Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 79 in total

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  1. Fulltext The effects of extra-somatic weapons on the evolution of human cooperation towards non-kin
    Phillips T, Li J, Kendall G
    PLoS One, 2014;9(5):e95742.
    PMID: 24796325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095742
    Human cooperation and altruism towards non-kin is a major evolutionary puzzle, as is 'strong reciprocity' where no present or future rewards accrue to the co-operator/altruist. Here, we test the hypothesis that the development of extra-somatic weapons could have influenced the evolution of human cooperative behaviour, thus providing a new explanation for these two puzzles. Widespread weapons use could have made disputes within hominin groups far more lethal and also equalized power between individuals. In such a cultural niche non-cooperators might well have become involved in such lethal disputes at a higher frequency than cooperators, thereby increasing the relative fitness of genes associated with cooperative behaviour. We employ two versions of the evolutionary Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) model--one where weapons use is simulated and one where it is not. We then measured the performance of 25 IPD strategies to evaluate the effects of weapons use on them. We found that cooperative strategies performed significantly better, and non-cooperative strategies significantly worse, under simulated weapons use. Importantly, the performance of an 'Always Cooperate' IPD strategy, equivalent to that of 'strong reciprocity', improved significantly more than that of all other cooperative strategies. We conclude that the development of extra-somatic weapons throws new light on the evolution of human altruistic and cooperative behaviour, and particularly 'strong reciprocity'. The notion that distinctively human altruism and cooperation could have been an adaptive trait in a past environment that is no longer evident in the modern world provides a novel addition to theory that seeks to account for this major evolutionary puzzle.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Cultural*
  2. Human skeletal remains from Gol Ba' it, Sungai Siput, Perak, Malay Peninsula
    SNELL CA
    Acta Neerl Morphol Norm Pathol, 1949;6(4):353-77.
    PMID: 18141483
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology*
  3. Gaudio D, Olivieri L, De Angelis D, Poppa P, Galassi A, Cattaneo C. Reliability of craniofacial superimposition using three-dimension skull model. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61(1):5-11
    Jayaprakash PT, Hadi H, Srinivasan A, Chellamuthu P, Abd Aziz Mohd Yusop R, Hashim N
    J Forensic Sci, 2016 09;61(5):1390-3.
    PMID: 27621069 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13187
    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology*
  4. The medical natural history of Malayan aborigines
    POLUNIN I
    Med J Malaya, 1953 Dec;8(2):114A-74; concl.
    PMID: 13164686
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology*
  5. Preserving quantifiable ethnographic records of disappearing human lifeways
    Kraft TS, Venkataraman VV, Endicott KL, Endicott KM
    Evol. Anthropol., 2020 May;29(3):117-124.
    PMID: 32472595 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21835
    The human evolutionary sciences place high value on quantitative data from traditional small-scale societies that are rapidly modernizing. These data often stem from the sustained ethnographic work of anthropologists who are today nearing the end of their careers. Yet many quantitative ethnographic data are preserved only in summary formats that do not reflect the rich and variable ethnographic reality often described in unpublished field notes, nor the deep knowledge of their collectors. In raw disaggregated formats, such data have tremendous scientific value when used in conjunction with modern statistical techniques and as part of comparative analyses. Through a personal example of longitudinal research with Batek hunter-gatherers that involved collaboration across generations of researchers, we argue that quantifiable ethnographic records, just like material artifacts, deserve high-priority preservation efforts. We discuss the benefits, challenges, and possible avenues forward for digitizing, preserving, and archiving ethnographic data before it is too late.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Cultural/instrumentation; Anthropology, Cultural/standards*
  6. Multivariate statistical analysis on the physical interrelationship of native tribes in Sarawak, Malaysia
    Kurisu K
    Am J Phys Anthropol, 1970 Sep;33(2):229-34.
    PMID: 5473088
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Cultural; Anthropology, Physical*
  7. THE LOSS OF MALAYSIA AIRLINES FLIGHT MH17: A FORENSIC AND HUMANITARIAN TASK
    Ranson D
    J Law Med, 2015 Jun;22(4):745-50.
