Context: Sweat glands (SGs) play a vital role in thermal regulation. The function and structure are altered during the different pathological conditions.Objective: These alterations are studied through three techniques: biopsy, sweat analytes and electrical activity of SG.Methods: The morphological study of SG through biopsy and various techniques involved in quantifying sweat analytes is focussed on here. Electrical activities of SG in diabetes, neuropathy and nephropathy cases are also discussed, highlighting their limitations and future scope.Results and Conclusion: The result of this review identified three areas of the knowledge gap. The first is wearable sensors to correlate pathological conditions. Secondly, there is no device to look for its structure and quantify its associated function. Finally, therapeutic applications of SG are explored, especially for renal failure. With these aspects, this paper provides information collection and correlates SG with pathologies related to diabetes. Hence this could help researchers develop suitable technologies for the gaps identified.
With increasing population there is a rise in pathological diseases that the healthcare facilities are grappling with. Sweat-based wearable technologies for continuous monitoring have overcome the demerits associated with sweat sampling and sensing. Hence, sweat as an alternative biofluid holds great promise for the quantification of a host of biomarkers and understanding the functioning of the body, thereby deducing ailments quickly and economically. This comprehensive review accounts for recent advances in sweat-based LOCs (Lab-On-Chips), which are a likely alternative to the existing blood-urea sample testing that is invasive and time-consuming. The present review is focused on the advancements in sweat-based Lab-On-Chips (LOCs) as an alternative to invasive and time-consuming blood-urea sample testing. In addition, different sweat collection methods (direct skin, near skin and microfluidic) and their mechanism for urea sensing are explained in detail. The mechanism of urea in biofluids in protein metabolism, balancing nitrogen levels and a crucial factor of kidney function is described. In the end, research and technological advancements are explained to address current challenges and enable its widespread implementation.
The first Lancet Oncology Commission on Global Cancer Surgery was published in 2015 and serves as a landmark paper in the field of cancer surgery. The Commission highlighted the burden of cancer and the importance of cancer surgery, while documenting the many inadequacies in the ability to deliver safe, timely, and affordable cancer surgical care. This Commission builds on the first Commission by focusing on solutions and actions to improve access to cancer surgery globally, developed by drawing upon the expertise from cancer surgery leaders across the world. We present solution frameworks in nine domains that can improve access to cancer surgery. These nine domains were refined to identify solutions specific to the six WHO regions. On the basis of these solutions, we developed eight actions to propel essential improvements in the global capacity for cancer surgery. Our initiatives are broad in scope, pragmatic, affordable, and contextually applicable, and aimed at cancer surgeons as well as leaders, administrators, elected officials, and health policy advocates. We envision that the solutions and actions contained within the Commission will address inequities and promote safe, timely, and affordable cancer surgery for every patient, regardless of their socioeconomic status or geographic location.