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Tri-parent Baby Technology and Preservation of Lineage: An Analysis from the Perspective of Maqasid al-Shari'ah Based Islamic Bioethics

Ibrahim AH, Rahman NNA, Saifuddeen SM, Baharuddin M

Sci Eng Ethics, 2019 02;25(1):129-142.
PMID: 29071572 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9980-5

Tri-parent baby technology is an assisted reproductive treatment which aims to minimize or eliminate maternal inheritance of mutated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The technology became popular following the move by the United Kingdom in granting license to a group of researchers from the Newcastle Fertility Centre, Newcastle University to conduct research on the symptoms of defective mtDNA. This technology differs from other assisted reproductive technology because it involves the use of gamete components retrieved from three different individuals. Indirectly, it affects the preservation of lineage which is important from an Islamic point of view. This paper aims to analyze and discuss the implications of the tri-parent technology on preservation of lineage from the perspective of Maqasid al-Shari'ah based the Islamic bioethics. The analysis shows that there are a few violations of the preservation of lineage, hence the tri-parent baby technology should not be permitted.
Maqasid al-Shariah as a Complementary Framework for Conventional Bioethics: Application in Malaysian Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Fatwa

Ibrahim AH, Rahman NNA, Saifuddeen SM

Sci Eng Ethics, 2018 10;24(5):1493-1502.
PMID: 28895055 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9963-6

Rapid development in the area of assisted reproductive technology (ART), has benefited mankind by addressing reproductive problems. However, the emergence of new technologies and techniques raises various issues and discussions among physicians and the masses, especially on issues related to bioethics. Apart from solutions provided using conventional bioethics framework, solutions can also be derived via a complementary framework of bioethics based on the Higher Objectives of the Divine Law (Maqasid al-Shariah) in tackling these problems. This approach in the Islamic World has been applied and localised in the Malaysian context. Thus, this paper highlights a conceptual theoretical framework for solving current bioethical issues, with a special focus on ART in the Malaysian context, and compares this theory with conventional theories of bioethics.
Determinants of consumer adoption of halal cosmetics: A systematic literature review

Isa RM, Man S, Rahman NNA, Aziz A

J Cosmet Dermatol, 2023 Mar;22(3):752-762.
PMID: 36700377 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15486

BACKGROUND: The global halal cosmetics market is projected to grow during the forecast period. However, the factors that influenced consumers in the world to opt for halal cosmetics remain ambiguous.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to understand the universal concept of halal cosmetics and a framework of critical points that influence consumers in purchasing halal cosmetic products.
METHOD: The method used was Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement by using Web of Science and Scopus databases. This study extends the systematic literature review covering all variables in purchasing halal cosmetics as halal cosmetic is not simply a religious issue, but it is also an opportunity to increase sales and acquire a competitive advantage.
RESULTS: This study found 14 articles that mainly discussed the critical points related to religiosity and product factors, that is, ingredient, halal logo, and halal certification as the highest driver in influencing consumers to purchase halal cosmetics. Other related factors in this study are price, promotion, place, social factors, and characteristics of consumers. These factors should be taken into consideration as they provide a plus point and an extra edge to local or international manufacturers to tap the global markets for halal cosmetic products that cater to both Muslims and non-Muslims communities.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Cosmetic manufacturers and marketers must ensure that their products suit the expectation of consumers as todays halalan and tayyiban products are being searched rather than branded products due to their cleanliness, safety, and hygienic.
ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study is among the earliest study examining the factors of purchase intention in halal cosmetics using a systematic literature review method that integrates marketing stimulus (product, price, promotion, and place) and other stimuli (social, religious, and characteristics).
Mitochondrial Replacement Therapy: An Islamic Perspective

Ibrahim AH, Rahman NNA, Saifuddeen SM

J Bioeth Inq, 2023 Sep;20(3):485-495.
PMID: 37440155 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-023-10279-y

