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Factors influencing the egg production of Ascaris lumbricoides: relationship to weight, length and diameter of worms

Sinniah B, Subramaniam K

J Helminthol, 1991 Jun;65(2):141-7.
PMID: 1880388

Fifty children aged 6 to 13 years and infected with Ascaris lumbricoides were selected for the study. The number of eggs laid daily by a female Ascaris increased with increase in its length, weight and diameter. Female worms became mature and started laying eggs when they reached a length of 118 mm. Adult female worms measuring 3.7 mm or more in diameter were found to be mature. The minimum weight of a worm producing eggs was 1.1 g. On average the number of eggs produced by the female decreased with increase in the worm load.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris/anatomy & histology; Ascaris/physiology*
Eosinophilic granuloma of pancreas caused by Ascaris eggs

Dutt AK, Beasley D, Sandosham AA

Med J Malaya, 1969 Dec;24(2):158-60.
PMID: 4244144
Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris/pathogenicity*
Malnutrition and helminth infection among pre-school children in orang asli resettlement villages in Kelantan

Zulkifli A, Khairul Anuar A, Atiya AS, Yano A

JUMMEC, 1999;4:99-103.

A survey of malnutrition and helminth infections among 268 pre-school children living in the Kuala Betis Orang Asli resttlement villages in Kelantan. The prevalence of helminth infections was 47.4% with Ascaris lumbricoides being the most common helminth (43.9%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (29.7%) and hookworm (6.3%). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections increased with age, with the highest prevalence found in the 6-7 years age group. The overall prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting were 61.7%, 60.4% and 17.5% respectively. Both stunting and underweight were significantly higher among the infected children. Factors associated with helminth infections in the pre-school children were older age group, poor water supply and households with more than 5 members. Rountine regular deworming is recommended based on the World Health Organisation recommendations for school children.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris; Ascaris lumbricoides
Preliminary studies on the effect of excretory secretory (ES) Ascaris lumbricoides antigens on colorectal cell line viability

Ab Talib NN, Nisha M, Ramasamy R, Pang JC

Trop Biomed, 2024 Jun 01;41(2):160-165.
PMID: 39154268 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.2.005

Helminth parasites are a group of complex metazoans from various taxonomic families. Excretory secretory (ES) by-products, secreted by living parasites from the surface, appeared to modulate the host immunological response towards helminth infection. This study aims to investigate the effect of ES antigen from helminth parasite on colorectal cell viability. Worm were cultured in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS x1) at 37°C for 24 hours after being rinsed in sterile PBS. Using a mortar and pestle, the worm was crushed vigorously using PBS. The obtained excretory secretory (ES) antigens were extracted and filtered using a 0.22 µM filter and stored at -20°C for further assay. For LCMS, 100 µl of the extract was analysed using Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 Rapid Resolution HT. The extraction of ES antigen (10 µg/ml and 20 µg/ml) was used for cell viability studies using CRC cell line HCT 116. Cell viability and MTT assay were conducted as per the protocol mentioned in the MTT kit. The liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LCMS) data indicated that the ES antigen contained metabolic compounds, namely fatty acid, amino alcohol, indoles, sterols, glycosides, and sphingoids. For the Ascaris lumbricoides LCMS analyses, around 405 metabolic peaks were detected. Out of which, 58 were detected via the database were identified, while several compounds detected have anticancer properties. The MTT assay indicated that after 24 hours and 48 hours of exposure, all treated cells showed a decrease in cell viability compared to the control group. The preliminary studies demonstrated that the ES antigen from Ascaris lumbricoides has some ability to decrease the cell viability of the HCT116 CRC cell line. Further studies are needed to examine the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis effect of the ES antigen towards the CRC cell line.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides*
Ascaris lumbricoides in the Singapore garrison

Walker JHC

Malayan Medical Journal, 1927;2:148-50.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides
A study on the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths among lettuce leaves sold in local markets in Penang, Malaysia

Anuar AK, Ramachandran CP

Med J Malaysia, 1977 Jun;31(4):262-5.
PMID: 562969
Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris/isolation & purification
Three cases of Ascaris lumbricoides small bowel obstruction with volvulus

