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Hepatoprotective potential of zingerone against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats fed with fructose-enriched diet

Muniandy Narayanan J, Jesudoss VA

Gen. Physiol. Biophys., 2016 Apr;35(2):185-94.
PMID: 26915720 DOI: 10.4149/gpb_2015041

Overconsumption of fructose increases the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is currently one of the most common etiologies of chronic liver disease worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of zingerone against fructose-enriched diet-induced rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Male albino Wistar rats were used and randomly divided into four groups: group 1, control rats fed with standard pellet; group 2, rats were fed normal pellet with intragastric intubation of zingerone (100 mg/kg/day); group 3, rats were fed fructose enriched diet alone; group 4, rats were fed fructose enriched diet with intragastric intubation of zingerone (100 mg/kg/day). Body weight, abdominal circumference, blood glucose, lipid profile and hepatic function indicators were increased and HDL reduced in group 3 rats. Liver pathology of group 3 showed marked changes which includes micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, marked inflammatory cell infiltration, sinusoidal fibrosis and with a significant increase in the area percentage of the collagen. Administration of zingerone reversed the fructose enriched diet induced changes especially body weight, abdominal circumference, blood glucose, lipid profile, hepatic function indicators and restored pathological alteration of liver. Taken together these data provide new insights into the preventive approach of zingerone against the development of the NAFLD.
Anti-obesity effects of olivetol in adult zebrafish model induced by short-term high-fat diet

Reshma A, Tamilanban T, Chitra V, Subramaniyan V, Gupta G, Fuloria NK, et al.

Sci Rep, 2023 Oct 27;13(1):18449.
PMID: 37891223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44462-3

Obesity is a complex disease caused by various factors, and synthetic drugs used to treat it can have side effects. Natural compounds, such as olivetol, could be a promising alternative. Olivetol is a substance found in certain lichen species and has anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. In this study, researchers conducted in-silico molecular docking studies and found that olivetol had significant binding affinity with receptors involved in obesity. They also investigated the effects of olivetol on a diet-induced obese zebrafish model and found that high doses of olivetol reduced excessive fat accumulation and triglyceride and lipid accumulation. The low dose of olivetol showed a significant reduction in liver enzymes' levels. However, the high dose of olivetol resulted in a significant increase in HMG-CoA levels. These results suggest that olivetol may be a promising anti-obesity agent for the treatment of hyperlipidemia-related disorders, but further research is necessary to understand its full effects on the body.
Fulltext Exploring the contribution of pro-inflammatory cytokines to impaired wound healing in diabetes

Nirenjen S, Narayanan J, Tamilanban T, Subramaniyan V, Chitra V, Fuloria NK, et al.

Front Immunol, 2023;14:1216321.
PMID: 37575261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1216321

BACKGROUND: Impaired wound healing is the most common and significant complication of Diabetes. While most other complications of Diabetes have better treatment options, diabetic wounds remain a burden as they can cause pain and suffering in patients. Wound closure and repair are orchestrated by a sequence of events aided by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are dysregulated in cases of Diabetes, making the wound environment unfavorable for healing and delaying the wound healing processes. This concise review provides an overview of the dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and offers insights into better therapeutic outcomes.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although many therapeutic approaches have been lined up nowadays to treat Diabetes, there are no proper treatment modalities proposed yet in treating diabetic wounds due to the lack of understanding about the role of inflammatory mediators, especially Pro-inflammatory mediators- Cytokines, in the process of Wound healing which we mainly focus on this review.
RECENT FINDINGS: Although complications of Diabetes mellitus are most reported after years of diagnosis, the most severe critical complication is impaired Wound Healing among Diabetes patients. Even though Trauma, Peripheral Artery Disease, and Peripheral Neuropathy are the leading triggering factors for the development of ulcerations, the most significant issue contributing to the development of complicated cutaneous wounds is wound healing impairment. It may even end up with amputation. Newer therapeutic approaches such as incorporating the additives in the present dressing materials, which include antimicrobial molecules and immunomodulatory cytokines is of better therapeutic value.
SUMMARY: The adoption of these technologies and the establishment of novel therapeutic interventions is difficult since there is a gap in terms of a complete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level and the lack of data in terms of the assessment of safety and bioavailability differences in the individuals' patients. The target-specific pro-inflammatory cytokines-based therapies, either by upregulation or downregulation of them, will be helpful in the wound healing process and thereby enhances the Quality of life in patients, which is the goal of drug therapy.
Nanogels as novel drug nanocarriers for CNS drug delivery

Manimaran V, Nivetha RP, Tamilanban T, Narayanan J, Vetriselvan S, Fuloria NK, et al.

Front Mol Biosci, 2023;10:1232109.
PMID: 37621994 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1232109

Nanogels are highly recognized as adaptable drug delivery systems that significantly contribute to improving various therapies and diagnostic examinations for different human diseases. These three-dimensional, hydrophilic cross-linked polymers have the ability to absorb large amounts of water or biological fluids. Due to the growing demand for enhancing current therapies, nanogels have emerged as the next-generation drug delivery system. They effectively address the limitations of conventional drug therapy, such as poor stability, large particle size, and low drug loading efficiency. Nanogels find extensive use in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents, reducing adverse drug effects and enabling lower therapeutic doses while maintaining enhanced efficacy and patient compliance. They are considered an innovative drug delivery system that highlights the shortcomings of traditional methods. This article covers several topics, including the involvement of nanogels in the nanomedicine sector, their advantages and limitations, ideal properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug loading capacity, particle size, permeability, non-immunological response, and colloidal stability. Additionally, it provides information on nanogel classification, synthesis, drug release mechanisms, and various biological applications. The article also discusses barriers associated with brain targeting and the progress of nanogels as nanocarriers for delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system.
Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries

Andrighetto G, Szekely A, Guido A, Gelfand M, Abernathy J, Arikan G, et al.

Nat Commun, 2024 Feb 16;15(1):1436.
PMID: 38365869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5

The emergence of COVID-19 dramatically changed social behavior across societies and contexts. Here we study whether social norms also changed. Specifically, we study this question for cultural tightness (the degree to which societies generally have strong norms), specific social norms (e.g. stealing, hand washing), and norms about enforcement, using survey data from 30,431 respondents in 43 countries recorded before and in the early stages following the emergence of COVID-19. Using variation in disease intensity, we shed light on the mechanisms predicting changes in social norm measures. We find evidence that, after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, hand washing norms increased while tightness and punishing frequency slightly decreased but observe no evidence for a robust change in most other norms. Thus, at least in the short term, our findings suggest that cultures are largely stable to pandemic threats except in those norms, hand washing in this case, that are perceived to be directly relevant to dealing with the collective threat.