    PMID: 26349375
    While forensic medical tasks are usually associated with supporting the criminal justice system, there are a range of forensic medical skills that can be brought to bear on addressing humanitarian activities. Disaster victim identification is a procedure that has achieved international standardisation through the work of a multinational Interpol Standing Committee. While part of a police organisation, it includes forensic pathologists, anthropologists, odontologists and molecular biologists who provide most of the specialist scientific input regarding identification that is integrated with police processes such as document examination and fingerprinting. The loss of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH17 represented a major activation of these procedures in an environment that had both humanitarian and forensic criminal investigation components. The information that is derived from the processes involved in disaster victim identification has a value that goes far beyond the determination of identity. It has an important humanitarian role in supporting the family and friends of the victims in their bereavement journey.
    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology*
  8. Practical relevance of prescribing superimposition for determining a frontal sinus pattern match
    Hashim N, Hemalatha N, Thangaraj K, Kareem A, Ahmed A, Hassan NF, et al.
    Forensic Sci Int, 2015 Aug;253:137.e1-7.
    PMID: 26103928 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.05.020
    A research that tested the methods suitable for comparing ante- and post-mortem radiographic patterns of frontal sinuses concluded that superimposition should be followed as a stringent method for establishing individual identification. We verified the practical relevance of prescribing superimposition by superimposing ante- and post-mortem frontal sinus patterns recorded in case situations as well as simulated ante- and post-mortem of frontal sinus patterns recorded using archived skulls. For superimposition, the wipe facility available in the vision mixer was employed in addition to the mix mode. Ante- and post-mortem radiographic patterns that were available in two earlier cases were not superimposable. Related simulated ante- and post-mortem radiographic patterns of frontal sinuses are superimposable only when the skull that is initially oriented for recording the ante-mortem radiograph is retained in the same posture for recording the post-mortem radiograph also. Once the skull has been removed from the X-ray table, after recording the simulated ante-mortem radiograph, and repositioned for the simulated post-mortem radiograph, even when the intervening time is 1min, the sinus patterns in these radiographs are not superimposable. Superimposition cannot be used as a conditional requirement for side-by-side comparison of radiographic patterns of frontal sinuses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology/methods*
  9. Forensic Odontology: A Boon to Community in Medico-legal Affairs
    Chidambaram R
    JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc, 2016 12 10;54(201):46-54.
    PMID: 27935913
    Forensic odontology is a sub-discipline of dental science which involves the relationship between dentistry and the law. The specialty of forensic odontology is applied in radiographic investigation, human bite marks analysis, anthropologic examination and during mass disasters. Besides the fact that radiographs require pretentious laboratory, it is still claimed to be a facile, rapid, non-invasive method of age identification in the deceased. The budding DNA technology has conquered the traditional procedures and currently being contemplated as chief investigating tool in revealing the hidden mysteries of victims and suspects, especially in hopeless circumstances. Forensic odontology has played a chief role in solving cold cases and proved to be strong evidence in the court of law. Systematic collection of dental records and preservation of the same would marshal the legal officials in identification of the deceased. To serve the forensic operation and legal authorities, dental professionals need to be familiar with the basics of forensic odontology, which would create a consciousness to preserve the dental data. The aim of this paper is to emphasize the vital applications of forensic odontology in medico-legal issues. Conjointly the recent advancements applied in forensic human identification have been updated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology/methods*
  10. [Apparatus for deforming the head in Malaysia and Peru]
    REICHLEN P
    Concours Med, 1960 Oct 22;82:4863-6.
    PMID: 13740463
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology*
  11. Fulltext Advertising appeals and cultural values of video advertising in Thailand
    Cheryl, Shee Yu Peh, Norazirah, Ayob
    Trends in Undergraduate Research, 2020;3(1):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    In recent years, Thailand videos advertising is generally known as the leading producer of weep-worthy viral videos in the world. Reasons for Thailand advertisements to stand out from the rest is said to be because of its commonly used advertising appeals, and cultural values focused in majority of Thailand advertisements. This research aims to study advertising appeals and cultural values in Thailand video advertisements. Specifically, the research investigates the reflection of cultural value through advertising appeal through the executional framework in Thailand video advertisements. This exploratory research employs primarily the method of ethnography in order to understand how cultural values are reflected through the advertising appeals in video advertisements from Thailand. The result shows that the most commonly used advertising appeal are Family Appeal, followed by Health Appeal and Effective Appeal. In terms of cultural values, the result shows the Thailand’s advertisements are skewed slightly higher towards collectivism and femininity. Majority of the Thailand video advertisements are using executional framework of storytelling.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Cultural
  12. "Back to the Jungle": Investigating Rats, Grass, Scrub Typhus, and Plantations in Malaya, 1924 - 1974
    Greatrex JE
    Med Anthropol, 2023 May 19;42(4):340-353.
