This paper presents the historical development of description on how the flapping
hydrodynamics of fishlike structure grows from infancy to the current state. The paper divides the
development into four phases; the Inception Phase, the Frozen Phase, the Revival Phase and the
Discovery Phase. The key quintessential characteristics that mark the advancement of different phase
would be highlighted and elucidated, with some consolidating comments on the future trends of
research areas.
Evidence on rising global temperature, melting of ice caps, and withdrawal of glaciers
brings attentions to the enhancement of energy efficiency in energy intensive industries. Having a
realistic comparison between one plant and the best practice technology (BPT) in operation in the field
helps significantly to distinguish and diagnose the potentials where measures towards energy efficiency
improvement would be applicable. In this regard, for manufacturing industries, one of the most widely
used energy benchmarking tools is the Energy Benchmark Curve. An energy benchmark curve plots the
efficiency of plants as a function of the total production volume from all similar plants or as a function
of the total number of plants that operate at that level of efficiency or worse. This paper reviews the
methodology through which the benchmark curve is obtained for a specific industry followed by a
comparison of energy intensity for the iron and steel industry among China and the US. According to
the international energy benchmark curve for the iron and steel industry, the savings potentials per ton
of crude steel for the US. and China have been respectively 4.1 and 7.1 gigajoule comparing with the
BPT in the field. Finally, an overview over certain measures to enhance efficiency of such plants is
presented.
This article describes the approach towards a sensitivity study of wind flow and pollutant
dispersion in an idealized street canyon with tree plantings under thermal atmospheric conditions
using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). First, validation studies were performed to determine the
best turbulence model for the simulation of wind flow under thermal atmospheric conditions against
the previous experimental wind tunnel data. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that
large eddy simulation (LES) can accurately predict the wind flow structure at different thermal
intensities and different locations of heated wall. Finally, detailed descriptions of future research are
presented at the end of this article.
Numerical studies are conducted on turbulent incompressible flow over 2D backwardfacing
step in order to investigate the performance of three different turbulence models (standard k-e,
realizable k-e and SST k-ω) in predicting the region of separation and reattachment behind the edge
of the step. Current solutions of Reynolds number (Re= 13200) and expansion ratio (H: H2=1:3) are
compared with experimental measurements. Among the turbulence models, SST k-ω and standard k-e exhibited good agreement with the experimental results.