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A potential paradigm in CRISPR/Cas systems delivery: at the crossroad of microalgal gene editing and algal-mediated nanoparticles

Feng S, Xie X, Liu J, Li A, Wang Q, Guo D, et al.

J Nanobiotechnology, 2023 Oct 10;21(1):370.
PMID: 37817254 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02139-z

Microalgae as the photosynthetic organisms offer enormous promise in a variety of industries, such as the generation of high-value byproducts, biofuels, pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, and others. With the rapid advancement of gene editing technology, CRISPR/Cas system has evolved into an effective tool that revolutionised the genetic engineering of microalgae due to its robustness, high target specificity, and programmability. However, due to the lack of robust delivery system, the efficacy of gene editing is significantly impaired, limiting its application in microalgae. Nanomaterials have become a potential delivery platform for CRISPR/Cas systems due to their advantages of precise targeting, high stability, safety, and improved immune system. Notably, algal-mediated nanoparticles (AMNPs), especially the microalgae-derived nanoparticles, are appealing as a sustainable delivery platform because of their biocompatibility and low toxicity in a homologous relationship. In addition, living microalgae demonstrated effective and regulated distribution into specified areas as the biohybrid microrobots. This review extensively summarised the uses of CRISPR/Cas systems in microalgae and the recent developments of nanoparticle-based CRISPR/Cas delivery systems. A systematic description of the properties and uses of AMNPs, microalgae-derived nanoparticles, and microalgae microrobots has also been discussed. Finally, this review highlights the challenges and future research directions for the development of gene-edited microalgae.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
dCas9 Tells Tales: Probing Gene Function and Transcription Regulation in Cancer

Mohamad Zamberi NN, Abuhamad AY, Low TY, Mohtar MA, Syafruddin SE

CRISPR J, 2024 Apr;7(2):73-87.
PMID: 38635328 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2023.0078

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing is evolving into an essential tool in the field of biological and medical research. Notably, the development of catalytically deactivated Cas9 (dCas9) enzyme has substantially broadened its traditional boundaries in gene editing or perturbation. The conjugation of dCas9 with various molecular effectors allows precise control over transcriptional processes, epigenetic modifications, visualization of chromosomal dynamics, and several other applications. This expanded repertoire of CRISPR-Cas9 applications has emerged as an invaluable molecular tool kit that empowers researchers to comprehensively interrogate and gain insights into health and diseases. This review delves into the advancements in Cas9 protein engineering, specifically on the generation of various dCas9 tools that have significantly enhanced the CRISPR-based technology capability and versatility. We subsequently discuss the multifaceted applications of dCas9, especially in interrogating the regulation and function of genes that involve in supporting cancer pathogenesis. In addition, we also delineate the designing and utilization of dCas9-based tools as well as highlighting its current constraints and transformative potentials in cancer research.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
The Promises and Pitfalls of CRISPR-Mediated Base Editing in Stem Cells

Wong PK, Mohamad Zamberi NN, Syafruddin SE, Cheah FC, Azmi N, Law JX, et al.

CRISPR J, 2023 Jun;6(3):196-215.
PMID: 37219623 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2023.0013

Stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are growing in importance in disease modeling and regenerative medicine. The applications of CRISPR-based gene editing to create a mélange of disease and nondisease stem cell lines have further enhanced the utility of this innately versatile group of cells in the studies of human genetic disorders. Precise base edits can be achieved using a variety of CRISPR-centric approaches, particularly homology-directed repair and the recently developed base editors and prime editors. Despite its much-touted potential, editing single DNA bases is technically challenging. In this review, we discuss the strategies for achieving exact base edits in the creation of various stem cell-based models for use in elucidating disease mechanisms and assessing drug efficacy, and the unique characteristics of stem cells that warrant special considerations.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
Fulltext The phylogenomics of CRISPR-Cas system and revelation of its features in Salmonella

Kushwaha SK, Bhavesh NLS, Abdella B, Lahiri C, Marathe SA

Sci Rep, 2020 12 03;10(1):21156.
PMID: 33273523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77890-6

