MyMedR

Fulltext The importance of considering sebaceous gland carcinoma in presumed chalazia in South Asian patients?

Sagili S, Malhotra R

Br J Gen Pract, 2013 Feb;63(607):74.

A 51-year-old Malaysian female was referred with a left lower eyelid lesion noticed 4 years ago. She consulted her GP a year ago and was diagnosed to have a chalazion. Her GP requested funding for treatment. The primary care trust (PCT) considered this a low-priority procedure and declined funding. One year later she approached her GP again and was referred to a hospital for management of this eyelid lesion (Figure 1). She underwent a biopsy and the histology was suspicious of a squamous cell carcinoma. She was referred to our unit. On examination, she had a left lower eyelid, firm 4mm nodule with thickening and distortion of tarsal conjunctiva. With a clinical suspicion of sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC), a wedge excision of the lesion was performed. Paraffin section histology confirmed complete excision of SGC. Delayed repair required a Tenzel flap. She remains asymptomatic at 5-month follow-up.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Fulltext An unusual presentation of lepramatous leprosy

Selliah K, Ayasamy A

Med J Malaysia, 1982 Sep;37(3):213-4.

PMID: 7176999

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis

Metastatic tumours of the jaws

Chan YF

Med J Malaya, 1972 Sep;27(1):48-51.

PMID: 4264825

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx with sarcoma like stroma

Ahluwalia HS, Kandiah S, Kaur H

Med J Malaysia, 1977 Dec;32(2):172-4.

PMID: 614488

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

The"Newcastle Nomogram"-Statistical modelling predicts malignant transformation in potentially malignant disorders

Goodson ML, Smith DR, Thomson PJ

J Oral Pathol Med, 2019 Sep;48(8):662-668.

PMID: 31125457 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12881

BACKGROUND: Nomograms are graphical calculating devices used to predict risk of malignant transformation (MT) or response to treatment during cancer management. To date, a nomogram has not been used to predict clinical outcome during oral potentially malignant disorder (PMD) treatment. The aim of this study was to create a nomogram for use by clinicians to predict the probability of MT, thereby facilitating accurate assessment of risk and objective decision-making during individual patient management.

METHODS: Clinico-pathological data from a previously treated cohort of 590 newly presenting PMD patients were reviewed and clinical outcomes categorized as disease free, persistent PMD or MT. Multiple logistic regression was used to predict the probability of MT in the cohort using age, gender, lesion type, site and incision biopsy histopathological diagnoses. Internal validation and calibration of the model was performed using the bootstrap method (n = 1000), and bias-corrected indices of model performance were computed.

RESULTS: Potentially malignant disorders were predominantly leukoplakias (79%), presenting most frequently at floor of mouth and lateral tongue sites (51%); 99 patients (17%) developed oral squamous cell carcinoma during the study period. The nomogram performed well when MT predictions were compared with patient outcome data, demonstrating good bias-corrected discrimination and calibration (Dxy = 0.58; C = 0.790), with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity 63%, and a positive predictive value of 32% and negative predictive value 96%.

CONCLUSION: The "Newcastle Nomogram" has been developed to predict the probability of MT in PMD, based on an internally validated statistical model. Based upon readily available and patient-specific clinico-pathological data, it provides clinicians with a pragmatic diagrammatic aid for clinical decision-making during diagnosis and management of PMD.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Fulltext A patient with nodular skin swelling

Khajotia R, Raman S, Rajadurai P, Yaacob W

Aust Fam Physician, 2010 Apr;39(4):219-20.

PMID: 20372682

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Unusual form of superficial spreading microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix involving the endometrium of uterus

Tan GC, Isa MR, Ng SP, Jamil YM

J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2004 Oct;30(5):363-7.

PMID: 15327449

Microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a recognized entity and is defined as carcinoma with invasion of less than 5 mm penetration of the stroma and seldom metastasized. Our patient was a 70-year-old, multiparous woman who had a microinvasive, cervical, squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor had spread superficially into the entire endometrial cavity up to the fundus, totally replacing the columnar epithelium. This is an extremely rare phenomenon, with fewer than 20 cases reported so far in the literature.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Cystic lesion of the parotid gland with squamous metaplasia mistaken for squamous cell carcinoma. A case report

Jayaram G, Pathmanathan R, Khanijow V

Acta Cytol., 1998 Nov-Dec;42(6):1468-72.

PMID: 9850664

BACKGROUND: The diverse range of diseases that affect the salivary glands may lead to problems and pitfalls in cyto-diagnosis. While false negative diagnosis of cystic salivary gland tumors is well known, false positive cytodiagnosis in nonneoplastic salivary cysts is less well documented.

CASE: An 85-year-old female presented with a painless left parotid gland swelling of three months' duration. Fine needle aspiration cytology yielded fluid, smears of which showed keratinizing squamous cells with nuclear atypia leading to a cytologic diagnosis of cystic squamous cell carcinoma. A total radical parotidectomy followed. Histopathologic study showed cystic dilatation of many of the salivary ducts, which were lined with metaplastic squamous epithelium that showed atypia. There was no evidence of squamous cell carcinoma.

CONCLUSION: Squamous metaplasia is known to occur in benign salivary gland lesions, such as pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumors, as well as in salivary duct cysts and necrotizing sialometaplasia. However, atypical squamous metaplasia of salivary duct cysts mimicking squamous cell carcinoma on cytology is unusual.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis

Fulltext Lung cancer among young Malaysians

Menon MA

Med J Malaysia, 1987 Sep;42(3):166-72.

PMID: 3506638

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis

Carcinoma of the vulva in pregnancy: a rare occurrence

Sivanesaratnam V, Pathmanathan R

Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol, 1990 Sep;16(3):207-10.

PMID: 2088243

A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed in early pregnancy in a 28-year-old woman is described. At the time of radical surgery, which was carried out in the puerperium, the growth had already advanced to Stage IV disease. The rapid growth of the tumor seen in this patient suggests that although treatment needs to be individualised, the definitive radical surgery should not be delayed.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis

The early detection of unsuspected carcinoma of cervix in Malaysia by exfoliative cytological screening

Sinnathuray TA, Lau KS

Med J Malaysia, 1973 Dec;28(2):70-4.

PMID: 4276263

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma arising from chromoblastomycosis

Jamil A, Lee YY, Thevarajah S

Med Mycol, 2012 Jan;50(1):99-102.

PMID: 21449695 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.571295

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic subcutaneous mycosis seen mainly in tropical regions. While malignant transformation rarely occurs, the present report describes a 69-year-old man with a 21-year history of chromoblastomycosis complicated by invasive squamous cell carcinoma requiring amputation of the affected limb. A review of previous reported cases shows malignancy arising after 20-30 years of infection in ≥60-year-old males who have received inadequate treatment of chromoblastomycosis and have had relapses. An immunocompromised state is not an associated feature of such cases. The extremities are commonly affected as carcinomas occur from the most chronic lesions which are generally found on these limbs.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Fulltext Diagnostic implications of miRNAs in Liquid Biopsy for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC): Clinical validity and interpretation

Jayaraj R, Kumaraswamy C, Raymond G, Ravishankar Ram M, Govind SK, Chandramoorthy HC, et al.

Oral Oncol, 2020 10;109:104634.

PMID: 32171663 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104634

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Comparison of Serum Fucose Levels in Leukoplakia and Oral Cancer Patients

Rai NP, Anekar J, Shivaraja Shankara YM, Divakar DD, Al Kheraif AA, Ramakrishnaiah R, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015;16(17):7497-500.

PMID: 26625751

BACKGROUND: Tumor markers, designated as a broad group of substances produced by malignancies, could be in the form of biochemical substances, immunological substances, cell surface changes and genetic alterations. Cancer, a disorder of cellular behavior is characterized by alteration of serum glycoproteins. L-fucose, a hexose, which is the terminal sugar in most of the plasma glycoproteins, may be useful as a tumor marker for the detection, monitoring and prognostic assessment of malignancies. The aim of the study was to ascertain the role of serum fucose as a biomarker for early detection of oral cancer and to compare serum fucose levels in healthy controls, leukoplakia and oral cancer patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 60 (100.0%) subjects, who were grouped as 20 (33.3%) control subjects, 20 (33.3%) squamous cell carcinoma patients and 20 (33.3%) leukoplakia patients. Fucose estimation was done using UV-visible spectrophotometry based on the method as adopted by Winzler using cysteine reagent. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests.

RESULTS: Results showed a high significance in serum fucose in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and leukoplakia subjects compared to normal controls. There was a gradual increase in the values noted from control to leukoplakia and to squamous cell carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of serum fucose may be a reliable marker and can be used as an effective diagnostic biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis

Fulltext Overexpression of MMP13 is associated with clinical outcomes and poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Vincent-Chong VK, Salahshourifar I, Karen-Ng LP, Siow MY, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, et al.

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:897523.

PMID: 25401159 DOI: 10.1155/2014/897523

Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) plays a central role in the MMP activation cascade that enables degradation of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, and it is identified as a potential driver in oral carcinogenesis. Therefore, this study aims to determine the copy number, mRNA, and protein expression of MMP13 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to associate these expressions with clinicopathological parameters. Copy number, mRNA, and protein expression analysis of MMP13 were determined using real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry methods in OSCC samples. The correlations between MMP13 expressions and clinicopathological parameters were evaluated, and the significance of MMP13 as a prognostic factor was determined. Despite discrepancies between gene amplification and mRNA and protein overexpression rates, OSCC cases showed high amplification of MMP13 and overexpression of MMP13 at both mRNA and protein levels. High level of MMP13 protein expression showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.011) and tumor staging (P = 0.002). Multivariate Cox regression model analysis revealed that high level of mRNA and protein expression of MMP13 were significantly associated with poor prognosis (P < 0.050). Taken together, these observations indicate that the MMP13 protein overexpression could be considered as a prognostic marker of OSCC.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Fulltext Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity: current practice and future directions in the clinic and laboratory

Dionne KR, Warnakulasuriya S, Zain RB, Cheong SC

Int J Cancer, 2015 Feb 1;136(3):503-15.

