Fatigue due to driving is an important aspect in maintaining drivers’ performance and safety. There are many studies linking fatigue to reduction in performance and increase in accident risk. There are also some signs linking road and vehicle vibrations to fatigue, but this not been thoroughly investigated. Experiments have been made to detect and quantify levels of driving fatigue in human, usually involving driving over long distance of highway or normal roads. However, these methods are quite time consuming, high cost, hard to control and also potentially high risk. With the development of better display, computing power and motion technologies, driving simulators are becoming more and more realistic each year. With this insight, it is proposed that these driving simulators can be used as a tool to study human fatigue, where they can counter the above shortcomings significantly. This paper will review different methods conducted in past published works to investigate the viability and validity of using driving simulators as a tool for studying vibration matters and its effects on human fatigue. In this paper, there were twenty past studies have been reviewed in term of its simulator design and its study design. The selection is based on these keywords; simulator, fatigue, vibration, human and driver and all papers were filtered from 1990s to current year.
The effect of adding aluminum hydroxide (ATH) in the palm-based polyurethane hybrid composite was studied. The compression stress and modulus, thermal conductivity and acoustic property were determined. The hybrid composite was prepared by adding 10 wt% of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre (EFB) followed by ATH at varying amount of 2, 4 and 6 wt% of the overall mass of the resin. The compression stress and modulus gave the highest values of 575 kPa and 2301 kPa, respectively at 2 wt% ATH. At 4 wt% ATH, the compression stress and modulus decreased to 431 kPa and 1659 kPa, respectively and further decreased at 6 wt% ATH to 339 kPa and 1468 kPa respectively. The k-value increased with the increment of the ATH loading exhibited a poor thermal conductivity. Sound absorption analysis indicated that the absorption coefficient was higher at higher frequency (4000 Hz) for all samples with PU-EFB/ATH with 4% ATH showed the highest absorption coefficient.
Effects of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) addition on the properties of palm-based polyurethane composites were investigated. The hybrid composites were prepared by mixing 10 wt% of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber (EFB) with ATH at varying amount of 2, 4 and 6 wt% of the overall mass of the resin. The compression stress and modulus gave the highest values of 575 and 2301 kPa, respectively at 2 wt% loading of ATH. The compression stress and modulus decreased drastically at 4 wt% (431 kPa and 1659 kPa, respectively) and further decreased at 6 wt% ATH (339 and 1468 kPa, respectively). However, the burning rate is inversely proportional to the loading percentage where the highest burning rate was observed at 2 wt% ATH. Sound absorption analysis indicated a large absorption coefficient at high frequency (4000 Hz) for all samples. The highest absorption coefficient was obtained from PU-EFB/ATH with 4 wt% ATH.