    PMID: 37022723 DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2023.2185887
    In this article, I examine epidemiological research into scrub typhus in British Malaya between 1924 and 1974. Interwar research, I show, explained the incidence of the disease through conjunctions of rats, mites, plantations, lalang grass, and "jungle." In the process, interwar researchers bridged a novel scientific vocabulary centering on disease "reservoirs" with older suspicions of plantations enabling "pests," as well as with a later, explicitly ecological understanding of infectious disease. In exploring this history I thereby help to re-historicize the emergence of ecological notions of disease reservoirs, whilst also pushing at the limit-points of influential notions of "tropicality."
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Medical
  13. Conceptual transitions in methods of skull-photo superimposition that impact the reliability of identification: a review
    Jayaprakash PT
    Forensic Sci Int, 2015 Jan;246:110-21.
    PMID: 25498986 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.043
    Establishing identification during skull-photo superimposition relies on correlating the salient morphological features of an unidentified skull with those of a face-image of a suspected dead individual using image overlay processes. Technical progression in the process of overlay has included the incorporation of video cameras, image-mixing devices and software that enables real-time vision-mixing. Conceptual transitions occur in the superimposition methods that involve 'life-size' images, that achieve orientation of the skull to the posture of the face in the photograph and that assess the extent of match. A recent report on the reliability of identification using the superimposition method adopted the currently prevalent methods and suggested an increased rate of failures when skulls were compared with related and unrelated face images. The reported reduction in the reliability of the superimposition method prompted a review of the transition in the concepts that are involved in skull-photo superimposition. The prevalent popular methods for visualizing the superimposed images at less than 'life-size', overlaying skull-face images by relying on the cranial and facial landmarks in the frontal plane when orienting the skull for matching and evaluating the match on a morphological basis by relying on mix-mode alone are the major departures in the methodology that may have reduced the identification reliability. The need to reassess the reliability of the method that incorporates the concepts which have been considered appropriate by the practitioners is stressed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology/methods
  14. Identification from a bitemark in a wad of chewing gum
    Nambiar P, Carson G, Taylor JA, Brown KA
    J Forensic Odontostomatol, 2001 Jun;19(1):5-8.
    PMID: 11494677
    A wad of used chewing gum recovered from the scene of a burglary contained impressions of human teeth. Casts of these impressions displayed unique morphological characteristics which were found to show concordance with corresponding features present on casts of the posterior teeth of a suspect.
    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology/methods
  15. Fulltext A dental-anthropological study of health and illness behaviour among Orang Asli of the Semai Tribe: the perspective of traditional healers
    Saub R, Jaafar N
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Dec;56(4):401-7.
    PMID: 12014757
    This observational study investigates and describes the oral health beliefs and illness behaviour in the Semai tribe of Orang Asli community. Data was obtained from a "Key informant interview" method i.e. the village Tok Halaq (Traditional healer). Information about common oral diseases and conditions were illustrated with enlarged pictures of dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer and cleft. The most common oral problem was toothache. This is treated by self-medication. However if the pain still persist, the Tok Halaq was consulted to start traditional methods. He will identify the cause. If "germs" were thought to be the cause, he will ask the person to see a doctor. Otherwise, he attempts traditional treatment. If the effort failed after a few days, the person will be advised to see a doctor. It appears that the Tok Halaq plays an influential role in prevention, promotion and the healing process in this community. Hence any effort to promote oral health and prevent oral disease must seek their cooperation. Their beliefs on causes of common oral diseases are described in the text.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Cultural*
  16. Roasting, smoking and dieting in response to birth: malay confinement in cross-cultural perspective
    Manderson L
    Soc Sci Med B, 1981 Oct;15(4):509-20.