Roe TN, Lal K, Cawkell WA

Med J Malaya, 1968 Sep;23(1):78-9.
PMID: 4237564
Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris/isolation & purification
Fulltext Helminthiasis among primary rural school children in Bachok, Kelantan

Anees, A.H., Zulkifli, A., Azmi, A., Syukri, M.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2003;3(2):19-22.
MyJurnal

A cross-sectional study on helminthiasis among rural primary schoolchildren aged 9 to 10 years Bachok, Kelaritan was perfumed. A total of 680 schoolchildren participated in the study. Stool specimens were examined for the presence of the ova of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hoolcwonn. The worm load was then measured using the modified Stoll`s volumetric dilution
technique. The overall prevalence of helminthiasis was 77 .2%. Trichuris trichiura were the commonest type of heminth noted - 66.8%, compared with Ascaris lumlrricoides (49.7%) and hookworm (1.8%). Mixed infections with Ascaris lumlyricoides and Trichuris trichiura was the commonest type of infection 249(41 .5%) . For Ascaris lumbncoides, 34.6% had mild and 5 I .3% had moderate worm load while for Trichurb trichiura, 66.5% had mild and 30.8 % had moderate worm load. Only 14.1% and 2.7% 4 of the schoolchildren had a heavy load of Ascaris lumlwicoides and Trichuris trichiura respectively. All the schookhildren with hookworm were only mildly infected. Targeted mass treatment for rural Mahysian schoolchildren is still essential, especially in areas where poverty and malnutrition are still prevalent.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris; Ascaris lumbricoides
Some unusual manisfestations of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides

Kanagarayer K

Malayan Medical Journal, 1927;2:23-4.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides
Acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis due to Ascaris lumbricoides

Harrower G

Malayan Medical Journal, 1933;8:295-8.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides
Fulltext Expression of Ascaris lumbricoides putative virulence-associated genes when infecting a human host

Mohd-Shaharuddin N, Lim YAL, Ngui R, Nathan S

Parasit Vectors, 2021 Mar 23;14(1):176.
PMID: 33757548 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04680-y

BACKGROUND: Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common causative agent of soil-transmitted helminth infections worldwide, with an estimated 450 million people infected with this nematode globally. It is suggested that helminths are capable of evading and manipulating the host immune system through the release of a spectrum of worm proteins which underpins their long-term survival in the host. We hypothesise that the worm overexpresses these proteins when infecting adults compared to children to cirvumvent the more robust defence mechanisms of adults. However, little is known about the parasite's genes and encoded proteins involved during A. lumbricoides infection. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the expression profile of putative virulence-associated genes during an active infection of adults and children.
METHODS: In this study, quantitative PCR was performed to evaluate the expression profile of putative virulence-associated genes in A. lumbricoides isolated from infected children and adults. The study was initiated by collecting adult worms expelled from adults and children following anthelminthic treatment. High-quality RNA was successfully extracted from each of six adult worms expelled by three adults and three children, respectively. Eleven putative homologues of helminth virulence-associated genes reported in previous studies were selected, primers were designed and specific amplicons of A. lumbricoides genes were noted. The expression profiles of these putative virulence-associated genes in A. lumbricoides from infected adults were compared to those in A. lumbricoides from infected children.
RESULTS: The putative virulence-associated genes VENOM, CADHERIN and PEBP were significantly upregulated at 166-fold, 13-fold and fivefold, respectively, in adults compared to children. Conversely, the transcription of ABA-1 (fourfold), CATH-L (threefold) and INTEGRIN (twofold) was significantly suppressed in A. lumbricoides from infected adults.
CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the expression profile of the putative virulence-associated genes, we propose that the encoded proteins have potential roles in evasion mechanisms, which could guide the development of therapeutic interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides/genetics*; Ascaris lumbricoides/immunology; Ascaris lumbricoides/pathogenicity*
Fulltext Acute lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage secondary to small bowel ascariasis

