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A comparison study of HER2 protein overexpression and its gene status in breast cancer

Md Pauzi SH, Saari HN, Roslan MR, Syed Khair Azman Jamalulil SNS, Tauan IS, Mohd Rusli FA, et al.

Malays J Pathol, 2019 Aug;41(2):133-138.
PMID: 31427548

INTRODUCTION: Evaluation of HER2 status in breast cancer using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ-hybridisation (ISH) study is important to establish prognosis and to select patient for targeted therapy.
OBJECTIVE: The study aims to determine the concordance between HER2 protein IHC score and its gene status by dual-colour dual-hapten in-situ-hybridization (DDISH) study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study was performed on 767 referred breast cancer cases over a period of five years. The HER2 IHC score (the initial and repeat test score) and the results of HER2 gene status by DDISH were retrieved from the histopathological reports. The agreement between initial IHC score with repeat test score was measured using Cohen Kappa. Chi square test analyzed the association between HER2 IHC score with its gene status by DDISH.
RESULTS: The concordance of HER2 IHC score between the initial and repeat test were 52.7% and 89.4% for IHC score 2+ and 3+ respectively. There was moderate agreement of HER2 IHC score between the initial and repeat test score (ϰ = 0.526, p<0.001). A significant association noted between HER2 IHC score with its gene status by DDISH (p<0.001). Only 56 out of 207 cases (27.1%) with 2+ IHC score showed HER2 gene amplification while the majority of cases with 3+ IHC score were gene-amplified (446 out of 451, 98.9%).
CONCLUSION: ISH study should be done in all IHC-equivocal cases (2+) to select patient for targeted therapy. Gene amplification must also be confirmed in IHC-positive cases (3+) to prevent from giving non-effective treatment with possible adverse effects to patient with non-amplified HER2 gene.
Fulltext The State of Starch/Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold in Bone Tissue Engineering with Consideration for Dielectric Measurement as an Alternative Characterization Technique

Mohd Roslan MR, Mohd Kamal NL, Abdul Khalid MF, Mohd Nasir NF, Cheng EM, Beh CY, et al.

Materials (Basel), 2021 Apr 14;14(8).
PMID: 33919814 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081960

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a scaffold in tissue engineering. HA possesses high mechanical stress and exhibits particularly excellent biocompatibility owing to its similarity to natural bone. Nonetheless, this ceramic scaffold has limited applications due to its apparent brittleness. Therefore, this had presented some difficulties when shaping implants out of HA and for sustaining a high mechanical load. Fortunately, these drawbacks can be improved by combining HA with other biomaterials. Starch was heavily considered for biomedical device applications in favor of its low cost, wide availability, and biocompatibility properties that complement HA. This review provides an insight into starch/HA composites used in the fabrication of bone tissue scaffolds and numerous factors that influence the scaffold properties. Moreover, an alternative characterization of scaffolds via dielectric and free space measurement as a potential contactless and nondestructive measurement method is also highlighted.
Fulltext Lockdown impact on energy consumption in university building

Nasir SNS, Ludin NA, Radzi AASM, Junedi MM, Ramli N, Marsan A, et al.

Environ Dev Sustain, 2022 Jul 01.
PMID: 35791324 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-022-02507-z

COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the global demand and consumption of energy. In particular, the effect of the lockdown measures due to the COVID-19 pandemic can be seen directly in the reduced energy consumption in educational buildings. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the electricity use in university buildings. The Research Complex Building of the National University of Malaysia was selected as a case study. An energy audit analysis was conducted based on the data collection via walk-through field audits and data loggers during the normal year (2019) to establish a baseline of data. The comparison of the electricity pattern during the normal year with the lockdown period of 2020 shows that the Building Energy Index (BEI) during a pandemic decreased by approximately 11% from the BEI in the normal year. In this regard, the energy audit verified that the main factors of electricity consumption are occupant presence and energy use in buildings. Hence, on the basis of the energy audit results, three appropriate energy conservation measures (ECMs) were detected and subsequently proposed to minimise the waste of energy. Results show that the implementation of ECMs can improve the energy consumption of buildings and reduce energy consumption by 21.81% or approximately 19% from the normal year. Hence, efficient energy use in buildings in the post-pandemic period can be achieved by the implementation of all the ECMs proposed.
Mineral composition, crystallinity and dielectric evaluation of Bamboo Salt, Himalaya Salt, and Ba'kelalan salt content

Meng CE, Sharifah Robiah Mohamad CW, Mohd Nasir NF, Fhan KS, Liang OH, Jian TX, et al.

Heliyon, 2024 Jan 15;10(1):e23847.
PMID: 38332888 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23847

The mineral composition, crystallinity, and dielectric properties of salts can provide valuable insights into the quality and suitability of different types of salt for various applications. In this study, comprehensive analysis of the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and dielectric analysis of the Ba'kelalan salt, Himalaya salt and Bamboo salt have been investigated. The mineral composition of these salts, encompassing vital elements such as iodine and other trace minerals, significantly influences the salt's nutritional profile and overall excellence. Nonetheless, gauging the dispersion and density of these minerals poses difficulties due to conventional techniques that can be arduous, damaging, and expensive. Sample preparation is carried out before conducting X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and dielectric analysis. XRD measurements are performed using the Bruker D2 Phaser to identify crystalline material phases. XRD operates on the principle of constructive X-ray interference within crystalline samples. For elemental analysis across a broad spectrum of materials, XRF is employed. Elemental peaks are scanned, starting from the lowest to the highest angle of incidence. The X-ray intensity at characteristic peaks is compared to the standard series. Dielectric spectroscopy analysis examines the dielectric behaviour of Ba'kelalan salt, Himalaya salt, and Bamboo salt. The setup involves a vector network analyser (VNA) paired with an open-ended coaxial probe, utilizing the microwave method. This approach ensures rapid, efficient, and non-destructive measurements of dielectric constants (ε') and loss factors (ε"). The dielectric permittivity spectra are acquired within the frequency range of 4 GHz-20 GHz. ε' of these salts increase with frequency. Meanwhile, ε" seem varies insignificantly over frequency. Mineral contents and crystallinity are the crucial factors lead to these responses. Based on the study, the quality and suitability of the selected salts for specific applications can be determined by considering their mineral composition, crystallinity, and dielectric properties in the context of the intended use. This gives an insight for some applications that may benefit from certain minerals or crystalline structures, others may require specific dielectric properties for effective use. Therefore, understanding these properties allows for decision-making in choosing the right type of salt for a given purpose, whether it's for foods, medical, industrial, healthcare, and technological applications.