Salmonellae display intricate evolutionary patterns comprising over 2500 serovars having diverse pathogenic profiles. The acquisition and/or exchange of various virulence factors influences the evolutionary framework. To gain insights into evolution of Salmonella in association with the CRISPR-Cas genes we performed phylogenetic surveillance across strains of 22 Salmonella serovars. The strains differed in their CRISPR1-leader and cas operon features assorting into two main clades, CRISPR1-STY/cas-STY and CRISPR1-STM/cas-STM, comprising majorly typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars respectively. Serovars of these two clades displayed better relatedness, concerning CRISPR1-leader and cas operon, across genera than between themselves. This signifies the acquisition of CRISPR1/Cas region could be through a horizontal gene transfer event owing to the presence of mobile genetic elements flanking CRISPR1 array. Comparison of CRISPR and cas phenograms with that of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) suggests differential evolution of CRISPR/Cas system. As opposed to broad-host-range, the host-specific serovars harbor fewer spacers. Mapping of protospacer sources suggested a partial correlation of spacer content with habitat diversity of the serovars. Some serovars like serovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium that inhabit similar environment/infect similar hosts hardly shared their protospacer sources.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics*
Knockout of CTNNB1 by CRISPR-Cas9 technology inhibits cell proliferation through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Guan L, Zhu S, Han Y, Yang C, Liu Y, Qiao L, et al.

Biotechnol Lett, 2018 Mar;40(3):501-508.
PMID: 29249062 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2491-2

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of CTNNB1 gene knockout by CRISPR-Cas9 technology on cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
RESULTS: CTNNB1 gene of HEK 293T cells was knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9. This was confirmed by sequencing and western blotting. Methylthiazolyl-tetrazolium bromide assays indicated that deletion of β-catenin significantly weakened adhesion ability and inhibited proliferation rate (P

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics*
Fulltext Harnessing the Potential of CRISPR/Cas in Atherosclerosis: Disease Modeling and Therapeutic Applications

Siew WS, Tang YQ, Kong CK, Goh BH, Zacchigna S, Dua K, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Aug 05;22(16).
PMID: 34445123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168422

Atherosclerosis represents one of the major causes of death globally. The high mortality rates and limitations of current therapeutic modalities have urged researchers to explore potential alternative therapies. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is commonly deployed for investigating the genetic aspects of Atherosclerosis. Besides, advances in CRISPR/Cas system has led to extensive options for researchers to study the pathogenesis of this disease. The recent discovery of Cas9 variants, such as dCas9, Cas9n, and xCas9 have been established for various applications, including single base editing, regulation of gene expression, live-cell imaging, epigenetic modification, and genome landscaping. Meanwhile, other Cas proteins, such as Cas12 and Cas13, are gaining popularity for their applications in nucleic acid detection and single-base DNA/RNA modifications. To date, many studies have utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate disease models of atherosclerosis and identify potential molecular targets that are associated with atherosclerosis. These studies provided proof-of-concept evidence which have established the feasibility of implementing the CRISPR/Cas system in correcting disease-causing alleles. The CRISPR/Cas system holds great potential to be developed as a targeted treatment for patients who are suffering from atherosclerosis. This review highlights the advances in CRISPR/Cas systems and their applications in establishing pathogenetic and therapeutic role of specific genes in atherosclerosis.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics*
Fulltext Lung development, repair and cancer: A study on the role of MMP20 gene in adenocarcinoma

Mok PL, Anandasayanam ANK, Oscar David HM, Tong J, Farhana A, Khan MSA, et al.

PLoS One, 2021;16(4):e0250552.
PMID: 33914777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250552

Multiple matrix metalloproteinases have significant roles in tissue organization during lung development, and repair. Imbalance of proteinases may lead to chronic inflammation, changes in tissue structure, and are also highly associated to cancer development. The role of MMP20 is not well studied in lung organogenesis, however, it was previously shown to be present at high level in lung adenocarcinoma. The current study aimed to identify the functional properties of MMP20 on cell proliferation and motility in a lung adenocarcinoma in vitro cell model, and relate the interaction of MMP20 with other molecular signalling pathways in the lung cells after gaining tumoral properties. In this study, two different single guide RNA (sgRNAs) that specifically targeted on MMP20 sites were transfected into human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells by using CRISPR-Cas method. Following that, the changes of PI3-K, survivin, and MAP-K mRNA gene expression were determined by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The occurrence of cell death was also examined by Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide double staining. Meanwhile, the motility of the transfected cells was evaluated by wound healing assay. All the data were compared with non-transfected cells as a control group. Our results demonstrated that the transfection of the individual sgRNAs significantly disrupted the proliferation of the A549 cell line through suppression in the gene expression of PI3-K, survivin, and MAP-K. When compared to non-transfected cells, both experimental cell groups showed reduction in the migration rate, as reflected by the wider gaps in the wound healing assay. The current study provided preliminary evidence that MMP20 could have regulatory role on stemness and proliferative genes in the lung tissues and affect the cell motility. It also supports the notion that targeting MMP20 could be a potential treatment mode for halting cancer progression.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
Fulltext Endogenous HIF2A reporter systems for high-throughput functional screening

