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What proteins are involved in learning and memory?

Perumal R, Tan I

IUBMB Life, 2007 Jul;59(7):465-8.
PMID: 17654123
Fulltext Fibreoptic intubation--a case series and brief review

Tan I, Wang CY

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):200-6.
PMID: 8350796

Fibreoptic intubation has been established as a major advance in the management of difficult or failed intubation in the awake patient. If necessary, it may be performed under general anaesthesia with either spontaneous or controlled ventilation. This should be considered early in the management of failed intubation, before multiple attempts with other techniques lead to haemorrhage and oedema in the airway. We describe here selected case reports to illustrate this in 8 different situations. This is followed by a brief review of the technique and indications of fibreoptic intubation.
Fulltext Anaesthetic contribution to deaths in the operating theatre at the University Hospital Kuala Lumpur--a retrospective survey

Tan I, Delilkan AE

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Dec;48(4):397-402.
PMID: 8183162

From January 1980 to August 1992, there were 125 deaths occurring in the operating theatre at the University Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Out of these 125, six were judged to have been mainly 'due to anaesthesia.' In the same time period, there were a total of 155,000 anaesthetics given in the hospital. This gives an anaesthetic death rate (in the operating theatre) of six out of 155,000 or 0.39:10,000.
Fulltext Risk of anaesthesia--a review

Tan I, Delilkan AE

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Dec;48(4):381-91.
PMID: 8183160

Modern anaesthesia carries a definite although small risk. The risk from general and regional anaesthesia is reviewed, the causes explored, and preventive strategies discussed. Although anaesthesia may never be 100% safe, a knowledge of the risk and causes enables us to work towards this goal.
Fulltext Removal of toluene from aqueous solutions using oil palm shell based activated carbon: equilibrium and kinetics study

Kwong, W. Z., Tan, I. A. W., Rosli, N. A., Lim, L. L. P.

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2014;22(2):577-585.
MyJurnal

This study is an attempt to investigate the adsorption of petroleum hydrocarbon (toluene) from aqueous solutions using granular activated carbon (GAC) synthesized from oil palm shell (OPS) (referred as OPSbased GAC). This study involved a series of batch experiments to determine the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics. The batch experiments were conducted by shaking 200 mL toluene solution containing 0.4 g GAC (initial concentrations of 5, 15, 25 and 30 mg/L) at 180 rpm at 30°C. The OPS-based GAC achieved more than 80% toluene removal in all the experiments. The adsorption capacity of the OPSbased GAC estimated using Freundlich isotherm was 6.039 mg/g (L/mg)1/n. The adsorption kinetic study showed that the adsorption of toluene was of chemisorption as the experimental data fitted better to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
Growth and the production of penicillins in Penicillium chrysogenum with palm oil and its various fractions as carbon sources

Tan IK, Ho CC

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 1991 Nov;36(2):163-6.
PMID: 1368105

The utilisation of palm oil and its fractions by Penicillium chrysogenum for growth and penicillin production is strain-dependent. Strain H1107 could utilise crude palm oil, its liquid (palm olein) and solid (palm stearin) fractions and its component fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, stearic and myristic) as the main carbon source; strain M223 could not. Cell-bound lipase activity was higher in H1107 than in M223.
Acquired tracheo-oesophageal fistula following tracheal intubation in a burned patient

Tan KK, Lee JK, Tan I, Sarvesvaran R

Burns, 1993 Aug;19(4):360-1.
PMID: 8357487

A 27-year old male sustained a 60 per cent TBSA burn with inhalation injury following a road traffic accident. He developed respiratory distress on day 3 postburn, and was intubated and ventilated. He was noted to have greenish aspirate from his trachea on day 17 of ventilation. He succumbed from sepsis and died on day 21 post injury. At post-mortem, a large tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) was found at the level of the cuff of the nasotracheal tube.
Preparation of oil palm empty fruit bunch-based activated carbon for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol: optimization using response surface methodology

Hameed BH, Tan IA, Ahmad AL

J Hazard Mater, 2009 May 30;164(2-3):1316-24.
PMID: 18977086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.042