Mitochondrial replacement technology (MRT) is an emerging and complex bioethical issue. This treatment aims to eliminate maternal inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders. For Muslims, its introduction affects every aspect of human life, especially the five essential interests of human beings-namely, religion, life, lineage, intellect, and property. Thus, this technology must be assessed using a comprehensive and holistic approach addressing these human essential interests. Consequently, this article analyses and assesses tri-parent baby technology from the perspective of Maqasidic bioethics-that is, Islamic bioethics based on the framework of Maqasid al-Shariah. Using this analysis, this article suggests that tri-parent baby technology should not be permitted for Muslims due to the existence of third-party cell gametes which lead to lineage mixing and due to the uncertain safety of the therapy itself and because the major aim of the technology is to fulfil the affected couples interest to conceive their own genetically healthy child, not to treat and cure mtDNA disorders sufferers.
Maqasid al-Shariah Based Islamic Bioethics: A Comprehensive Approach

Ibrahim AH, Rahman NNA, Saifuddeen SM, Baharuddin M

J Bioeth Inq, 2019 Sep;16(3):333-345.
PMID: 30715660 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-019-09902-8

Maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics is an Islamic bioethics concept which uses the objectives of the Shariah (maqasid al-Shariah) as its approach in analysing and assessing bioethical issues. Analysis based on maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics will examine any bioethical issues from three main aspects namely intention, method, and output or final goal of the studied issues. Then, the evaluation will be analysed from human interest hierarchy, inclusivity, and degree of certainty. The Islamic bioethics concept is a manifestation of dynamic Islamic jurisprudence which can overcome new complex and complicated bioethical issues such as tri-parent baby technology issues. Therefore, this article will introduce and explain the concept of maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics and outline a general guidance of maqasid al-Shariah based Islamic bioethics to determine a maqṣad (objective) based on standards of human good or well-being (maslahah) and harm (mafsadah).
The Concept of Qailulah (Midday Napping) from Neuroscientific and Islamic Perspectives

Tumiran MA, Rahman NNA, Saat RM, Kabir N, Zulkifli MY, Adli DSH

J Relig Health, 2018 Aug;57(4):1363-1375.
PMID: 26266758 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0093-7

Napping/siesta during the day is a phenomenon, which is widely practised in the world. However, the timing, frequency, and duration may vary. The basis of napping is also diverse, but it is mainly done for improvement in alertness and general well-being. Neuroscience reveals that midday napping improves memory, enhances alertness, boosts wakefulness and performance, and recovers certain qualities of lost night sleep. Interestingly, Islam, the religion of the Muslims, advocates midday napping primarily because it was a practice preferred by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The objectives of this review were to investigate and compare identical key points on focused topic from both neuroscientific and Islamic perspectives and make recommendations for future researches.
Impact of virtual reality games on psychological well-being and upper limb performance in adults with physical disabilities: A pilot study

Singh DKA, Rahman NNA, Seffiyah R, Chang SY, Zainura AK, Aida SR, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2017 04;72(2):119-121.
PMID: 28473675 MyJurnal

INTRODUCTION: There is limited information regarding the effects of interactive virtual reality (VR) games on psychological and physical well-being among adults with physical disabilities. We aimed to examine the impact of VR games on psychological well-being, upper limb motor function and reaction time in adults with physical disabilities.
METHODS: Fifteen participants completed the intervention using Wii VR games in this pilot study. Depressive, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS) and Capabilities of Upper Extremity (CUE) questionnaires were used to measure psychological well-being and upper limb motor function respectively. Upper limb reaction time was measured using reaction time test.
RESULTS: Results showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in DASS questionnaire and average reaction time score after intervention.
CONCLUSION: There is a potential for using interactive VR games as an exercise tool to improve psychological wellbeing and upper limb reaction time among adults with disabilities.
Fulltext Mobility and fear of falls measuring tools to predict falls risk among malaysian community dwelling older adults. [Abstract]

Ajit Singh DK, Ng ES, Ng CP, Ab Rahman NNA, Pannir Selvam SB

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):225-226.
MyJurnal DOI: 10.17576/JSKM-2018-35

