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  1. Induced expression of Ganoderma boninense Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (ERG11) during interaction with oil palm
    Lim FH, Rasid OA, Idris AS, As'wad AWM, Vadamalai G, Parveez GKA, et al.
    Mol Biol Rep, 2023 Mar;50(3):2367-2379.
    PMID: 36580194 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08131-4
    BACKGROUND: The basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense is the main contributor to oil palm Basal Stem Rot (BSR) in Malaysia and Indonesia. Lanosterol 14α-Demethylase (ERG11) is a key enzyme involved in biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is an important component in the fungal cell membrane. The Azole group fungicides are effective against pathogenic fungi including G. boninense by inhibiting the ERG11 activity. However, the work on molecular characterization of G. boninense ERG11 is still unavailable today.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: This study aimed to isolate and characterize the full-length cDNA encoding ERG11 from G. boninense. The G. boninense ERG11 gene expression during interaction with oil palm was also studied. A full-length 1860 bp cDNA encoding ERG11 was successfully isolated from G. boninense. The G. boninense ERG11 shared 91% similarity to ERG11 from other basidiomycete fungi. The protein structure homology modeling of GbERG11 was analyzed using the SWISS-MODEL workspace. Southern blot and genome data analyses showed that there is only a single copy of ERG11 gene in the G. boninense genome. Based on the in-vitro inoculation study, the ERG11 gene expression in G. boninense has shown almost 2-fold upregulation with the presence of oil palm.

    CONCLUSION: This study provided molecular information and characterization study on the G. boninense ERG11 and this knowledge could be used to design effective control measures to tackle the BSR disease of oil palm.

  2. Enhanced polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for the phytopathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense
    Lim FH, Rasid OA, Idris AS, As'wad AWM, Vadamalai G, Parveez GKA, et al.
    Folia Microbiol (Praha), 2021 Aug;66(4):677-688.
    PMID: 34041694 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00852-6
    The basidiomycete fungus, Ganoderma boninense, has been identified as the main causal agent of oil palm basal stem rot (BSR) disease which has caused significant economic losses to the industry especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. Various efforts have been initiated to understand the disease and this plant pathogen especially at the molecular level. This is the first study of its kind on the development of a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for G. boninense. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration study, 60 µg/mL and above of hygromycin were effective to completely inhibit G. boninense growth. Approximately 5.145 × 107 cells/mL of protoplasts with the viability of 97.24% was successfully obtained from G. boninense mycelium tissue. The PEG-mediated G. boninense protoplast transformation using 1 µg of transformation vector, 25% of PEG solution, 10 min of pre-transformation incubation, and 30 min of post-transformation incubation has improved the transformation rate as compared with the previous reported protocols for other basidiomycete fungi. Optimization of four transformation parameters has improved the transformation efficiency of G. boninense from an average of 2 to 67 putative transformants. The presence of hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) genes in the putative transformants was detected by PCR and verified by gene sequence analysis. Southern hybridization result further confirmed the integration of hpt gene in G. boninense transformants, and the green fluorescent signal was detected in the G. boninense transformants under the microscopic analysis. The establishment of this transformation system will accelerate the gene function studies of G. boninense especially those genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of this fungus in oil palm.
  3. Correction to: Enhanced polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated protoplast transformation system for the phytopathogenic fungus, Ganoderma boninense
    Lim FH, Rasid OA, Idris AS, As'wad AWM, Vadamalai G, Parveez GKA, et al.
    Folia Microbiol (Praha), 2021 Oct;66(5):877.
    PMID: 34231181 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00888-8
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