The effects of three preparation variables: CO(2) activation temperature, CO(2) activation time and KOH:char impregnation ratio (IR) on the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) uptake and carbon yield of the activated carbon prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were investigated. Based on the central composite design, two quadratic models were developed to correlate the three preparation variables to the two responses. The activated carbon preparation conditions were optimized using response surface methodology by maximizing both the 2,4,6-TCP uptake and activated carbon yield within the ranges studied. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from EFB for adsorption of 2,4,6-TCP were found as follows: CO(2) activation temperature of 814 degrees C, CO(2) activation time of 1.9h and IR of 2.8, which resulted in 168.89 mg/g of 2,4,6-TCP uptake and 17.96% of activated carbon yield. The experimental results obtained agreed satisfactorily with the model predictions. The activated carbon prepared under optimum conditions was mesoporous with BET surface area of 1141 m(2)/g, total pore volume of 0.6 cm(3)/g and average pore diameter of 2.5 nm. The surface morphology and functional groups of the activated carbon were respectively determined from the scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis.
Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, thermodynamics and desorption studies of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on oil palm empty fruit bunch-based activated carbon

Tan IA, Ahmad AL, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2009 May 30;164(2-3):473-82.
PMID: 18818013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.025

The adsorption characteristics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) on activated carbon prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were evaluated. The effects of TCP initial concentration, agitation time, solution pH and temperature on TCP adsorption were investigated. TCP adsorption uptake was found to increase with increase in initial concentration, agitation time and solution temperature whereas adsorption of TCP was more favourable at acidic pH. The adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by the Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The mechanism of the adsorption process was determined from the intraparticle diffusion model. Boyd plot revealed that the adsorption of TCP on the activated carbon was mainly governed by particle diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (DeltaH degrees ), standard entropy (DeltaS degrees ), standard free energy (DeltaG degrees ) and activation energy were determined. The regeneration efficiency of the spent activated carbon was high, with TCP desorption of 99.6%.
Optimization of basic dye removal by oil palm fibre-based activated carbon using response surface methodology

Hameed BH, Tan IA, Ahmad AL

J Hazard Mater, 2008 Oct 30;158(2-3):324-32.
PMID: 18329169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.088

Oil palm fibre was used to prepare activated carbon using physiochemical activation method which consisted of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) gasification. The effects of three preparation variables: the activation temperature, activation time and chemical impregnation (KOH:char) ratio on methylene blue (MB) uptake from aqueous solutions and activated carbon yield were investigated. Based on the central composite design (CCD), a quadratic model and a two factor interaction (2FI) model were respectively developed to correlate the preparation variables to the MB uptake and carbon yield. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the significant factors on each experimental design response were identified. The optimum activated carbon prepared from oil palm fibre was obtained by using activation temperature of 862 degrees C, activation time of 1h and chemical impregnation ratio of 3.1. The optimum activated carbon showed MB uptake of 203.83 mg/g and activated carbon yield of 16.50%. The equilibrium data for adsorption of MB on the optimum activated carbon were well represented by the Langmuir isotherm, giving maximum monolayer adsorption capacity as high as 400mg/g at 30 degrees C.
Fixed-bed adsorption performance of oil palm shell-based activated carbon for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

Tan IA, Ahmad AL, Hameed BH

Bioresour Technol, 2009 Feb;100(3):1494-6.
PMID: 18809316 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.017

This study investigated the adsorption potential of oil palm shell-based activated carbon to remove 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from aqueous solution using fixed-bed adsorption column. The effects of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol inlet concentration, feed flow rate and activated carbon bed height on the breakthrough characteristics of the adsorption system were determined. The regeneration efficiency of the oil palm shell-based activated carbon was evaluated using ethanol desorption technique. Through ethanol desorption, 96.25% of the adsorption sites could be recovered from the regenerated activated carbon.
Adsorption of basic dye on high-surface-area activated carbon prepared from coconut husk: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Tan IA, Ahmad AL, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2008 Jun 15;154(1-3):337-46.
PMID: 18035483