Falls is a global health issue among older adults. Identifying measuring tools that can predict falls risk among older adults can assist in early falls risk detection and prevention. Best measuring tools that can predict falls risk among Malaysian community dwelling older adults is not known. The objective of our study was to determine if Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale could be used as a falls risk predictor tools among Malaysian community dwelling older adults. Hundred and six (n = 106) community dwelling older adults who were attending Klinik Kesihatan Cheras participated in this cross sectional study. Falls incidence in the past one year was obtained from the participants. TUG test was performed and ABC scale was administered. Data was analysed using binomial logistic regression and receiver operating curves (ROC). The cut off values identified for TUG test and ABC scale were 9.02 seconds (area under the curve, AUC was 0.711; 95% CI 0.577-0.844) and 82.81% (area under the curve, AUC was 0.682; 95% CI 0.562-0.802) respectively. Hence, older adults with a score of above 9.02 seconds for TUG test and a score of below 82.81% for ABC scale were noted to have a higher risk of falls. Results of this study demonstrated that both TUG test (p < 0.001) and ABC scale (p < 0.01) were significant predictors of falls risk. Our study results indicated that both mobility (TUG test) and fear of falls (ABC scale) measuring tools, with the present cut off values can be used to identify community dwelling older adults who are at a higher risk of falls. Identifying older adults with higher risk of falls can assist the health professionals to optimise falls prevention and management approaches.
Fulltext Knee osteoarthritis and its related issues: patients’ perspective

Ahmad MA, Ajit Singh DK, Chua WQ, Abd Rahman NNA, Mohd Padzil FA, Hendri ENM

Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 2018;16(101):171-177.
MyJurnal

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic joint disease that results in pain and disability in many people. Cultural practice may influence patients’ views about their condition, its related issues and management. The aim of our study was to explore the perspective about knee OA and its related issues among Malaysian patients with knee OA. Twelve patients diagnosed with knee OA (8 females and 4 males) attending physiotherapy sessions at a University Hospital, mean age (SD): 67.1(9.4) years and median visual analog scale score of 5/10 participated in this qualitative study. One to one in-depth interviews were conducted, audio recorded and later transcribed verbatim. Three main themes were identified from the transcribed data; knee pain and its’ related issues (reason and aggravating factors of knee pain, coping strategies), impact of knee pain (impact on daily activities and emotions) and physiotherapy management (effects and expectations of physiotherapy, compliance and adherence towards home exercises). Most participants expressed that their knee pain was aggravated by certain movements that had an effect on their daily activities namely squatting. The findings also suggested that physiotherapy management was perceived as secondary prevention rather than a cure. Findings from this study provides information about the perceptions and related issues of patients with knee OA. This information may help health professionals in tailoring patient-centered care and provide better management.
Study site: Physiotherapy department, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
X-ray crystallography of mutant GDSL esterase S12A of Photobacterium marinum J15

Rahman NNA, Sharif FM, Kamarudin NHA, Ali MSM, Aris SNAM, Jonet MA, et al.

3 Biotech, 2023 May;13(5):128.
PMID: 37064003 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03534-x

GDSL esterase is designated as a member of Family II of lipolytic enzymes known to catalyse the synthesis and hydrolysis of ester bonds. The enzyme possesses a highly conserved motif Ser-Gly-Asn-His in the four conserved blocks I, II, III and V respectively. The enzyme characteristics, such as region-, chemo-, and enantioselectivity, help in resolving the racemic mixture of single-isomer chiral drugs. Recently, crystal structure of GDSL esterase from Photobacterium J15 has been reported (PDB ID: 5XTU) but not in complex with substrate. Therefore, GDSL in complex with substrate could provide insights into the binding mode of substrate towards inactive form of GDSL esterase (S12A) and identify the hot spot residues for the designing of a better binding pocket. Insight into molecular mechanisms is limited due to the lack of crystal structure of GDSL esterase-substrate complex. In this paper, the crystallization of mutant GDSL esterase (S12A) (PDB ID: 8HWO) and its complex with butyric acid (PDB ID: 8HWP) are reported. The optimized structure would be vital in determining hot spot residue for GDSL esterase. This preliminary study provides an understanding of the interactions between enzymes and hydrolysed p-nitro-phenyl butyrate. The information could guide in the rational design of GDSL esterase in overcoming the medical limitations associated with racemic mixture.