years has been less than was hoped for. The 1974 conference set 74 years as the target for the world's average expectation of life, to be reached by the year 2000. But the UN now predicts that the developing countries will have only reached 63 or 64 years by then. High infant and child mortality rates, particularly in Africa, are among the major causes. The report identifies the status of women as an important determinant of family size. Evidence from the UNFPA-sponsored World Fertility Survey shows that in general the fertility of women decreases as their income increases. It also indicates that women who have been educated and who work outside the home are likely to have smaller families. Access to contraceptives is, of course, a major influence on fertility decline. According to UNFPA some of the Latin American countries have the highest contraceptive use among developing countries. The countries of Asia come next and contraceptives are least used in sub-Saharan Africa where birth rates of 45/1000 are still common. The money for population programs, says the report, has come largely from developing countries themselves. A survey of 15 countries showed them to have contributed 67% out of their own budgets--the rest having come from external aid. And in programs aided by UNFPA the local input has been even higher. During 1979-1981 the developing countries themselves budgeted $4.6 for each dollar budgeted by UNFPA. The report also highlights some of the emerging problems for the next 2 decades--and which will be high on the agenda of the 1984 conference. These include "uncontrolled urban growth" in developing countries as well as an important change in overall population age structure as more and more old people survive. Aging populations are of particular concern to the developed countries but, as the report points out, even countries like China--which has achieved a steep drop in fertility and mortality--will face the problems of an aging population by the year 2000.

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba
Fulltext The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs

Beck MW, Losada IJ, Menéndez P, Reguero BG, Díaz-Simal P, Fernández F

Nat Commun, 2018 06 12;9(1):2186.
PMID: 29895942 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z

Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would increase by 91% to $US 272 billion without reefs. The countries with the most to gain from reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected flood savings exceed $400 M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will increase flood risk, but substantial impacts could happen from reef loss alone without better near-term management. We provide a global, process-based valuation of an ecosystem service across an entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit benefits inform critical risk and environmental management decisions, and the expected benefits can be directly considered by governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) and businesses (e.g., insurance).

Matched MeSH terms: Cuba

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