Adsorption isotherm and kinetics of methylene blue on activated carbon prepared from coconut husk were determined from batch tests. The effects of contact time (1-30 h), initial dye concentration (50-500 mg/l) and solution temperature (30-50 degrees C) were investigated. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models. The equilibrium data were best represented by Langmuir isotherm model, showing maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 434.78 mg/g. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, and was found to follow closely the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (DeltaH degrees), standard entropy (DeltaS degrees) and standard free energy (DeltaG degrees) were evaluated. The adsorption interaction was found to be exothermic in nature. Coconut husk-based activated carbon was shown to be a promising adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions.
Preparation of activated carbon from coconut husk: optimization study on removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol using response surface methodology

Tan IA, Ahmad AL, Hameed BH

J Hazard Mater, 2008 May 1;153(1-2):709-17.
PMID: 17935879

Activated carbon was prepared from coconut husk using physicochemical activation method which consisted of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) gasification. The effects of three preparation variables (CO(2) activation temperature, CO(2) activation time and KOH:char impregnation ratio) on the 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) uptake and activated carbon yield were investigated. Based on the central composite design, two quadratic models were developed to correlate the preparation variables to the two responses. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the most influential factor on each experimental design response was identified. The activated carbon preparation conditions were optimized by maximizing both the 2,4,6-TCP uptake and activated carbon yield. The predicted 2,4,6-TCP uptake and carbon yield from the models agreed satisfactorily with the experimental values. The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from coconut husk for adsorption of 2,4,6-TCP were found as follow: CO(2) activation temperature of 750 degrees C, CO(2) activation time of 2.29 h and KOH:char impregnation ratio of 2.91, which resulted in 191.73 mg/g of 2,4,6-TCP uptake and 20.16 % of activated carbon yield.
Fulltext Birth defects in Singapore: 1994-2000

Tan KH, Tan TY, Tan J, Tan I, Chew SK, Yeo GS

Singapore Med J, 2005 Oct;46(10):545-52.
PMID: 16172775

To study characteristics of birth defect cases among live births, stillbirths and abortions in Singapore between 1994 and 2000.
Synthesis of tapioca starch/palm oil encapsulated urea-impregnated biochar derived from peppercorn waste as a sustainable controlled-release fertilizer

Sim DHH, Tan IAW, Lim LLP, Lau ET, Hameed BH

Waste Manag, 2024 Jan 01;173:51-61.
PMID: 37977096 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.006

Nutrient leaching and volatilization cause environmental pollution, thus the pursuit of developing controlled-release fertilizer formulation is necessary. Biochar-based fertilizer exhibits slow-release characteristic, however the nutrient release mechanism needs to be improved. To overcome this limitation, the approach of applying encapsulation technology with biochar-based fertilizer has been implemented in this study. Black peppercorn waste was used to synthesize urea-impregnated biochar (UIB). Central composite design was used to investigate the effects of pyrolysis temperature, residence time and urea:biochar ratio on nitrogen content of UIB. The optimum condition to synthesize UIB was at 400 °C pyrolysis temperature, 120 min residence time and 0.6:1 urea:biochar ratio, which resulted in 16.07% nitrogen content. The tapioca starch/palm oil (PO) biofilm formulated using 8 g of tapioca starch and 0.12 µL of PO was coated on the UIB to produce encapsulated urea-impregnated biochar (EUIB). The UIB and EUIB pellets achieved complete release of nitrogen in water after 90 min and 330 min, respectively. The nutrient release mechanism of UIB and EUIB was best described by the Higuchi model and Korsmeyer-Peppas model, respectively. The improvement of water retention ratio of UIB and EUIB pellets was more significant in sandy-textural soil as compared to clayey-textural soil. The EUIB derived from peppercorn waste has the potential to be utilized as a sustainable controlled-release fertilizer for agriculture.
Fulltext Effect of increasing heart rate on finger photoplethysmography fitness index (PPGF) in subjects with implanted cardiac pacemakers

Aminuddin A, Tan I, Butlin M, Avolio AP, Kiat H, Barin E, et al.

