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Fulltext Comparative Genomic Analysis Reveals a Possible Novel Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium Species with High Pathogenic Potential

Choo SW, Dutta A, Wong GJ, Wee WY, Ang MY, Siow CC

PLoS One, 2016;11(4):e0150413.
PMID: 27035710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150413

Mycobacteria have been reported to cause a wide range of human diseases. We present the first whole-genome study of a Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium sp. UM_CSW (referred to hereafter as UM_CSW), isolated from a patient diagnosed with bronchiectasis. Our data suggest that this clinical isolate is likely a novel mycobacterial species, supported by clear evidence from molecular phylogenetic, comparative genomic, ANI and AAI analyses. UM_CSW is closely related to the Mycobacterium avium complex. While it has characteristic features of an environmental bacterium, it also shows a high pathogenic potential with the presence of a wide variety of putative genes related to bacterial virulence and shares very similar pathogenomic profiles with the known pathogenic mycobacterial species. Thus, we conclude that this possible novel Mycobacterium species should be tightly monitored for its possible causative role in human infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Bronchiectasis/diagnosis
Bronchodilator response to inhaled beta-2 agonist and anticholinergic drugs in patients with bronchiectasis

Hassan JA, Saadiah S, Roslan H, Zainudin BM

Respirology, 1999 Dec;4(4):423-6.
PMID: 10612580 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.1999.00215.x

OBJECTIVE: An increase in incidence of reversible airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness occurs in patients with bronchiectasis. We conducted a study to assess the efficacy of bronchodilators in the treatment of bronchiectasis.
METHODOLOGY: Twenty-four patients with confirmed bronchiectasis were studied. Each patient inhaled fenoterol 400 microg administered by metered dose inhaler via a spacer after a baseline lung function and a lung function test was repeated 30 min later. This was followed by a second dose of fenoterol 5 mg via nebulizer and another lung function test 30 min later. A repeat study was done at least 24 h later with ipratropium bromide 40 microg by metered dose inhaler and 500 microg by a nebulizer.
RESULTS: The results showed a significant improvement from baselines (mean percentage change +/- SD) of peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) by 8.5 +/- 8.72% and 15.3 +/- 11.63%, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) by 8.77 +/- 9.69% and 10.2 +/- 12.2% and forced vital capacity (FVC) by 10.25 +/- 11.61% and 10.09 +/- 10.88% after low- and high-dose fenoterol, respectively. The improvements after low- and high-dose ipratropium bromide for PEE FEV1 and FVC were 9.89 +/- 9.35% and 14.39 +/- 12.82%, 9.38 +/- 10.41% and 13.52 +/- 17.09%, and 8.03 +/- 10.85% and 9.63 +/- 13.85%, respectively. Eleven patients (45.8%) responded to one or both bronchodilators significantly (> 15% improvement in FEV1). Five patients (20%) responded to both, three (12%) to fenoterol alone and another three (12%) to ipratropium bromide alone.
CONCLUSION: There is significant bronchodilator response in a subset of patients with bronchiectasis and patients with bronchiectasis should therefore undergo bronchodilator testing. Skin prick testing against a panel of nine allergens done on each individual yielded a positive result in 13 patients (54.2%).

Matched MeSH terms: Bronchiectasis/diagnosis
A decade on: Follow-up findings of indigenous children with bronchiectasis

McCallum GB, Singleton RJ, Redding GJ, Grimwood K, Byrnes CA, Valery PC, et al.

Pediatr Pulmonol, 2020 04;55(4):975-985.
PMID: 32096916 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24696

OBJECTIVE: The sole prospective longitudinal study of children with either chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) or bronchiectasis published in the current era was limited to a single center. We sought to extend this study by evaluating the longer-term clinical and lung function outcomes and their associated risk factors in Indigenous children of adolescents from Australia, Alaska, and New Zealand who participated in our previous CSLD or bronchiectasis studies during 2004-2010.
METHODS: Between 2015 and 2018, we evaluated 131 out of 180 (72.8%) children of adolescents from the original studies at a single follow-up visit. We administered standardized questionnaires, reviewed medical records, undertook clinical examinations, performed spirometry, and scored available chest computed tomography scans.
RESULTS: Participants were seen at a mean age of 12.3 years (standard deviation: 2.6) and a median of 9.0 years (range: 5.0-13.0) after their original recruitment. With increasing age, rates of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) declined, while lung function was mostly within population norms (median forced expiry volume in one-second = 90% predicted, interquartile range [IQR]: 81-105; forced vital capacity [FVC] = 98% predicted, IQR: 85-114). However, 43 out of 111 (38.7%) reported chronic cough episodes. Their overall global rating judged by symptoms, including ALRI frequency, examination findings, and spirometry was well (20.3%), stable (43.9%), or improved (35.8%). Multivariable regression identified household tobacco exposure and age at first ALRI-episode as independent risk factors associated with lower FVC% predicted values.
CONCLUSION: Under our clinical care, the respiratory outcomes in late childhood or early adolescence are encouraging for these patient populations at high-risk of premature mortality. Prospective studies to further inform management throughout the life course into adulthood are now needed.

Matched MeSH terms: Bronchiectasis/diagnosis*

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