Zaini MN, Patel SA, Syafruddin SE, Rodrigues P, Vanharanta S

Sci Rep, 2018 08 13;8(1):12063.
PMID: 30104738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30499-2

Tissue-specific transcriptional programs control most biological phenotypes, including disease states such as cancer. However, the molecular details underlying transcriptional specificity is largely unknown, hindering the development of therapeutic approaches. Here, we describe novel experimental reporter systems that allow interrogation of the endogenous expression of HIF2A, a critical driver of renal oncogenesis. Using a focused CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting chromatin regulators, we provide evidence that these reporter systems are compatible with high-throughput screening. Our data also suggests redundancy in the control of cancer type-specific transcriptional traits. Reporter systems such as those described here could facilitate large-scale mechanistic dissection of transcriptional programmes underlying cancer phenotypes, thus paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
Fulltext Deep Brain Photoreceptor (val-opsin) Gene Knockout Using CRISPR/Cas Affects Chorion Formation and Embryonic Hatching in the Zebrafish

Hang CY, Moriya S, Ogawa S, Parhar IS

PLoS One, 2016;11(10):e0165535.
PMID: 27792783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165535

Non-rod non-cone photopigments in the eyes and the brain can directly mediate non-visual functions of light in non-mammals. This was supported by our recent findings on vertebrate ancient long (VAL)-opsin photopigments encoded by the val-opsinA (valopa) and val-opsinB (valopb) genes in zebrafish. However, the physiological functions of valop isoforms remain unknown. Here, we generated valop-mutant zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas genome editing, and examined the phenotypes of loss-of-function mutants. F0 mosaic mutations and germline transmission were confirmed via targeted insertions and/or deletions in the valopa or valopb gene in F1 mutants. Based on in silico analysis, frameshift mutations converted VAL-opsin proteins to non-functional truncated forms with pre-mature stop codons. Most F1 eggs or embryos from F0 female valopa/b mutants showed either no or only partial chorion elevation, and the eggs or embryos died within 26 hour-post-fertilization. However, most F1 embryos from F0 male valopa mutant developed but hatched late compared to wild-type embryos, which hatched at 4 day-post-fertilization. Late-hatched F1 offspring included wild-type and mutants, indicating the parental effects of valop knockout. This study shows valop gene knockout affects chorion formation and embryonic hatching in the zebrafish.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics*
Fulltext Evolutionary study of Yersinia genomes deciphers emergence of human pathogenic species

Tan SY, Tan IK, Tan MF, Dutta A, Choo SW

Sci Rep, 2016 10 31;6:36116.
PMID: 27796355 DOI: 10.1038/srep36116

On record, there are 17 species in the Yersinia genus, of which three are known to be pathogenic to human. While the chromosomal and pYV (or pCD1) plasmid-borne virulence genes as well as pathogenesis of these three species are well studied, their genomic evolution is poorly understood. Our study aims to predict the key evolutionary events that led to the emergence of pathogenic Yersinia species by analyzing gene gain-and-loss, virulence genes, and "Clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats". Our results suggest that the most recent ancestor shared by the human pathogenic Yersinia was most probably an environmental species that had adapted to the human body. This might have led to ecological specialization that diverged Yersinia into ecotypes and distinct lineages based on differential gene gain-and-loss in different niches. Our data also suggest that Y. pseudotuberculosis group might be the donor of the ail virulence gene to Y. enterocolitica. Hence, we postulate that evolution of human pathogenic Yersinia might not be totally in parallel, but instead, there were lateral gene transfer events. Furthermore, the presence of virulence genes seems to be important for the positive selection of virulence plasmid. Our studies provide better insights into the evolutionary biology of these bacteria.

Matched MeSH terms: CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics