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El Niño Altered Gut Microbiota of Children: A New Insight on Weather-Gut Interactions and Protective Effects of Probiotic

Lau ASY, Mitsuyama E, Odamaki T, Xiao JZ, Liong MT

J Med Food, 2019 Mar;22(3):230-240.
PMID: 30183458 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4276

Changes in weather often trigger a myriad of negative impacts on the environment, which eventually affect human health. During the early months of 2016, Malaysia experienced El Niño, with an extremely dry season of almost zero rainfall. At the same time, an increase of more than twofold in fecal secretary immunoglobulin-A (SIgA) levels of healthy preschool children aged 2-6 years was observed, accompanied by an increase in phylum Bacteroidetes, predominantly attributed to genus Bacteroides and Odoribacter, which also positively correlated with fecal SIgA levels. Here, we present evidence to illustrate the detrimental effects of weather change on a microscopic "environment," the human gut ecosystem. We also discuss the protective effects of probiotic against dysbiosis as induced by weather change. The increase in Bacteroidetes was at an expense of decreased genus Faecalibacterium and Veillonella (phylum Firmicutes), whereas children consuming probiotic had a decrease in genus Collinsella, Atopobium, and Eggerthella (phylum Actinobacteria) instead.
Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 improves mental health in victims with irritable bowel syndrome developed after a major flood disaster

Ma ZF, Yusof N, Hamid N, Lawenko RM, Mohammad WMZW, Liong MT, et al.

Benef Microbes, 2019 Mar 13;10(2):111-120.
PMID: 30525951 DOI: 10.3920/BM2018.0008

Individuals in a community who developed irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) after major floods have significant mental health impairment. We aimed to determine if Bifidobacterium infantis M-63 was effective in improving symptoms, psychology and quality of life measures in flood-affected individuals with IBS and if the improvement was mediated by gut microbiota changes. Design was non-randomised, open-label, controlled before-and-after. Of 53 participants, 20 with IBS were given B. infantis M-63 (1×109 cfu/sachet/day) for three months and 33 were controls. IBS symptom severity scale, hospital anxiety and depression scale, SF-36 Questionnaire, hydrogen breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and stools for 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis were performed before and after intervention. 11 of 20 who were given probiotics (M-63) and 20 of 33 controls completed study as per-protocol. Mental well-being was improved with M-63 vs controls for full analysis (P=0.03) and per-protocol (P=0.01) populations. Within-group differences were observed for anxiety and bodily pain (both P=0.04) in the M-63 per-protocol population. Lower ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes was observed with M-63 vs controls (P=0.01) and the lower ratio was correlated with higher post-intervention mental score (P=0.04). B. infantis M-63 is probably effective in improving mental health of victims who developed IBS after floods and this is maybe due to restoration of microbial balance and the gut-brain axis. However, our conclusion must be interpreted within the context of limited sample size. The study was retrospectively registered on 12 October 2017 and the Trial Registration Number (TRN) was NCT03318614.
Fulltext Exposure to environmental microbiota explains persistent abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome after a major flood

Yusof N, Hamid N, Ma ZF, Lawenko RM, Wan Mohammad WMZ, Collins DA, et al.

Gut Pathog, 2017;9:75.
PMID: 29255490 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0224-7

Background: After an environmental disaster, the affected community is at increased risk for persistent abdominal pain but mechanisms are unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to determine association between abdominal pain and poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) practices, and if small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and/or gut dysbiosis explain IBS, impaired quality of life (QOL), anxiety and/or depression after a major flood.
Results: New onset abdominal pain, IBS based on the Rome III criteria, WaSH practices, QOL, anxiety and/or depression, SIBO (hydrogen breath testing) and stools for metagenomic sequencing were assessed in flood victims. Of 211 participants, 37.9% (n = 80) had abdominal pain and 17% (n = 36) with IBS subtyped diarrhea and/or mixed type (n = 27 or 12.8%) being the most common. Poor WaSH practices and impaired quality of life during flood were significantly associated with IBS. Using linear discriminant analysis effect size method, gut dysbiosis was observed in those with anxiety (Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, effect size 4.8), abdominal pain (Fusobacteria, Staphylococcus, Megamonas and Plesiomonas, effect size 4.0) and IBS (Plesiomonas and Trabulsiella, effect size 3.0).
Conclusion: Disturbed gut microbiota because of environmentally-derived organisms may explain persistent abdominal pain and IBS after a major environmental disaster in the presence of poor WaSH practices.

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