Stephen DD, Siow SL

Malays J Med Sci, 2012 Apr;19(2):92-5.
PMID: 22973144 MyJurnal

Acute lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage secondary to small bowel ascariasis is extremely rare. A high level of suspicion should be maintained when dealing with acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage in migrants and travellers. Small bowel examination is warranted when carefully repeated upper and lower endoscopies have failed to elicit the source of bleeding. Appropriate test selection is determined by the availability of local expertise. We present a case of acute lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage secondary to jejunal ascariasis and a literature search on lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage associated with jejunal infestation with Ascaris.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris
Notes on two interesting cases

Sivasambandan R

Malayan Medical Journal, 1928;3:64.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides
Soil-transmitted helminthic vaccines: Where are we now?

Wong MTJ, Anuar NS, Noordin R, Tye GJ

Acta Trop, 2023 Mar;239:106796.
PMID: 36586174 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106796

It has been tested and proven that vaccination is still the best strategy to combat infectious diseases. However, to date, there are still no vaccines against human soil-transmitted helminthic diseases, despite their high prevalence globally, particularly in developing countries and rural areas with tropical climates and poor sanitation. The development of vaccines against helminths is riddled with obstacles. Helminths have a complex life cycle, multiple stages within the same host with stage-specific antigen expression, and the ability to regulate host immune reactions to evade the immune response. These elements contribute to the main challenge of helminthic vaccines: the identification of effective vaccine candidates. Therefore, this article reviews the current progress and potential future direction of soil-transmitted helminthic vaccines, particularly against Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. The study design employed was a systematic review, using qualitative meta-summary synthesis. Preclinical studies and clinical trials on the development of protein subunit vaccines against the five soil-transmitted helminths were searched on PubMed and Scopus. Effectiveness was indicated by a reduction in worm burden or larval output, an increase in specific IgG levels, or an increase in cytokine production. Our findings show that only the hookworm vaccine against N. americanus is in the clinical trial phase, while the rest is still in exploratory research and pre-clinical development phase.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides
Fulltext Red palm olein-enriched biscuit supplementation lowers Ascaris lumbricoides reinfection at 6-month after anthelmintic treatment among schoolchildren with vitamin A deficiency (VAD)

Tan PY, Loganathan R, Teng KT, Lee SC, Mohd Johari SN, Selvaduray KR, et al.

Acta Trop, 2023 Apr;240:106860.
PMID: 36775004 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106860

Notwithstanding the global efforts made to control intestinal parasitic infections, soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still one of the most prevalent infections globally, especially in developing countries. A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 343 primary schoolchildren (8-12 years old) with vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in rural areas of Malaysia to investigate the effects of red palm olein (RPO)-enriched biscuits on STH reinfection rates and infection intensities. The effects of the RPO-enriched biscuits (experimental group, n = 153) and palm olein (PO)-enriched biscuits (control group, n = 190), were assessed at 3- and 6-month after the administration of complete triple-dose albendazole (one dose of 400 mg for three consecutive days). The overall STH infection rate at baseline was recorded at 65.6%. At 6-month, a significantly lower reinfection rate of A. lumbricoides was observed in the experimental group (35.3%) compared to the control group (60.0%) (P0.05). These findings suggest the potential beneficial effects of RPO-enriched biscuit supplementation on the reinfection of A. lumbricoides, which could be attributed to its high carotenoids content by enhancing host immune response and mucosal epithelium integrity. However, further studies are warranted to confirm whether RPO supplementation could result in similar parasite-specific beneficial effects in other community settings, as well as to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides
Fulltext Comparative study on waterborne parasites between Malaysia and Thailand: A new insight

Kumar T, Onichandran S, Lim YA, Sawangjaroen N, Ithoi I, Andiappan H, et al.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2014 Apr;90(4):682-9.
PMID: 24567315 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0266

This study investigated the distribution of parasites as main contaminants in water environments of peninsular Malaysia (October 2011-December 2011) and the southeastern coast of Thailand (June 2012). Sixty-four water samples, 33 from Malaysia and 31 from Thailand, of various water types were examined according to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. Drinking or household water types from both countries were free from parasitic contamination. The recreational/environmental (except a swimming pool in Malaysia) and effluent water types from these two countries were contaminated with waterborne parasites: Giardia (0.04-4 cysts/L), Cryptosporidium (0.06-2.33 oocysts/L), hookworm (6.67-350 ova/L), Ascaris (0.33-33.33 ova/L), and Schistosoma (9.25-13.33 ova/L). The most contaminated sites were recreational lake garden 3 in Malaysia and river 2 in Thailand. Higher concentrations of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and hookworm were found in samples from Malaysia than in samples from Thailand. The presence of Giardia cysts showed a significant association with the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts (P < 0.005).

