Background and Aims: Smoking are extremely increasing among students where e-cigarette was initially to call out to in order to stop smoking traditional cigarette due to the tobacco content which absent in e-cigarette. Traditional cigarette contains an anumeration of chemicals that are demonstrated destructive to life.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study is done among 18 to 26 years old male students who are studying in universities or colleges around area Shah Alam. The aim of the study is to understand health and social impact, physical dependence on nicotine and preference on type of cigarette in using traditional, electronic or dual cigarette among universities or colleges’ students studying around area Shah Alam. A quantitative study on 180 students who answered self administered questionnaire.
Results: A great quantity of students admitted that they prefer in using dual cigarette (48.9%), rather than traditional cigarette (29.4%) and e-cigarette (21.7) separately. Whereas, the assessment of physical dependence on nicotine among students have very crucial evidence that mostly are moderate dependence (52.8%) on nicotine compared to low dependence (3.9%), low to moderate (38.9%) and high dependence (4.4%) which significantly more likely participants are dependent on nicotine [ė²:15.364;df:4;p:0.018;N:180]. The health effects on smokers are very less found in this study which are cough (31.7%), wheeze when breathing (13.3%), short of breath (13.9%), frequent mouth or throat irritation (30.6%) and difficulty in breathing like a sensation of pressure (13.9%) respectively which they answered yes.
Conclusion: Cigarette smoking can be reduced among male students in area Shah Alam due to students are highly motivated and educated on the side effects from smoking even if health or social.
Background and Aims: The estimation of standard spirometric measurements needs to measure a participant’s non-mutated standing height. Even so, as a direct consequence of physical impairment, traumatic amputation, as well as other structural deformities or neuromuscular disablement, a few patients referred for lung function assessment cannot stand. Materials and methods: The study involved 202 participants and consist of two elements that are data collection and data analysis. There were four types of data: standing height measurement, arm span measurement, sitting height measurement and predicted pulmonary function, including forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume (FEV1), which was studied based on correlational analysis. Results: The study shows a positive, linear solid correlation between arm span and standing height measure in centimetre with an R-value of 0.919. There is a positive moderate linear correlation between arm span and sitting height measure in centimetre with an R-value of 0.604. Sitting height and standing height has a positive, strong linear correlation with an R-value of 0.744. For the pulmonary function test, a positive, strong linear correlation between Forced Vital Capacity prediction using sitting height and Forced Vital Capacity prediction using standing height with an R-value of 0.710. There was a positive moderate linear correlation between Forced Expiratory Volume prediction using sitting height and Forced Expiratory Volume prediction using standing height with an R-value of 0.577. The relationship between forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume predicted value of a pulmonary function using arm span and forced vital capacity with forced expiratory volume predicted value of a pulmonary function using standing height shows a positive, strong linear correlation with forced vital capacity R-value of pulmonary function 0.950 and forced expiratory volume R-value of 0.938. Conclusion: Overall, based on the obtained results of the study, it has been proven that the arm span measurement would be the most compatible alternative measure to be used instead of standing height in the case of a patient with permanent disability or incapacitated for clinical purposes and pulmonary function test compared to sitting height.