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Fulltext Antifungal effect of Malaysian neem leaf extract on selected fungal species causing otomycosis in in-vitro culture medium

Puvan Arul Arumugam, Irfan Mohamad, Rosdan Salim, Zeehaida Mohamed

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2015;11(2):69-84.
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Azadirachta indica (neem) has been used for a long time in agricultural and alternative medicine. Neem
had been proved effective against certain fungi that could infect human body. This pilot study aims to
demonstrate the antifungal effect of Malaysian neem leaf extracts on the pathogenic fungi in otomycosis,
Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. This is a laboratory-controlled prospective study conducted at
Universiti Sains Malaysia. The powder form of Malaysian neem leaf was prepared. Ethanol and aqueous
extracts of the neem leaf was diluted with sterile water to establish five different concentrations of 50 g/
ml, 25 g/ml, 12.5 g/ml, 6.25 g/ml and 3.125g/ml. The extract was tested on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
suspended with Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger respectively. Well diffusion method was used
and zone of inhibition was measured. Growth of the fungi was inhibited in both alcohol and aqueous
extract concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Malaysian neem aqueous extract
against Candida albicans was 11.91 g/ml, neem ethanol extract against Candida albicans was 5.16 g/
ml, neem aqueous extract against Aspergillus niger was 7.73 g/ml and neem ethanol extract against
Aspergillus niger was 9.25 g/ml. Statistical analysis showed that the antifungal activity of Candida
albicans is better in alcohol neem than aqueous extract (p
Fulltext Serological and molecular detection of toxoplasmosis among blood donors in tertiary hospital of Malaysia

Aisha Khodijah Kholib Jati, Suharni Mohamad, Zeehaida Mohamed, Wan Haslindawani Wan Mahmood, Wan Muhamad Amir W Ahmad, Wan Suriana Wan Ab Rahman1

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(3):73-78.
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Introduction: This preliminary cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among blood donors in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methods: A total of 56 blood donors were screened by an enzyme-linked immu- nosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-T. gondii Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Positive
T. gondii IgG and IgM were further tested for IgG avidity ELISA. All extracted deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) from whole blood samples were analyzed for the presence of the Toxoplasma B1 gene and the ITS1 region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The socio-demographic data of donors was assessed using a data collection form. Results: Out of 56 blood donors, 24 (42.86%) donors were IgG+/IgM-, and 2 (3.57%) donors were IgG+/IgM+ with one of them having a high avidity index indicating as past infection for more than 20 weeks and the other with a low avidity index indicating as recent infection within 20 weeks. None of the samples tested positive for the presence of the Toxoplasma B1 gene and the ITS1 region. A univariate analysis showed that only employment status was significantly associated with Toxoplasma seropositivity. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among blood donors in Kelantan, Malaysia, was 46.43%. Nevertheless, direct detection by PCR showed that this parasite was absent in the blood. These results highlight that the blood donors in this study had previously been exposed to T. gondii infection. The parasite may still remain in certain tissues but does not freely circulate in the blood.
Fulltext Serological IgG avidity test for ocular toxoplasmosis

Suresh S, Nor-Masniwati S, Nor-Idahriani MN, Wan-Hazabbah WH, Zeehaida M, Zunaina E

Clin Ophthalmol, 2012;6:147-50.
PMID: 22291456 DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S26844

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunoglobulin (Ig) G avidity of serological toxoplasmosis testing in patients with ocular inflammation and to determine the clinical manifestations of ocular toxoplasmosis.
METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients presenting with ocular inflammation to the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia between 2005 and 2009 was undertaken. Visual acuity, clinical manifestations at presentation, toxoplasmosis antibody testing, and treatment records were analyzed.
RESULTS: A total of 130 patients with ocular inflammation were reviewed retrospectively. The patients had a mean age of 38.41 (standard deviation 19.24, range 6-83) years. Seventy-one patients (54.6%) were found to be seropositive, of whom five (3.8%) were both IgG and IgM positive (suggestive of recently acquired ocular toxoplasmosis) while one (0.8%) showed IgG avidity ≤40% (suggestive of recently acquired ocular toxoplasmosis) and 65 patients (50.0%) showed IgG avidity >40% (suggestive of reactivation of toxoplasmosis infection). Chorioretinal scarring as an ocular manifestation was significantly more common in patients with seropositive toxoplasmosis (P = 0.036). Eighteen patients (13.8%) were diagnosed as having recent and/or active ocular toxoplasmosis based on clinical manifestations and serological testing.
CONCLUSION: Ocular toxoplasmosis is a clinical diagnosis, but specific toxoplasmosis antibody testing helps to support the diagnosis and to differentiate between reactivation of infection and recently acquired ocular toxoplasmosis.

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