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris/isolation & purification*
Waterborne parasites and physico-chemical assessment of selected lakes in Malaysia

Onichandran S, Kumar T, Lim YA, Sawangjaroen N, Andiappan H, Salibay CC, et al.

Parasitol Res, 2013 Dec;112(12):4185-91.
PMID: 24046263 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3610-1

The objective of this study was to assess the physico-chemical parameters and waterborne parasites in selected recreational lakes from Malaysia. Samples were collected from seven stations of Recreational Lake A (RL-A) and six stations of Recreational Lake B (RL-B). The samples were processed to detect the presence of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. using immunomagnetic separation kit, helminth eggs or ova by bright field microscopy and Acanthamoeba spp. by cultivation in non-nutrient agar. Chemical parameters such as ammonia, chlorine, fluoride, nitrate and nitrite and physical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, salinity, temperature and total dissolved solid were also measured. Both lakes were freshwater with salinity ranging from 0.05 to 0.09 ppt. Most stations of these lakes were contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Ascaris spp. and hookworm. Schistosoma spp. was found in RL-B only, while Acanthamoeba spp. was found in all stations. Of all sampling sites, station 5 of RL-B is the most contaminated. Linear regression and correlation analysis revealed that Giardia spp. and Schistosoma spp. showed a significant negative correlation with turbidity (p

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris/isolation & purification
An unusual presentation of acute cholecystitis: biliary ascariasis

Amjad N, Nor AM, Singh H

Hosp Med, 2001 Jun;62(6):370-1.
PMID: 11436449
Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides*
Fulltext Some risk factors of Ascaris and Trichuris infection in Malaysian aborigine (Orang Asli) children

Norhayati M, Oothuman P, Fatmah MS

Med J Malaysia, 1998 Dec;53(4):401-7.
PMID: 10971984

A study on risk factors of soil-transmitted helminths was conducted in a highly endemic area. In all 205 children (95 boys and 110 girls) participated in this study. The overall prevalences of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infection were 62.5%, 91.7% and 28.8% respectively. Only 22.4% of the children had a single infection either by Ascaris or Trichuris; 69.3% had mixed infection and the most prevalent of mixed infection was a combination of Ascaris and Trichuris. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that low level mother's education was a risk factor for moderate and severe infection of Ascaris and age < or = 6-year-old was a protective factor. In Trichuris infection logistic regression analysis confirmed that usage of well-water and age < or = 6-year-old were the risk factors. Logistic regression analysis on worm scores confirmed that usage of well-water and non-usage of toilets were the risk factors from getting severe worm scores and age < or = 6-year-old was a protective factor. Our finding suggest that socio-behavioural (related to mother's education), demographic (children age) and environmental-factors (usage of well-water and non-usage of toilets) are the elements to be considered in the design of long term soil-transmitted helminths (STH) control in an endemic areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris*
Aggregation and predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura at the familial level

Chan L, Bundy DA, Kan SP

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1994 1 1;88(1):46-8.
PMID: 8153999 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90492-8

This study examines the persistence of familial aggregation and familial predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection over 2 periods of treatment and reinfection, in an urban community in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Both parasite species were shown to be aggregated (assessed by the variance to mean ratio) within families at all 3 interventions, although no consistent trend in aggregation was observed over the period of the study. Associations between mean A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infection levels of families, at all 3 interventions, were highly significant (P < 0.0001), suggesting persistent predisposition at the family level.

Matched MeSH terms: Ascaris lumbricoides*

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