PLoS One, 2018;13(11):e0207301.
PMID: 30485318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207301

Finger photoplethysmography (PPG) is a noninvasive method that measures blood volume changes in the finger. The PPG fitness index (PPGF) has been proposed as an index of vascular risk and vascular aging. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of heart rate (HR) on the PPGF and to determine whether PPGF is influenced by blood pressure (BP) changes. Twenty subjects (78±8 years, 3 female) with permanent cardiac pacemakers or cardioverter defibrillators were prospectively recruited. HR was changed by pacing, in a random order from 60 to 100 bpm and in 10 bpm increments. At each paced HR, the PPGF was derived from a finger photoplethysmogram. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were derived from the finger arterial pressure waveform. Brachial blood pressure (BP) was measured by the oscillometric method. This study found that as HR was increased from 60 to 100 bpm, brachial diastolic BP, brachial mean BP and CO were significantly increased (p<0.01), whilst the PPGF and SV were significantly decreased (p<0.001). The effects of HR on the PPGF were influenced by BP, with a decreasing HR effect on the PPGF that resulted from a higher BP. In conclusion, HR was a significant confounder for PPGF and it must be taken into account in analyses of PPGF, when there are large changes or differences in the HR. The magnitude of this effect was BP dependent.
Pan-Asian adapted ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a JSMO-ESMO initiative endorsed by CSCO, KACO, MOS, SSO and TOS

Yoshino T, Arnold D, Taniguchi H, Pentheroudakis G, Yamazaki K, Xu RH, et al.

Ann Oncol, 2018 01 01;29(1):44-70.
PMID: 29155929 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx738

The most recent version of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) consensus guidelines for the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) was published in 2016, identifying both a more strategic approach to the administration of the available systemic therapy choices, and a greater emphasis on the use of ablative techniques, including surgery. At the 2016 ESMO Asia Meeting, in December 2016, it was decided by both ESMO and the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO) to convene a special guidelines meeting, endorsed by both ESMO and JSMO, immediately after the JSMO 2017 Annual Meeting. The aim was to adapt the ESMO consensus guidelines to take into account the ethnic differences relating to the toxicity as well as other aspects of certain systemic treatments in patients of Asian ethnicity. These guidelines represent the consensus opinions reached by experts in the treatment of patients with mCRC identified by the Presidents of the oncological societies of Japan (JSMO), China (Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology), Korea (Korean Association for Clinical Oncology), Malaysia (Malaysian Oncological Society), Singapore (Singapore Society of Oncology) and Taiwan (Taiwan Oncology Society). The voting was based on scientific evidence and was independent of both the current treatment practices and the drug availability and reimbursement situations in the individual participating Asian countries.
Fulltext Recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing in patients with metastatic cancer in the Asia-Pacific region: a report from the APODDC working group

Loong HH, Shimizu T, Prawira A, Tan AC, Tran B, Day D, et al.

ESMO Open, 2023 Aug;8(4):101586.
PMID: 37356359 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.101586

INTRODUCTION: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) diagnostics have shown clinical utility in predicting survival benefits in patients with certain cancer types who are undergoing targeted drug therapies. Currently, there are no guidelines or recommendations for the use of NGS in patients with metastatic cancer from an Asian perspective. In this article, we present the Asia-Pacific Oncology Drug Development Consortium (APODDC) recommendations for the clinical use of NGS in metastatic cancers.
METHODS: The APODDC set up a group of experts in the field of clinical cancer genomics to (i) understand the current NGS landscape for metastatic cancers in the Asia-Pacific (APAC) region; (ii) discuss key challenges in the adoption of NGS testing in clinical practice; and (iii) adapt/modify the European Society for Medical Oncology guidelines for local use. Nine cancer types [breast cancer (BC), gastric cancer (GC), nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), ovarian cancer (OC), prostate cancer, lung cancer, and colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)] were identified, and the applicability of NGS was evaluated in daily practice and/or clinical research. Asian ethnicity, accessibility of NGS testing, reimbursement, and socioeconomic and local practice characteristics were taken into consideration.
RESULTS: The APODDC recommends NGS testing in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Routine NGS testing is not recommended in metastatic BC, GC, and NPC as well as cholangiocarcinoma and HCC. The group suggested that patients with epithelial OC may be offered germline and/or somatic genetic testing for BReast CAncer gene 1 (BRCA1), BRCA2, and other OC susceptibility genes. Access to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors is required for NGS to be of clinical utility in prostate cancer. Allele-specific PCR or a small-panel multiplex-gene NGS was suggested to identify key alterations in CRC.
CONCLUSION: This document offers practical guidance on the clinical utility of NGS in specific cancer indications from an Asian perspective.

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