PMID: 24482244 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28754

Despite commendable progress in the prevention, detection, and treatment of a wide variety of solid tumor types, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a significant health burden across the globe. OSCC carcinogenesis involves accumulation of genetic alterations that coincide with the multistep malignant transformation of normal oral epithelium. OSCC is often first diagnosed at late stages of the disease (advanced regional disease and/or metastasis). Delayed diagnosis precludes successful treatment and favorable outcomes. In clinical practice, opportunities exist to identify patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which precede the development of cancer. This review addresses the current status of laboratory and clinical research on OPMDs, with emphasis on leukoplakia and erythroplakia. OSF is also presented, though there is a paucity of published studies on this disorder. We focus on findings that could translate into earlier diagnosis and more efficacious treatment of those lesions with significant malignant potential. We explore how markers of OPMD malignant transformation might be implemented into current diagnostic practice to help clinicians objectively stratify patients into treatment/follow-up groups according to relative risk. We provide an overview of recently concluded and ongoing OPMD chemoprevention trials. We describe laboratory OPMD models that can be used to not only to reveal the genetic and molecular intricacies of oral cancer but also to develop novel screening methods and therapeutic approaches. Finally, we call for targeted screening programs of at-risk populations in order to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of OPMD and early OSCC.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis

Fulltext EGFR mutation testing for squamous cell lung carcinoma

Liam CK, Leow HR, Pang YK

J Thorac Oncol, 2013 Dec;8(12):e114.

PMID: 24389448 DOI: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182a4e111

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Detection of host-specific immunogenic proteins in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Mu AK, Chan YS, Kang SS, Azman SN, Zain RB, Chai WL, et al.

J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2014;35(2):183-93.

PMID: 24295181 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2013.836535

The main purpose of this article is to develop a new and reliable saliva-based clinical diagnostic method for the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study used an immunoproteomic approach which allowed the detection of immunogenic host proteins in patients' samples using pooled human antibodies. In an attempt to investigate potential biomarkers of OSCC, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by immunoblotting of saliva from patients and controls were compared. The protein spots of interest were analyzed using 2-DE image analyzer and subsequently subjected to MALDI-TOF/TOF and then matched against NCBI database. The result showed that four protein clusters, namely Human Pancreatic Alpha-amylase (HPA), Human Salivary Amylase (sAA), keratin-10 (K-10), and Ga Module Complexed with Human Serum Albumin (GA-HSA), had exhibited immunoreactivity in western blot. The results are suggestive of the potential use of the differentially expressed saliva protein as tumor biomarkers for the detection of OSCC. However, further studies are recommended to validate this finding.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Fulltext Marjolin's ulcer--a near forgotten entity

Tan BC, Horton TC, Sara Ahmad T

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Feb;61 Suppl A:91-3.

PMID: 17042239

We report a case of a 55-year-old man who presented with a 6-month history of a fungating ulcer on the right hand at the site of a previously healed ulcer that had been present for 40 years. Histopathological examination of four-quadrant biopsy specimens showed a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A transradiocarpal amputation with stump closure using radial flap was performed as it was not possible to achieve a functionally and cosmetically acceptable hand after a wide excision with 2 cm tumour-free margin. It is our intention to highlight this rare condition as reminder to consider this entity as a differential diagnosis of chronic non-healing skin ulcer.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

Carcinosarcoma of the palate: report of a case with a diagnosis of sarcomatoid metastasis by fine needle aspiration cytology

Jayaram G, Elsayed EM

Acta Cytol., 2005 Sep-Oct;49(5):520-4.

PMID: 16334029

BACKGROUND: Carcinosarcoma (sarcomatoid carcinoma) is a rare tumor with a high predilection for the aerodigestive tract. Cytologic diagnosis of metastatic carcinosarcoma has been reported in very few cases.

CASE: An 84-year-old woman presented with a 2-cm-diameter, right cervical lymph node that was referred for fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). She had received radiotherapy for a palatal squamous cell carcinoma 2 years earlier. The FNAC smears had a sarcomatoid appearance. Repeat fine needle aspiration was performed, with cytologic and immunocytochemical staining. Careful consideration of the cytologic and immunophenotypic features led to an impression of carcinosarcoma. Histologic sections of the palatal biopsy that had been previously diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed, and a final diagnosis of carcinosarcoma was established.

CONCLUSION: Metastasis of rare lesions, such as carcinosarcoma may be confusing and difficult to diagnose on FNAC, especially when the cytologic sample shows a predominantly sarcomatoid component. The difficulty is compounded when the sarcomatoid component happens to have been overlooked on the initial histologic assessment. With representative cytologic sampling, immunocytochemical staining and review of the histologic material, the correct diagnosis was achieved in this case.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*

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