    PMID: 7323860 DOI: 10.1016/0160-7987(81)90025-9
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Cultural*
  17. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913): the forgotten co-founder of the Neo-Darwinian theory of biological evolution
    Kutschera U, Hossfeld U
    Theory Biosci, 2013 Dec;132(4):207-14.
    PMID: 23982797 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-013-0187-2
    The British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), who had to leave school aged 14 and never attended university, did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin (1848-1852) and then in Southeast Asia (1854-1862). Based on this experience, and after reading the corresponding scientific literature, Wallace postulated that species were not created, but are modified descendants of pre-existing varieties (Sarawak Law paper, 1855). Evolution is brought about by a struggle for existence via natural selection, which results in the adaptation of those individuals in variable populations who survive and reproduce (Ternate essay, 1858). In his monograph Darwinism (1889), and in subsequent publications, Wallace extended the contents of Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) into the Neo-Darwinian theory of biological evolution, with reference to the work of August Weismann (1834-1914). Wallace also became the (co)-founder of biogeography, biodiversity research, astrobiology and evolutionary anthropology. Moreover, he envisioned what was later called the anthropocene (i.e., the age of human environmental destructiveness). However, since Wallace believed in atheistic spiritualism and mixed up scientific facts and supernatural speculations in some of his writings, he remains a controversial figure in the history of biology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology/history
  18. Estimation of body height from spinal length measurements using post-mortem computed tomographic images
    Zyoud TYT, Abdul Rashid SN, Suppiah S, Mahmud R, Kabeer A, Abd Manaf R, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2020 Dec;42(3):423-431.
    PMID: 33361724
    INTRODUCTION: Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) provides information that helps in the determination of the cause of death and corpse identification of disaster victims. One of the methods for corpse identification includes assessment of the body stature. There is a lack of post-mortem imaging studies that focus on the anthropometric assessment of corpses. Our aim was to identify the relationship between cadaveric spine length and autopsy length (AL) among and autopsy length (AL) among a Malaysian population and derive a regression formula for the estimation of corpse body height using PMCT.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 107 cadavers that had undergone conventional autopsy and PMCT. We made 5 measurements from the PMCT that included cervical length (CL), thoracic length (TL), lumbosacral length (LS), total column length of the spine, excluding the sacrum and coccyx (TCL), and ellipse line measurement of the whole spine, excluding the sacrum and coccyx (EL). We compared these anthropometric PMCT measurements with AL and correlated them using linear regression analysis.

    RESULTS: The results showed a significant linear relationship existed between TL and LS with AL, which was higher in comparison with the other parameters than the rest of the spine parameters. The linear regression formula derived was: 48.163 + 2.458 (TL) + 2.246 (LS).

    CONCLUSIONS: The linear regression formula derived from PMCT spine length parameters particularly thoracic and lumbar spine gave a finer correlation with autopsy body length and can be used for accurate estimation of cadaveric height. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ever linear regression formula for cadaveric height assessment using only post mortem CT spine length measurements.

    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology/methods*
  19. [Anthropological studies on the East Malayan Negrito]
    Wagenseil F
    Z Morphol Anthropol, 1967;59(1):1-25.
    PMID: 5607808
    Matched MeSH terms: Anthropology, Physical*
  20. Study on the criteria for assessing skull-face correspondence in craniofacial superimposition
    Ibáñez O, Valsecchi A, Cavalli F, Huete MI, Campomanes-Alvarez BR, Campomanes-Alvarez C, et al.
    Leg Med (Tokyo), 2016 Nov;23:59-70.
    PMID: 27890106 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.09.009
    Craniofacial superimposition has the potential to be used as an identification method when other traditional biological techniques are not applicable due to insufficient quality or absence of ante-mortem and post-mortem data. Despite having been used in many countries as a method of inclusion and exclusion for over a century it lacks standards. Thus, the purpose of this research is to provide forensic practitioners with standard criteria for analysing skull-face relationships. Thirty-seven experts from 16 different institutions participated in this study, which consisted of evaluating 65 criteria for assessing skull-face anatomical consistency on a sample of 24 different skull-face superimpositions. An unbiased statistical analysis established the most objective and discriminative criteria. Results did not show strong associations, however, important insights to address lack of standards were provided. In addition, a novel methodology for understanding and standardizing identification methods based on the observation of morphological patterns has been proposed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Forensic Anthropology/methods*
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